MEASURING WATER USE IN A GREEN ECONOMY - UNEP

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List of figures and tables Figure 2.1 The world economy operates within and depends on the global ecosystem............. 14 Figure 2.2 Creating a green economy: a triple challenge.............................................................. 15 Figure 2.3 The DPSIR framework.................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2.4 Stylised representation of resource decoupling and impact decoupling................... 24 Figure 2.5 Singapore GDP, population and total water consumption, 1965–2007....................... 25 Figure 2.6 Scenarios for economic growth and its pressures on resources............................... 26 Figure 2.7 Tap water intensity, total tap water use and GDP......................................................... 28 Figure 2.8 Sustainable water allocations to ecosystems and competing users.......................... 31 Figure 3.1 Simplified water budget at the river basin scale.......................................................... 35 Figure 3.2 Conceptual framework for ecosystem services........................................................... 42 Figure 3.3 Process diagram for determining the Ecosystem Services Loss Index in Ghana........................................................................................................ 45 Figure 4.1 Main flows within the inland water resource system and the economy..................... 51 Figure 4.2 Per capita water footprint (CWRF) for food consumption in China from 1961 to 2003............................................................................................................. 60 Figure 4.3 Life Cycle Assessment.....................................................................................................61 Figure 4.4 Modelling steps in Life Cycle Assessment.................................................................... 63 Figure 4.5 LCA and WFA using different ways to include impact assessments in their calculations......................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4.6 Impact assessment methods in LCA............................................................................. 65 Box 2.1 Measuring water use — Jordan Water Information System........................................ 21 Box 2.2 The case of Singapore – an example of significant relative decoupling of economic growth from freshwater abstraction and use......................................... 24 Box 2.3 More efficient use of tap water by the Dutch economy................................................ 28 Box 2.4 Dairy impact on water resources in the Mississippi River Basin................................ 30 Box 3.1 Open geospatial data standards for water.................................................................... 39 Box 3.2 Measuring ecosystem services at the river-basin level in Ghana.............................. 44 Box 4.1 The development of water trading in Australia............................................................. 48 Box 4.2 Added value of the water footprint: new dimensions for better water management........................................................................................ 58 Box 4.3 Water footprint and virtual water trade in China.......................................................... 59 Box 4.4 Water consumption throughout a car’s life cycle......................................................... 62 Box 4.5 Comparing LCA and WFA............................................................................................... 66 Box 4.6 Examples of Virtual Water Assessments...................................................................... 69 Table 4.1 Water and ecosystem services in the draft common international classification of ecosystem services (CICES)............................................................... 52 Table 4.2 Stages in LCA and WFA................................................................................................... 68 6
Measuring water use in a green economy Abbreviations and acronyms AWS CICES DI DPSIR ECWA EEA ETA EWP EWS FAO GEMS GDP GHG IRP IRWS ISIC ISO LCA LCI LCIA MA NACE OECD REP SEEA SEEA–W SNA TEAW TEEB <strong>UNEP</strong> UNSD WBCSD WEAP WEI WIS WF WFA WFN WMO Alliance for Water Stewardship Common International Classification of Ecosystem Goods and Services Decoupling Index Drivers, Pressures, State, Indicators and Responses framework Ecosystem Capital Water Accounts European Environment Agency Actual Evapotranspiration European Water Partnership European Water Stewardship Scheme Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Global Environment Monitoring System Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse Gas International Resource Panel International Recommendations for Water Statistics United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification International Organization for Standardization Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Inventory Life-Cycle Impact Assessment United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Nomenclature Générale des Activités Économiques dans les Communautés Européennes Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Rivers Ecosystem Potential United Nations System of Economic and Environmental Accounting United Nations System of Economic and Environmental Accounts – Water System of National Accounts Total Ecosystem Accessible Water The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Statistics Division World Business Council for Sustainable Development Water Evaluation and Planning System Water Exploitation Index Water Information System Water Footprint Water Footprint Assessment Water Footprint Network World Meteorological Organization 7
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Water is an essential resource for
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