Alternatives to Methyl Bromide - DTIE

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Sourcebook of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer: Alternatives to Methyl Bromide 36 Table 4.1.5 Examples of specialists and consultants in preventive methods and integrated management of soil-borne pests Admagro Ltda, Colombia Africa Program, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Tanzania Agrindex Consulting and Project, Israel Agriphyto, Perpignan, France Aplicaciones Bioquímicas SL, Spain Asistec, Ecuador Asociación Colombiana de Exortadores de Flores (ASOCOLFLORES), Colombia Biocaribe SA, Colombia BPO Research Station for Nursery Stock, Netherlands CCMA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Cenibanano Banana Research Center, Colombia CIAA Agricultural Research and Consultancy Center, Colombia Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, USA DLV Horticultural Advisory Service, Netherlands Empresa Colombiana de Biotecnología, Colombia Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Honduras FHIA Foundation for Agricultural Research, Honduras FPO Fruit Research Centre, Netherlands FUSADES Foundation for Economic and Social Development, El Salvador GTZ IPM projects, Argentina, Benin, Costa Rica, Egypt, Fiji, Jordan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Panama, Tanzania Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India International Institute for Biological Control, Malaysia Jordanian-GTZ IPM programme, Jordan PBG Research Station for Floriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables, Netherlands Spectrum Technologies Inc, USA Statewide IPM Project, University of California, USA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, University of California, USA University of Bonn, Germany Vegetable Research and Information Center, University of California, USA Dr Miguel Altieri, University of California, USA Dr Antonio Bello and colleagues, CCMA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Prof Mohamed Besri, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco Dr Robert Bugg and Dr Chuck Ingels, SAREP, University of California, USA (cover crops and cultural practices) Dr G Cartia, Universita di Reggio Calabria, Italy Mr Dermot Cassidy, Geest, South Africa Dr V Cebolla, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain Dr Dan Chellemi, USDA-ARS, USA Dr Angelo Correnti, ENEA Departimento Innovazione, Italy Dr FV Dunkel, Montana State University, USA Dr Mohamed Eddauodi, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Morocco (nematode control) Dr Clyde Elmore, Vegetable Crops Department, University of California, USA continued
Table 4.1.5 continued Dr J Fresno, INIA, Spain (IPM for vineyards) Dr Walid Abu Gharbieh, University of Jordan, Jordan Dr A López García, FECOM, Spain (IPM for cut flowers) Dr Roberto García Espinosa, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas IFÍT, Mexico Dr Raquel Ghini, EMBRAPA/CNPMA, Brazil Mr Zoraida Gutierrez, Cultivos Miramonte, Colombia Dr Thaís Tostes Graziano, Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Brazil Prof M Lodovica Gullino, University of Turin, Italy Dr Saad Hafez, University of Idaho, USA Dr Tim Herman, Crop and Food Research, New Zealand Dr Seizo Horiuchi, National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants & Tea, MAFF, Japan Prof Jaacov Katan, Hebrew University, Israel Dr Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, USA Dr Jürgen Kroschel, University of Kassel, Germany (parasitic weeds) Dr Alfredo Lacasa, CIDA, Spain Dr Leonardo de León, Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas, Uruguay Dr Gerhard Lung, University of Hohenheim, Germany Dr Nahum Marbán Mendoza, Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Mexico Ing Juan Carlos Magunacelaya, Chile Dr Nicholas Martin, Crop and Food Research, New Zealand Dr Mark Mazzola, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, USA (fruit trees) Prof Keigo Minami, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil Ing Camilla Montecinos, Centro de Educacion y Tecnologia, Santiago, Chile (vegetables) Dr Peter Ooi, FAO Integrated Pest Control Intercountry Programme, Philippines Ms Marta Pizano, HortiTecnia, Colombia (cut flowers) Dr Ian Porter, Agriculture Victoria, Australia Dr William Quarles, Bio-Integral Resource Center, USA Dr Gerson Reis, Estaçao Agronomica Nacional, Portugal Dr Rodrigo Rodríguez-Kábana and Dr Joseph Kloepper, Department of Plant Paghology, Auburn University, USA Dr F Romero, Centro de Investigación Las Torres, Spain Dr Yitzhak Spiegel, Agricultural University, Israel Dr James Stapleton, Kearney Agricultural Center, Univerisity of California, USA Dr Donald Sumner, Dept Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, USA Dr J Tello, University of Almería, Spain Prof Franco Tognoni, Dipartemento di Biologia delle Plante Agrarie, Italy Dr Anne Turner, Agricultural consultant, Zimbabwe Mr Peter Wilkinson, Xylocopa, Zimbabwe Dr Peter Workman, Crop and Food Research, New Zealand Note: Contact information for these specialists and consultants is provided in Annex 6. Please refer also to the specialists listed in Sections 4.2 through 4.7. Additional specialists can be identified in resources such as the National IPM Network (www.reeusda.gov/agsys/nipmn), the Agriculture Network Information Center (www.agnic.org), and the OzonAction Programme’s Inventory of Technical and Institutional Resources for Promoting Methyl Bromide Alternatives (www.unepie.org/ozat/tech/main.html#mebrinvent). Section 4: Alternative Techniques for Controlling Soil-borne Pests 37
Page 1 and 2: Sourcebook of Technologies for Prot
Page 3 and 4: Sourcebook of Technologies for Prot
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents List of tables, b
Page 7 and 8: Technical description .............
Page 9 and 10: Annex 1 About the UNEP DTIE OzonAct
Page 11 and 12: Table 4.2.4 Examples of nematode pe
Page 13 and 14: Foreword The threats of a depleted
Page 15 and 16: 1 Introduction Methyl Bromide In ma
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.1 Breakdown of MB applicat
Page 19 and 20: How to use this Sourcebook The flow
Page 21 and 22: 2 Guidance for Selecting Non-ODS Te
Page 23 and 24: In evaluating these points, it will
Page 25 and 26: introduced, workers are trained and
Page 27 and 28: 3 Control of Soil-borne Pests Soil-
Page 29 and 30: Table 3.3 Soil-borne bacteria and v
Page 31 and 32: Steam heat. Substrates or soil subs
Page 33 and 34: Table 3.8 Summary of techniques in
Page 35 and 36: Alternative techniques Protected cu
Page 37 and 38: ) Tolerable levels of pests. Steril
Page 39 and 40: Regulatory - present and future. Ma
Page 41 and 42: 4 Alternative Techniques for Contro
Page 43 and 44: Table 4.1.2 Efficacy and timing of
Page 45 and 46: have traditionally included lower v
Page 47: useful if combined with other techn
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.2.1 Examples of commercial
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.2.3 Characteristics of seve
Page 55 and 56: Table 4.2.5 Examples of soil-borne
Page 57 and 58: Safety precautions for users Approv
Page 59 and 60: Products or services Gliocladium sp
Page 61 and 62: Products or services Other products
Page 63 and 64: 4.3 Fumigants and other chemical pr
Page 65 and 66: 10°C and moist; soil covering is n
Page 67 and 68: Likewise, applying the fumigant to
Page 69 and 70: Feldmesser 1987, Rodríguez-Kábana
Page 71 and 72: Cost considerations Examples of che
Page 73 and 74: 4.4 Soil amendments and compost Adv
Page 75 and 76: killing some weed seeds and pathoge
Page 77 and 78: Variations under development Resear
Page 79 and 80: Acceptability to markets and consum
Page 81 and 82: Products and services Specialists,
Page 83 and 84: times may be shorter, however, for
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.5.5 Weeds controlled by sol
Page 87 and 88: Variations under development Spraya
Page 89 and 90: Cost considerations Strip solarisat
Page 91 and 92: 4.6 Steam treatments Advantages Mod
Page 93 and 94: Hood or metal box method In this me
Page 95 and 96: Yields and performance Where the te
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.6.5 Examples of suppliers o
Page 99 and 100:
4.7 Substrates entails costs for re
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4.7.2 Comparison of two subst
Page 103 and 104:
and to a limited extent for open-fi
Page 105 and 106:
Ozone depleting potential Substrate
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4.7.5 continued Examples of c
Page 109 and 110:
5 Control of Pests in Commodities a
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5.2 Examples of quarantine pe
Page 113 and 114:
Table 5.4 Effective techniques for
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5.6 Examples of quarantine tr
Page 117 and 118:
1. Develop a thorough understanding
Page 119 and 120:
6 Alternative Techniques for Contro
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Table 6.1.1 Examples of pest-free z
Page 123 and 124:
Table 6.1.3 Examples of specialists
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only be used for perishable and dur
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5 hours in wheat, maize and soy bea
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Table 6.2.4 Products where cold tre
Page 131 and 132:
Table 6.2.5 Suppliers of products a
Page 133 and 134:
pests, but most OPs have limited ef
Page 135 and 136:
Table 6.3.2 Examples of commercial
Page 137 and 138:
Other environmental considerations
Page 139 and 140:
6.4 Controlled and modified atmosph
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moisture migration are required for
Page 143 and 144:
Table 6.4.2 Carbon dioxide disinfes
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grain stored for 2 years. (Batchelo
Page 147 and 148:
6.5 Heat treatments Advantages Very
Page 149 and 150:
treatment. Some structures cannot t
Page 151 and 152:
Table 6.5.3 Examples of heat treatm
Page 153 and 154:
involve relatively high fuel costs.
Page 155 and 156:
6.6 Inert dusts Advantages Little o
Page 157 and 158:
sprayed onto the walls of the stora
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Table 6.6.2 Pests that can be contr
Page 161 and 162:
Table 6.6.3 Examples of specialists
Page 163 and 164:
holds, gas-tight shipping container
Page 165 and 166:
China for small lots (about 50 tonn
Page 167 and 168:
Combination treatmens To overcome s
Page 169 and 170:
able commodities. Phosphine is less
Page 171 and 172:
Ozone depletion The fumigants in th
Page 173 and 174:
Type of equipment or service Phosph
Page 175 and 176:
Annex 1 About the UNEP DTIE OzonAct
Page 177 and 178:
Country Programmes and Institutiona
Page 179 and 180:
Annex 2 Glossary, Acronyms and Unit
Page 181 and 182:
Acronyms Acronym APHIS ATSDR CA DE
Page 183 and 184:
Annex 3 Chemical Safety Data Sheets
Page 185 and 186:
Methyl bromide Chemical formula: CH
Page 187 and 188:
Boric acid (borates) Chemical formu
Page 189 and 190:
Carbon bisulphide Chemical formula:
Page 191 and 192:
Chloropicrin Chemical formula: CCl
Page 193 and 194:
Dazomet Chemical formula: C 5 H 10
Page 195 and 196:
Protective measures: Follow all saf
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
First aid: Contact medical assistan
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
First aid: Contact medical assistan
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Methyl iodide Chemical formula: CH
Page 209 and 210:
Nitrogen Chemical formula: N 2 CAS
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Annex 4 Steps for Identifying Appro
Page 215 and 216:
Table D Soil-borne pests requiring
Page 217 and 218:
Table F Review of alternative techn
Page 219 and 220:
Annex 5 Information Resources UNEP
Page 221 and 222:
ENEA, Italian Committee of Innovati
Page 223 and 224:
International Research Conference o
Page 225 and 226:
Website for Alternative Farming Sys
Page 227 and 228:
Annex 6 Address List of Suppliers a
Page 229 and 230:
Aislantes Minerales SA de CV Descar
Page 231 and 232:
Bel Import 2000 SL La Campana 66, L
Page 233 and 234:
Boverhuis Boilers BV Beatrixlaan 22
Page 235 and 236:
CeRSAA Regione Rollo, 98 17031 Albe
Page 237 and 238:
CSIRO Division of Entomology Stored
Page 239 and 240:
Dryacide Australia Pty Ltd 1/20 Rye
Page 241 and 242:
Federal Biological Research Centre
Page 243 and 244:
Dr Walter Gould Research Entomologi
Page 245 and 246:
Harmony Farm Supply 3244 Gravenstei
Page 247 and 248:
I ICC-SIAPA, CER Via Vittorio Venet
Page 249 and 250:
Jackson & Perkins 1 Rose Lane Medfo
Page 251 and 252:
Dr Kirk Larson University of Califo
Page 253 and 254:
Medak Andhra Pradesh, India Tel +91
Page 255 and 256:
New BioProducts Inc 4737 NW Elmwood
Page 257 and 258:
P Kooij & Zonen BV PO Box 341, Aals
Page 259 and 260:
Dr William Quarles Bio-Integral Res
Page 261 and 262:
SB Talee Calle 82 No. 11 - 83 Of 50
Page 263 and 264:
Steamist Company PO Box 1171 275 Ve
Page 265 and 266:
Topp Construction Services Inc PO B
Page 267 and 268:
Vortus BV Olivier van Noortstraat 4
Page 269 and 270:
Annex 7 References, Websites and Fu
Page 271 and 272:
DLV 1995. De Teelt Van Aardbeien [H
Page 273 and 274:
Shaw D and Larson K 1996. Relative
Page 275 and 276:
Food and Agriculture Organization o
Page 277 and 278:
Hunt JS and Gale DS 1998. Use of be
Page 279 and 280:
List of Retail Suppliers of Benefic
Page 281 and 282:
MBTOC 1998. Assessment of Alternati
Page 283 and 284:
Bello A 1998. Biofumigation and int
Page 285 and 286:
Alternatives and Emissions Reductio
Page 287 and 288:
Vegetable Research and Information
Page 289 and 290:
Horowitz J, Regev Y and Herzlinger
Page 291 and 292:
Quarles W 1997. Steam - the hottest
Page 293 and 294:
MBTOC 1998. Assessment of Alternati
Page 295 and 296:
Burkholder WE 1985. Pheromones for
Page 297 and 298:
Skadedyrcentralen Danmark 1999. Alt
Page 299 and 300:
Chauvin G and Vannier G 1991. La r
Page 301 and 302:
Hardy JP 1997. Practical applicatio
Page 303 and 304:
E (eds.) Proceedings International
Page 305 and 306:
Shellie KC and Rodde K 1999. Semi-c
Page 307 and 308:
Section 6.5 Heat Treatments Durable
Page 309 and 310:
Armstrong JW 1994. Heat and cold tr
Page 311 and 312:
Arthur FH 1999. Evaluation of a new
Page 313 and 314:
ASEAN 1989. Suggested Recommendatio
Page 315 and 316:
Kostjukovsky M, Carmi Y, Atsmi S an
Page 317 and 318:
White BR et al 1997. Field-testing
Page 319 and 320:
Annex 8 Index A Acanthoscelides - a
Page 321 and 322:
Cyprus, 33, 102, 111, 117, 130, 131
Page 323 and 324:
104, 116, 117, 119, 131, 134, 161,
Page 325 and 326:
Phosphine, 11, 101, 102, 104, 110,
Page 327 and 328:
Traps for pests, 30, 31, 33, 34, 10
Page 329:
A Word from the Chief of UNEP DTIE
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