Course Book - University of Sulaimani

2011 

2012 

University 

Of 

Sulaimani 

School 

Of 

PRACTICAL HISTOLOGY 

COURSE BOOK 

[A short review of the key laboratory titles and outlines used as a student guide] 

Science 

Biology Dept. 

3 rd Year Biology 

1 st Semester 2011-2012

Practical Histology Course Book .UOS 2011 1

Course title 

Histology 

lecturers in charge Assist. lecturer: Sirwan Mustafa Mohammed 

Assist. lecturer: Shilan Muhammad Ra'uf 

Dept/ College Biology Science 

Contact details Email: sirwan.mohammed@univsul.net 

shilan.rauf@univsul.net 

Lecturer’s Code 41211337 

Coordinator’s 

name 

Sirwan M. Mohammed 

sirwan75@gmail.com 

‌Course overview: 

Histology is the study of microscopic anatomy dealing with the structures of cells, 

tissue and organs in relation to their functions. 

The first part of the course deals with basic tissues (a collection of similar cells and 

the extracellular matrices surrounding them): epithelium; connective tissues 

(proper, specialized- blood, bone and cartilage); muscles; and nerves. 

The second part of the course deals with organs, systemic arrangement of tissues 

performing a specific function, as of cardiovascular system, integumentary system, 

respiratory system, digestive system ( GIT and associated glands), endocrine 

system, urinary system, female reproductive system, male reproductive system and 

finally, the sense organs. The course deals mainly with the structural aspects of 

cells, tissues and organs. It also covers the basic functions of these structures. 

Note: All lectures are in power point format only, illustrated and sometimes 

animated and contain explanatory diagrams and videos. 


Course Objectives: 

The purpose of histology course is to teach students how to identify various types 

of cells in standard prepared histological sections and to identify a variety of normal 

tissues. 

At the end of the histology course, the student is expected to be able to: 

1-Understand the histological structure of each of the organs of the body systems. 

2-Identify cells, tissues and organs of the body systems. 

3-Understand the structural and functional relationships of the cells, tissues and 

organs of the body systems. 

Course Reading List and References‌ 

Main references 

1- JUNQUEIRA'S Basic Histology TEXT & ATLAS, by Anthony L. Mescher, 

12th Edition (©2010) (electronic book) 

2- Luiz Carlos Junqueira and Jose Carneiro (©2005).Basic Histology, text and 

atlas, 11th ed.; International edition. (electronic book) 

3- Victor p. Eroschenko. (©2005). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with functional 

correlations,10th ed.;Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (available in the lab) 

4- Burkitt H.G. ,Young B. and Heath J.W. (©2001). Wheater’s Functional 

Histology, a text and Coulor atlas.4 th ed.;Churchill Livingstone. (electronic book) 

5- Victor p. Eroschenko. (©1993). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with functional 

correlations,7th ed. (Egyptian Edition);Elias Modern press. (electronic book) 

Useful References 

- Color Textbook of Histology, Gartner & Hiatt, 3 rd ed (©2007) (electronic book) 

-http://www.histology-world.com 


Subject 1: Epithelial Tissue 

Assist. Instructor‌: Shilan Muhammed Ra’uf 

Assist. Instructor‌: Sirwan Mustafa Mohammed 

Objectives: student should be able to: 

1. Describe the characteristic features and functions of epithelial tissue. 

2. List the classification of types of epithelia and know example of location within 

the body. 

Scientific contents: 

1. General characteristics and functions of epithelium. 

2. Classification (different types and sites of each type) of epithelium. 

Subject 2: Connective Tissue Proper 

Assist. Instructor: Shilan Muhammed Ra’uf 


Objectives: students should be able to distinguish the different types of connective 

tissue, understand the role of their cellular, fibrous and ground substance 

components. 


1-Definition and Function of connective tissue proper. 

2- Components of connective tissue. 

3- Classification & types of connective tissue proper and sites of each type. 


Subject 3: Bone and Cartilage 



Objectives: student should be able to: 

1-Identify and describe the histological structure and location of various types of 

cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage). 

2- Identify and describe the histological structure and location of various types of 

bone (spongy and compact). 


1- Components, functions, types (hyaline, elastic, and fibro cartilage), 

locations, cells of cartilage (chondroblast and chondrocyte). 

2- Structure, types (compact and spongy bone), cells of bone (osteoblast, 

osteoclast, and osteocyte). 

Subject 4: Muscular Tissue 



Objectives: to be able to recognize the structure and functions of the 3 types of 

muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) and distinguishing them from connective 

tissue, they should also aim to identify the connective tissue arrangements of 

skeletal muscle. 


1- Microscopic features of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. 

2-Skeletal muscle organization. 


Subject 5: Nerve Tissue I 



Objectives: students should understand: 

1- Classify the nervous system. 

2- Identify the different parts of the peripheral nervous system. 

3-Classify neurons 

4- Know the structure and type of ganglion. 

5-Classify synapse 

6-Neuroglial cells. 

7- Nerve endings. 


1-Basic structure of nerve tissue. 

2-Neurons (1)The classification of neuron (2)The structure and function of 

neuron. 

3-Synapse (definition, types). 

4-Neuroglia (function, classification). 

5- Nerve fiber (Definition, types: myelinated nerve fiber and unmyelinated nerve 

fiber, and structure of myelinated nerve fiber). 

6-nerve endings (definition, types). 


Subject 6: Nerve Tissue II 



Objectives: 

1-Be able to identify parts of central nervous system {brain(cerebellum, and 

cerebrum), and spinal cord} 

2-Identify white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum. 

3-Be able to recognize the cortex and medullary layers of cerebrum and cerebellum. 


Central nervous system (CNS) 

• Brain (cerebellum & cerebrum) 

• Spinal cord 

Subject 7: Cardiovascular system 



Objectives: Students should be able to: 

1-Describe the histological structure of the heart wall. 

2- Classify arteries and veins, identify and describe their histological structure and 

changes which occur in their three tunicae at different levels and relate these 

changes to their function. 

3-Describe and identify different types of capillaries including sinusoids and relate 

their structure to the function. 



1-Histological structure of the heart wall. 

2- Classification of arteries and veins; their structural modifications in relation to 

their functions. 

3- Different varieties of capillaries and blood sinusoids. 

Subject 8: Integumentary system 



Objectives: to recognize the structural elements of the skin which are responsible 

for their functions, types of skin and their layers, types of skin appendages. 


1- Types & sites of skin 

-Histology of thick non-hairy skin 

-Histology of thin hairy skin 

4-Skin appendages (hair and hair follicles, nail, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland). 

Subject 9: Endocrine system 



Objectives: students should be able to: 

1-Recognize and distinguish the various endocrine organs (thyroid, parathyroid, 

adrenal and pituitary). 


2-Identify the parts of the pituitary gland, name the cell types that produce the 

various hormones of the anterior pituitary, and know whether they are acidophils or 

basophils. 

3- Describe structures of thyroid gland, Recognize the parathyroid gland in 

histological section, and within the gland identify the chief cells (source of 

parathyroid hormone) and oxyphil cells. 

4- Recognize the zones of the adrenal cortex (that produce aldosterone and cortisol) 

and medulla. 


1. Definition 

2.Pituitary gland 

3.Thyroid , parathyroid gland 

4.Adrenal gland 

Subject 10: Urinary system 



Objectives: students should be able to: 

1- Identify parts and functions of the urinary system 

3- Describe parts of the uriniferous tubules and the nephron. 

4- Juxtaglomerular apparatus and its function. 

5- Renal corpuscles and tubules and distinguishing between them in sections. 

6- Describe the wall of ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. 


1-kidneys overview 

2-Nephron structure 

a-Renal corpuscles (glomerulus) 


- Renal tubules (Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted 

tubule, and collecting tubules). 

3-urinary tracts (ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). 

Subject 11: Digestive system I 



Objectives: 

1-Review and understand the basic components and gross anatomy of the digestive 

system. 

2-Describe the histological components of the different parts of the upper 

alimentary tract with their functional correlations. 


1-Overview & gross anatomy of digestive system. 

2-Oral cavity (lips, tongue, oral mucosa, and salivary glands). 

3-Gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach). 

Subject 12: Digestive system II 



Objectives: 

1-To illustrate the gross anatomy of the lower alimentary tract starting from the 

small intestine extending to the anus. 

2- To give the student a comprehensive understanding of the histological 

components of the lower alimentary tract with their physiological roles. 



1-Small intestine anatomy (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). 

2-Large intestine anatomy (caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending 

colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus). 

Subject 13: Accessory Digestive Glands 



Objectives: 

1- To give the details of the digestive associated organs including, their 

location, types and gross anatomy. 

2- To show a comprehensive understanding of the histological components of 

the digestive associated glands in addition to their crucial role in the 

digestion process. 


1- Pancreas 

2- Liver 

3- Gall bladder 


Syllabus 

No. Title of the Subject Lecture’s name 

1 Epithelial Tissue 

Shilan Muhammed Ra’uf 

Sirwan Mustafa Mohammed 

2 

Connective Tissue 

Proper 



3 Bone & Cartilage 

4 Muscular Tissue 

5 Nervous Tissue I 

6 Nervous Tissue II 









7 1 st Exam (120 points) 

8 Cardiovascular System 

9 Integumentary System 

10 Endocrine System 

11 Urinary System 

12 Digestive System I 












13 Digestive System II 



14 

Accessory Digestive 

Glands 



15 2nd Exam (120 points) 

Evaluation (Exams): 

Two examinations will be given during the course. 

Final exams will be based on materials given in the labs, your grade will be 

determined through two (2) laboratory practical exams. 

The topics to be covered on each exam are indicated in the lab schedule above. 

The exam will consist of identify cells, layers, tissues, identify the pointed part, 

organs and their details from microscope slides and digital images of power points 

slides displayed by data show. 

Practical exam consists of 12 questions, each question worth 10 points and should 

be answered within 2 minutes (30 mins.duration). 

Lab Practical Quizzes: 

Each Laboratory Quiz (10 points) will be based mainly on the material studied in 

the previous week's lab. At the end of the semester when final grades are being 

determined, one quiz grades of 0 for each student may not be counted toward the 

final grade. 

Laboratory Quiz will be given during the first 5 minutes of each laboratory time. 

Grading: 

Final grades will be assigned as follows: 

1 st practical exam 120 points 

2 nd practical exam 120 points 

Final grade 12% 

Practical quizzes 100 points Final grade 3% 

Total 15% 


General Notes: 

Use of cell phones is prohibited during exams. Be sure that you have your cell 

phones turned off and stored before coming to class. Use of a cell phone during an 

exam is grounds for receiving a failing grade for the exam. 

No exam will be dropped. Makeup exams will only be available under 

extraordinary circumstances. If you miss an exam without prior arrangement and 

fail to notify me within one day of the exam time, you will receive a zero for the 

missed exam. 

Examples of types of questions: 

Answer: 

a- Loose (areolar) connective tissue 

b- Elastic fiber 


Answer: 

a- hyaline cartilage 

b- trachea 

Answer: 

Q3// a- Identify the section 

b- Write 2 important feature of it 

a- dorsal root ganglia 

b- (1.nucleus centrally located 

2. The cell bodies are of pseudounipolar 

type) 

Note: a complete exam sample is found on the course web site, to download it click on the 

exam sample below: 

Exam Sample

Course Book - University of Sulaimani

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