DIET, NUTRITION, AND REPRODUCTIVE ... - NWIFC Access

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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A B C D E F G H Vegetation types and stand ages identified within the Hoko Game Management Unit, Washington, 2001. Vegetation type and stand ages were grouped into vegetation category or vegetation group for statistical purposes. .....80 Bomb Calorimetry laboratory methods for analysis of plant species in the diet of nine elk herds, Hoko GMU, Washington, 2001. .........................................82 Coefficient of Association (CA), number of collared cows, total number of herd locations, and total number of herd visual locations for nine elk herds, Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. Visual locations were a subset of total locations...........................................................................................83 Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) home range size from radio-telemetry locations for nine elk herds, Hoko GMU, Washington, 2001. Individual elk have been combined into herds and duplicate locations omitted. The number of locations reported reflects stable home range size. ............................................84 Percentage of each vegetation category used and available to elk herds in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. Percent used was the percent of all herd locations within each vegetation category. Percent available was the percent of each vegetation category within the home range of that herd. .............................................................................................................85 Diet of nine elk herds in the Hoko Game Management Unit, Washington, March 2001 – February 2002. Values for each plant species are percent of the diet for each of six sampling periods. ...............................................................86 Total percent of nine elk herd diets analyzed for nutritional quality in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March 2001 – February 2002. Superscripts indicate forage species which were not analyzed but were large percentages of the diet, therefore influencing the total...............................................................97 Correlations between percentage vegetation category used or available and principal components 1 – 7. Pearson correlations greater than 0.5 are included in the interpretation of the principal component. Vegetation data was for locations and home ranges of nine elk herds, Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. ..................................................................98 xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES (CONTINUED) Page I J K L Multiple regression analyses of reproductive success and principal components of vegetation category used by elk. Only principal components with coefficients significantly different from zero were included. Vegetation data was from elk locations in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. No principal component was related to birthrate or survival....................................................................................................................99 Multiple regression analyses of reproductive success and principal components of vegetation category available to elk. Only principal components with coefficients significantly different from zero were included. Vegetation data were from elk home ranges in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. No principal component was related to birthrate.............................................................................................................100 Correlations between percent forage species in elk diets and principal components 1d – 8d. Pearson correlations greater than 0.5 were included in the interpretation of the principal component. Elk diet data was from nine elk herds, Hoko GMU, Washington, March 2001 – February 2002.....................101 Multiple regression analyses of reproductive success and principal components of percent forage species in elk diets. Only principal components with coefficients significantly different from zero were included. Elk diet data was for nine herds in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March – December 2001. Significant dummy variables for sampling period were included........................................................................................................102 M Multiple regression analyses of reproductive success and principal components of percent forage species in elk diets. Only principal components with coefficients significantly different from zero were included. Elk diet data was for nine herds in the Hoko GMU, Washington, March 2001 – February 2002. Significant dummy variables for sampling period were included.............................................................................................103 xv
Page 1: DIET, NUTRITION, AND REPRODUCTIVE S
Page 4 and 5: Grasses and forbs were high in prot
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT....
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Reprodu
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Study
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION Roosevelt elk (Cervus
Page 18 and 19: Similarly, high quality habitat (ve
Page 20 and 21: 5 deficiencies have been reported f
Page 22 and 23: STUDY AREA The Hoko Game Management
Page 24 and 25: acemosa), swordfern (Polystichum mu
Page 26 and 27: 11 independence, I allowed at least
Page 28 and 29: 13 counted calves and cows, one obs
Page 30 and 31: communication). Riparian areas of v
Page 32 and 33: 17 The 28 vegetation types and timb
Page 34 and 35: could indicate forage plant groups
Page 36 and 37: 21 of digestibility was not an exac
Page 38 and 39: used Pearson’s correlation analys
Page 40 and 41: RESULTS Elk Telemetry and Locations
Page 42 and 43: 27 0.8 Calf:cow ratio Calf:cow rati
Page 44 and 45: Five of the nine herds used vegetat
Page 46 and 47: Table 3. Vegetation groups used les
Page 48 and 49: 33 Table 4. Results of Mann-Whitney
Page 50 and 51: 35 summer months. Shrub consumption
Page 52 and 53: Table 6. Differences in median fora
Page 54 and 55: 39 80 March/April Total grass (%) 6
Page 56 and 57: Nutritional Analysis of Forage Plan
Page 58 and 59: IVDMD (%) IVDMD (%) IVDMD (%) 80 60
Page 60 and 61: DE (Kcal/g) DE (Kcal/g) DE (Kcal/g)
Page 62 and 63: 0.6 47 0.5 Calf survival (%) Mean c
Page 64 and 65:
Table 7. Summary of principal compo
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Table 8. Summary of multiple regres
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Table 10. Summary of multiple regre
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Birthrate was negatively related to
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DISCUSSION Highly productive herds
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consumption of evergreen shrubs, wi
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61 Therefore, low percentages of gr
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63 been able to gain adequate weigh
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65 survival but few calves overall,
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2004), highly nutritious forage pla
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egardless of home range size. There
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71 However, it is possible to have
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73 Cook, J. G., B. K. Johnson, R. C
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75 Hudson, R. J. and J. Z. Adamczew
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Phillips, G. E. and A. W. Alldredge
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APPENDICES 79
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Appendix A. Vegetation types and st
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Appendix C. Coefficient of Associat
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Appendix E. Percentage of each vege
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Appendix F. Diet of nine elk herds
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Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Appendix G. Total percentage of nin
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99 Appendix I. Multiple regression
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101 Appendix K. Correlations betwee
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Appendix M. Multiple regression ana
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