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Table of Contents Abstract.....................................................................................................................i Acknowlegements................................................................................................... iii List of Publications .................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents.....................................................................................................v List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables........................................................................................................ xxii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................xxvii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1 1.1 Plants as a source of medicines – past and presen .......................................1 1.2 Cannabis Botany ............................................................................................4 1.3 Cannabis Taxonomy ......................................................................................6 1.4 UK Medicinal Cannabis Use - History and Legal Complications. ................. 8 1.5 The influence of the BMA and the House on Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology on UK Cannabis Research..................................10 1.6 International Legal Attitudes to Medicinal Cannabis.....................................11 1.6.1USA ........................................................................................................12 1.6.2 Canada ..................................................................................................14 1.6.3 Mainland Europe....................................................................................14 1.6.4 Ireland....................................................................................................15 1.6.5 Australia.................................................................................................15 1.6.6 Japan.....................................................................................................15 1.7 The choice of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)...............................15 1.8 Cannabinoid and terpene biosynthesis ........................................................17 1.9 Cannabinoid Receptors and Cannabinoid Pharmacology. ...........................21 1.10 Outline of Thesis ........................................................................................24 v
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISATION OF ILLICIT CANNABIS IN THE UK.............27 2.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................27 2.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................29 2.3 MATERIALS .................................................................................................29 2.3.1 Cannabis samples .................................................................................29 2.3.2 Microscopy, Photography and other Apparatus .....................................29 2.4 METHODS ...................................................................................................30 2.4.1 Collection of Representative Samples ...................................................30 2.4.2 Storage of illicit cannabis samples.........................................................30 2.4.3 Categorisation of the form of each sample ............................................30 2.4.3 Categorisation of the form of each sample ............................................30 2.4.3.1 Cannabis resin ................................................................................30 2.4.3.2 Herbal cannabis ..............................................................................31 2.4.3.3 Sinsemilla........................................................................................31 2.4.3.4 Cannabis powder ............................................................................32 2.4.3.5 Other categories not included .........................................................33 2.4.4 Measurement of cannabinoid potency and profile .................................33 2.4.5 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................33 2.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .....................................................................34 2.5.1 Categorisation of cannabis type between regions .................................34 2.5.2 The range of cannabinoids in each cannabis category..........................34 2.5.3 Comparison of cannabis potency and profile between regions..............38 2.5.4 Trends in Cannabis Potency..................................................................39 2.5.5 The efficacy of illicit cannabis ................................................................42 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................45 Chapter 3 Cannabis trichome form, function, and distribution ...............................47 3.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................47 3.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................49 vi
Page 1 and 2: THE PROPAGATION, CHARACTERISATION A
Page 3 and 4: Cannabis sativa L cv Gayle CBD Chem
Page 5: List of Publications Potter, D.J.,
Page 9 and 10: 3.5.3 Effect of capitate stalked tr
Page 11 and 12: 5.4.2.7 Plant Weight Assessment ...
Page 13 and 14: 6.7.3.4. Effect of Harvest Date and
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.4. (a) A herb grinder in c
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3.11. (a) Secretory cells st
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3.23. The mean CBN content (
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5.12. Effect of Daylength on
Page 23 and 24: List of Tables Table 1.1. Examples
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.9. The cannabinoid profile
Page 27 and 28: Table 6.6. A comparison of the terp
Page 29 and 30: CBDA Cannabidiolic acid CBG Cannabi
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Page 33 and 34: Chapter 1 Introduction According to
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Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Introduction Pakistan to
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Page 41 and 42: Chapter 1 Introduction 1999a). Most
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 1 Introduction prohibition
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 1 Introduction GW Pharmaceu
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 1 Introduction proportion o
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 1 Introduction cannabigerov
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 1 Introduction monoterpenes
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 1 Introduction endocannabin
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Chapter 1 Introduction Six, the dif
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Chapter 2 Characterisation of Illic
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Chapter 3. Cannabis trichome form,
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Chapter 4. The Function and Exploit
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Chapter 5. Indoor Propagation of Me
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Chapter 6. The Outdoor Propagation
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Chapter 7 General Discussion Chapte
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Chapter 7 General Discussion be at
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Chapter 7 General Discussion to be
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Chapter 7 General Discussion photos
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Chapter 7 General Discussion that a
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Chapter 7 General Discussion who ha
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References Baker, R., 2002. Commerc
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References Cerniak, L., 1985. The G
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References Dayanandan, P. & Kaufman
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References Fairbairn, J.W., 1972. T
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References Ghosal, S., Singh, S., B
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References Henderson, S.M., 1973. E
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References Johnson, J.R. and Potts,
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References Mahlberg, P.G., Hammond,
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References de Meijer, E.D.M., 1994.
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References Page, C.P., Hoffman, B.,
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References Raman, A.R., 1998. The C
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References Russo, E. B., Jiang, H.
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References Struik, P.C., Amaducci,
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References UNODC. United Nations Of
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References Wilkinson, T. J., 2006.
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Appendix 8.1 Analysis of cannabinoi
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Appendix 8.1 Analysis of cannabinoi
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Appendix 8.2 Analysis of terpene co
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Appendix 8.3 A Comparison of the St
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Appendix 8.5 Definitions of Social
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