BUFR Design Guide - IKO

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6 REINFORCED BITUMEN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ENGINEERED FOR A MODERN WORLD Design considerations The Specification of Roofs The specification and design process is critical to be sure of long term, good quality roof protection that meets the requirements of building regulations. A roof performance is dependent upon material specification, correct design detailing and installation by fully trained operatives, followed up with regular inspection and maintenance. Your roof is one of your most valuable assets and it is therefore important to be confident that you have made the right choice from the very start. IKO take great care in providing services and products that offer clients and specifiers effective and positive solutions to meet guidelines set in CDM regulations (Construction Design Management), Codes of Practice set by British Standards, Building Regulations, including Part L, Government Guidelines and BREEAM (British Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). IKO offer an extensive consultation service regarding design, specification and material selection. This service is delivered via a national team of regional design specialists and head office based technical services. General The roofing system design should generally take into account the following factors: • Geographical location of the building • Degree of exposure (wind etc) • Roof deck/structural support • Pitch (angle of slope) • Intended usage (e.g. roof garden, walkway etc.) • Roof falls and drainage • Thermal performance (condensation) • Fire performance • Construction fabric (flammable or fragile etc.) • Perimeter detailing aspects • Roof penetrations (rooflights etc.) • Roof mounted plant and equipment • Building occupancy levels and type of occupancy (during the works) • Roof access arrangements (during work) • Roof access arrangements (maintenance). Further information on roof design can be found on www.ikogroup.co.uk and experienced IKO technical personnel are available to give specific project design advice, Tel: 0844 412 7207. Roof decks Structural decks provide the primary support for the roofing system. They must resist dead, live and wind loads, including storms. They must also be suitable for the proposed membrane roofing system, and the subsequent use that the roof has been designed for. Relevant structural and loading codes for each material must be followed, and current Building Regulations requirements checked and observed. If the use of an existing roof is to be changed (e.g. retrofit roof garden or pedestrian roof patio area), the suitability of the deck and the supporting structure must be confirmed. The deck may also be laid or fixed so as to provide a suitable fall for drainage of the roof surface, as required in BS 6229: 2003, Code of Practice for flat roofs with continuously supported coverings. However, roof falls can also be provided by the addition of tapered insulation as part of the roofing contract. Slate surfaced cap sheet Slate surfaced cap sheet Sanded underlay Slabs or ballast Slate surfaced cap sheet Sanded underlay Sanded underlay Insulation Filter layer Vapour control layer Insulation Deck Roof void Primed concrete deck Vented roof void Venting layer Insulation Ceiling Warm Roof: Where the insulation is immediately below the waterproofing membrane and above the vapour control layer which is bonded to the supporting deck. This is the most practical configuration for ensuring the control of condensation and is usually the recommended option for insulated roof design. In a warm roof configuration, a metal lined bituminous vapour control layer is recommended to achieve the highest performance standards, and is a requirement over high humidity environments (e.g. swimming pools). It is essential that the VCL is properly attached to the substrate and all side and end laps are fully sealed. Technical hotline: 0844 412 7207 www.ikogroup.co.uk Inverted Roof: Where extruded polystyrene insulation is placed above the waterproofing layer and loaded with ballast, paving slabs or roof garden finishes. This is a satisfactory roof design, particularly where a roof finish will receive pedestrian or other traffic. However, greater thickness of insulation is needed to allow for the cooling affect of water draining beneath insulation, and the supporting structure must be designed to accommodate the additional loading required for the insulation. An inverted roof needs no additional vapour control layer, as the waterproofing also performs the function of the VCL. Cold Roof: Where insulation is placed within a ventilated void space below the roof deck and above the internal ceiling. This form of roof design is no longer recommended, as proper void ventilation and an effective vapour control layer at ceiling level is difficult to achieve. In addition to the above, other hybrid roofs are sometimes used with insulation placed both above the deck and within an internal roof void (below the deck). The use of this type of roof design can result in serious condensation problems and careful calculation to balance the insulation thickness above and below the deck is needed to achieve success. Depending on the internal humidity conditions, this balance of insulation can sometimes not be achieved, and under those circumstances this type of hybrid roof is not recommended. Composite insulated decking panels are also available but these must be installed strictly in accordance with the relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the use of these items over high humidity areas will often be restricted.
REINFORCED BITUMEN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ENGINEERED FOR A MODERN WORLD 7 The most common types of flat roof structural deck are: • In-situ concrete decks • Pre-cast concrete decks • Timber-based panels • Plywood decks • Oriented strand board (OSB types 3 or 4 only) • Woodwool decks (no longer manufactured but may be present on existing structures) • Profiled metal decking • Composite insulated panels. Roof designers of refurbishment projects should also still be aware of strawboard (Stramit) decking, used widely in the 1950s and 1960s. Strawboard was a combined decking and insulation material, comprising compressed straw with brown paper facings. The product loses all structural integrity if wetted and removal of bonded membranes will destroy the upper face, and hence destroy the structural strength. The only course of action is to strip and replace strawboard with a suitable durable timber panel deck. In addition to the above, any type of wood chipboard is unsuitable for flat roofing, and is not recommended under roofing Codes of Practice. Design of falls It is generally accepted as good practice for flat roofs to be designed to clear surface water. Flat roofs should be constructed to a minimum finished fall of 1 in 80. To achieve this, the designer needs to adopt a design fall which will allow for deflections and inaccuracies in construction. BS 6229; 2003 recommends 1 in 40 as the design fall, to ensure a finished fall of at least 1 in 80. An alternative approach is to choose an intermediate figure of 1 in 60, which is usually sufficient. The design of falls and drainage patterns will have a considerable influence on the depth of the total roof construction or roof zone, which should be a fundamental consideration at the very earliest stages of conception of a building. It is only after assessing the depth of roof zone that the designer can decide the levels of all other aspects of construction above the level of the flat roof (e.g. wall DPCs, window/door abutments etc). Falls may be formed in the structure or can be created within the roofing system above the deck. Falls in the structure can be achieved by adjusting the height of supporting beams or purlins, by using tapered supports, or by the addition of firring pieces before the deck is laid. The latter method is normally used with decks such as woodwool, timber, pre-cast concrete and metal decking. In the case of an in-situ cast concrete slab, falls are normally provided by using a separate screed. Preformed tapered insulation boards also provide a useful method of forming falls on a level roof deck. IKO is able to design and supply suitable tapered insulation systems. These provide both insulation and falls and are of particular importance for re-roofing existing roofs, many of which do not have sufficient falls and probably do not have sufficient insulation. Tapered insulation can provide falls in one direction to a gutter or level valley, or in two directions to form falls and cross falls. In some circumstances it may be deemed necessary to control the rate of water run-off from flat roofs and paved areas so as to avoid overloading ground drainage. Where this is a requirement, consideration should be given to using green roofs or roof top gardens where the horticultural finishes can be used to absorb rainfall and release it into surface water drainage more slowly. However, it is still important to make the correct provision for adequate drainage, even with garden roofs, to avoid water-logging the growing medium or overloading the structure. Roof drainage Flat roofs may be drained by two basic methods: towards the outer edges and into external gutters, or towards internal gutters or outlets within the main roof area. Straight falls to external gutters are simple to form by sloping the roof deck with firrings, by screeding or by using tapered insulation boards. Internal drainage will be achieved by straight falls to gutters or a pattern of falls and cross falls to outlets. Technical hotline: 0844 412 7207 www.ikogroup.co.uk
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BUFR Design Guide - IKO

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