7. Issues and Challenges in Aquatic Invasive Alien Species - Seafdec

MESSAGE FROM 

THE HONOURABLE 

DATO’ JUNAIDI CHE AYUB 

Director- General of 

Fisheries Malaysia 

Most countries are signatories to one or more 

international agreements that include provisions for the 

protection of biodiversity from the negative impacts of 

aquatic Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Under the 

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Malaysia 

as one of the signatory nations is committed to develop 

national strategies, plans or programs for the 

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity 

resources. Alien species introduced into the local 

habitats may cause serious threats to native species 

and its ecosystem. The introduction of invasive alien 

species is one of the main recorded causes of 

biodiversity loss which could lead to economic loss 

and health hazard. For centuries, most alien species 

have been introduced into and between Asian countries 

either intentionally or unintentionally to the inland water 

ecosystems through aquaculture practices and 

aquarium trade. Some alien pathogens could have also 

been introduced through discharge of ballast water at 

ports and air transport systems. Government agencies, 

industry, conservationists and the public have all played 

a part in the process. 

As globalisation and transportation becoming more 

rapid, expanded opportunities are being provided for 

plants, animals and microorganisms to move beyond 

their natural range. Majority of the alien species do 

not harm species, habitats and ecosystem and instead 

provide significant benefits for fish farmers, aquarium 

fish traders and the fishers. However, some species 

may become invasive and can be costly for industry, 

competent authorities, site managers and society as 

a whole. Some impacts on the biodiversity and 

ecological functions may be irreversible. Thus, the 

issue and threat of invasive alien species are very real 

and significant as exemplified by cases such as shrimp 

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Epizootic 

Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) and Koi Herpes Virus 

(KHV). They have incurred losses to the aquaculture 

industry amounting to millions of Malaysian Ringgits. 

It is acknowledged that alien species play an important 

role in aquarium trade and aquaculture industries in 

Malaysia. The Action Plan for Aquatic IAS recognises 

that there are many alien species in Malaysian waters 

which need to be further assessed and analysed before 

being classified as invasive. The existing regulations 

need to be further strengthened to minimize new 

introduction of alien species and to curtail any negative 

impacts on the environment. Alien species from ballast 

water need to be addressed to minimize massive loss 

to the aquaculturists and impact to human health and 

safety. I wish to congratulate the Technical Working 

Group (TWG) for coming up with the Action Plan for 

Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and urge all players in 

this field to come forward and together strive towards 

achieving the targets and goal of the CBD Program of 

Work as this will ensure of the continued sustainable 

use of the biological resources of not only Malaysia 

but also the world at large. I hope this plan will be also 

used as a guide to those responsible to formulate many 

other related plans of action so that systematic and 

coordinated efforts could be conducted by the myriads 

of organizations formed. 

This action plan on aquatic IAS for fishery in Malaysia 

will provide continued efforts to increase the 

awareness and information to the various stakeholders 

on the importance of aquatic alien species and ways 

to tackle them in balancing conservation and 

management of aquatic resources with continued 

economic growth. Finally I look forward to the 

successful implementation of the plan along with 

continuing and strong financial support from the Central 

Agencies of the Government of Malaysia. 

Thank You, 

Dato’ Junaidi Che Ayub 

Director General of Fisheries, 

Department of Fisheries Malaysia 

Putrajaya 

December 2007 

1

FOREWORD 

MS. FAAZAZ 

ABD. LATIFF 

Team Leader for 

Technical Working Group (TWG) 

–Aquatic Invasive Alien Species 

Article 8(h) of the CBD states that Contracting 

Parties to the Convention should, as far as possible 

and appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control 

or eradicate those alien species which threaten 

ecosystems, habitats or species. 

The Government has given high priority setting for 

alien species. Many workshops, meetings, seminars 

and trainings have been conducted which pertained 

to quarantine, health, import and export of alien 

species in ASEAN over the years. Among these were 

‘Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health 

Management for the Responsible Movement of Live 

Aquatic Animals, Beijing Consensus and 

Implementation Strategy, Meeting on Current Status 

of Transboundary Fish Diseases in Southeast Asia: 

Occurrence, Surveillance, Research, and Training 

in June 2004 in Manila organised by AQD SEAFDEC 

and Fish Disease Project of the Government of 

Japan-Trust Fund. 

A workshop on ‘Building Capacity to Combat Impacts 

of Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and Associated 

Transboundary Pathogens in ASEAN Countries’ was 

held in Penang, Malaysia in July 2004, supported by 

US, Department of State, hosted by DoF Malaysia 

and organized by NACA in collaboration with ASEAN, 

FAO, the World Fish Centre and Penang State. There 

were 2 other workshops in the region in 2002 and 

2003 which dealt on prevention and management 

of IAS and International Mechanisms for the control 

and responsible use of alien species in Aquatic 

Ecosystems 

Following initiatives made by various governmental 

agencies in Malaysia such as Department of 

Agriculture, Department of Veterinary, Department 

of Health, Department of Forestry and Department 

of Environment and non-governmental agencies to 

prevent, control and mitigate on IAS, there is also a 

need to formulate a plan of action spesifically on IAS 

in both marine and inland water ecosystems. This 

plan of action has been formulated with the first 

meeting held in mid 2005 by members of the TWG 

IAS as listed in Appendix 7 and followed by series of 

meetings to strengthen the document. The 

document highlights some technical measures 

including strategies to overcome problems in 

preventing, controlling and mitigating of issues 

pertaining to alien species which include information 

on the biological parameters of many species and 

their identification, public awareness, expertise, 

coordination effort and funds. We hope this plan will 

provide some basic information on aquatic IAS in 

Malaysia in order to balance conservation and 

management of aquatic resources with increasing 

economic growth for the benefits of our future 

generation. 

On behalf of the TWG, I would like to take this 

vvopportunity to sincerely thank the Honourable Dato’ 

Junaidi bin Che Ayub for his continued 

encouragement, support and guidance throughout 

the formulation of this action plan. A special thank to 

Mr. Raja Mohammad Noordin bin Raja Omar in his 

capacity as the Chairman of CBD for DoF, Mr. Ismail 

Awang Kechik (Director of Fisheries Research 

Institute), Mr. Ismail Ishak for their constructive 

supports and criticisms on the document and Ms. 

Mahyam Mohd. Isa for her advisory role in IAS issues 

and guidance in documenting this plan. Finally, 

I would like to thank the Malaysia IAS Technical 

Working Group from various divisions of the 

Department of Fisheries (DoF), Department of 

Marine and Malaysian Institute of Maritime (MIMA) 

for their continued commitments and works in their 

contribution to finalize this document. 

Thank You 

Faazaz Abd. Latiff 

Leader of TWG - Invasive Alien Fish Species 


2

LIST OF ACRONYMS 

AS 

BDIWE 

CCRF 

CBD 

CHM 

CITES 

DNA 

DIAS 

DoFM 

DWNP 

EEZ 

EUS 

FAO 

FDAM 

GMO 

HAB 

IAS 

ICAO 

ICES 

IMN 

IMO 

IPPC 

IUCN 

KHV 

KPI 

MCBD 

MIMA 

MOAABI 

NRE 

OIE 

PSP 

PCR 

SPS 

TSV 

TWG 

UN 

WHO 

WSSD 

WSSV 

WTO 

Alien Species 

Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems 

Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 

Convention on Biological Diversity 

Clearing House Mechanism 

Convention on International Trade in Threatened and Endangered Species 

Deoxyribonucleic Acid 

Database on Invasive Alien Species 


Department of Wildlife and National Parks 

Economic Exclusive Zone 

Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome 

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN 

Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia 

Genetically Modified Organisms 

Harmful Algal Bloom 

Invasive Alien Species 

International Civil Aviation Organisation 

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 

Infectious Myonecrosis 

International Maritime Organization 

International Plant Protection Convention 

International Union Conservation for Nature 

Koi Herpes Virus 

Key Performance Indicator 

Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 

Malaysian Institute of Maritime 

Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry 

Natural Resources and the Environment 

Office International des Épizooties 

(the World Organisation for Animal Health) 

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoining 

Polymerase Chain Reaction 

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement 

Taura Syndrome Virus 

Technical Working Group 

United Nations 

World Health Organisation 

World Summit on Sustainable Development 

White Spot Syndrome Virus 

World Trade Organization 

3

Glossary 

Term 

Alien species 

Ballast water 

Baseline port survey 

Establishment 

Aquatic Species 

Fouling organisms 

Intentional introduction 

Introduction 

Invasive alien species 

Native species 

Pathway 

Probiotic 

Risk 

Risk analysis 

Unintentional 

introduction 

Vector 

Definition 

A species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present 

distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species 

that might survive and subsequently reproduce. 

Any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and stability of 

a vessel. 

Biological surveys that determine the baseline level of introduced marine species 

in a port. 

The process of an alien species in a new habitat successfully producing viable 

offspring with the likelihood of continued survival. 

Includes any of the varieties of marine, brackish water or fresh water fishes, 

crustaceans, aquatic molluscs, marine sponges, sea cucumber, aquatic plants 

and other aquatic life but does not include turtles or their eggs. 

Animals and plants, such as barnacles, mussels and seaweeds that attach to 

human-made substrates, such as piers, navigation buoys and the bottom of ships. 

The deliberate movement and/ or release by humans of an alien species outside 

its natural range. 

The movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of 

its natural range (past or present). This movement can be either within a country 

or between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction. 

An alien species whose introduction and/ or spread threaten biological diversity. 

A native species is a species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring within its 

natural range and dispersal potential (i.e., within the range it occupies naturally or 

could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans. 

As applicable: The geographic route by which a species moves outside its natural 

range (past or present); The corridor of introduction (e.g road, canal, tunnel) and / 

or The human activity that gives rise to an intentional or unintentional introduction. 

A live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying the 

host-associated or ambient microbial community, by ensuring improved use of the 

feed or enhancing its nutritional value, by enhancing the host response towards 

disease, or by improving the quality of its ambient environment. 

The likelihood and magnitude of an event. 

1. Assessment of the consequences of the introduction and of the likelihood of 

establishment of an alien species using science-based information (i.e. risk 

assessment), and 2. Identification of measures that can be implemented to reduce 

or manage these risks (i.e., risk management), taking into account socio-economic 

and cultural considerations. 

All other introductions which are not intentional. 

The physical means or agent (i.e. aeroplane, ship) in or on which a species is 

transported or moves outside its natural range (past or present). Ballast water, 

ships’ hulls, and the movements of commercial oysters are examples of vectors. 

4

1. Introduction 

Of the 100 world’s worst invasive alien species (IAS) 

listed by the Invasive Species Specialists Groups 

(ISSG), at least four of the eight fish species are 

present in Malaysia. Invasive species are 

considered to be one of the major threats to marine 

biodiversity, as well as posing significant economic 

and public health problems. Today, alien invasion is 

second only to habitat loss as a cause of species 

endangerment and extinction. Every major 

international conference on the environment in the 

last decade, including the United Nations Conference 

on Sustainable Development in 1992, the 

Conferences of Parties to the Convention on 

Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Summit on 

Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 and the 

Fifth World Congress on Protected Areas in 2003, 

have highlighted the issue of invasive species, and 

called upon governments and industry to act. 

Malaysia signed the CBD during the Earth Summit 

and was the 65 th country to ratify it on 24 June 1994. 

The 7 th Meeting of COP to the CBD was held in Kuala 

Lumpur, Malaysia from 9-20 February 2004. IAS was 

discussed as one of the items under the agenda on 

Cross-Cutting Issues: Progress Reports on 

Implementation. 

detection and rapid action are crucial to 

prevent its establishment: the preferred 

response is often to eradicate the 

organisms as soon as possible; 

• Where eradication is not feasible or 

resources are not available, containment 

and long-term control measures should be 

implemented (CBD Guiding Principle 2) 

Department of Fisheries, Malaysia (DoFM) has 

started to focus on achieving some of the targets 

and goals that are enshrined in the CBD Program of 

Work particularly on two thematic areas of MCBD 

and BDIWE. The management structure of 

implementing the biodiversity programme is as 

shown in the Flowchart Diagram 1. below. The Action 

plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of 

Fishery Resource Biological Diversity of Malaysia 

prepared by DoFM was established on July 2006. 

As a follow up to this action plan, an Action Plan on 

Aquatic IAS is developed according to the global 

treaty as set out by the Parties under Article 8(h). 

In the program of work of the CBD, IAS are a 

key cross-cutting issue relevance to five 

thematic areas: Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 

(MCBD), Agricultural Biodiversity, Forest Biodiversity, 

Island Biodiversity and Biodiversity of Inland Water 

Ecosystems (BDIWE). 

This global treaty requires Parties under Article 8(h), 

as far as possible and as appropriate, (to) prevent 

the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien 

species which threaten ecosystems, habitats and 

species. 

A ‘Three-stage hierarchical approach’ has been set 

as the basis for all action on IAS: 

• Prevention of IAS introductions between 

and within States is generally far more cost 

- effective and environmentally desirable 

than measures taken after IAS 

introduction and establishment; 

• If an IAS has been introduced, early 

5

Flowchart Diagram 1: Management Structure in the Department of Fisheries 

In relation to Implementing the Aquatic Biodiversity Studies 

And the Lingkages to the CBD National Focal Point 


Departmental Biodiversity Technichal Committee 

Working Group on 

Marine and Coastal 

Biological Diversity 

(MCBD) 

Working Group on Cross Cutting issues 

• Invasive Alien Species (IAS) 

• Protected Areas (PAs) 

• Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 

• Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) 

• Ecosystem Approach 

• Sustainable US 

(In italics: To be established if necessary) 

Working Group on 

Biological Diversity 

of Inland Water 

Ecosystem 

(BDIWE) 

National 

Committee on 

MCBD 

MOAABI 

National 

Committee on 

BDIWE 

CBD 

National 

Focal 

Point 

(NRE) 

6

2. Overall Objectives of Action Plan for 

Aquatic Invasive Alien Species 

• To understand the causes of the 

introduction of alien species and 

genotypes and the impact of such 

introductions on biological diversity 

• To identify gaps in existing or proposed 

legal instruments, guidelines and 

procedures to counteract the introduction 

of and the adverse effects exerted by alien 

species and genotypes; paying particular 

attention to transboundary effects 

• To collect information on national and 

international actions to address the abovementioned 

problems, with a view to 

prepare for the development of a 

scientifically-based global strategy for 

dealing with prevention, control and 

eradication of those alien species that 

threaten the habitats and species in both 

marine and inland ecosystems; 

• To establish an ‘incident list’ on 

introductions of alien species and 

genotypes, through national reporting 

process or any other appropriate means 

and 

• To promote awareness of IAS issues 

among senior level officials, policy makers, 

community stakeholders, industry and the 

general public through media, educational 

curricula and other communication 

means. 

3. General Overview of Aquatic Alien 

Species in Malaysia 

Fish species have been moved from one place to 

another since time immemorial. No proper 

inventorisation and documentation on fish species 

has been established for Malaysia to classify them 

as either indigenous or alien ones except for a paper 

written by Ang, et. al. in 1998 and Zakaria - Ismail 

(1994) which noted that 41% of the native species 

in the Gombak river basin were lost during the last 

25 years. Currently, there is little research work being 

conducted on IAS. There is also a lack on 

coordination between government, non 

governmental organizations, private sectors and 

universities to mitigate the problems caused by IAS. 

People generally take fish for granted and they lack 

the awareness of the negative impacts of the IAS 

for fish in the long term. We need an authority to 

focus on IAS in various sectors in order to manage 

the above-mentioned problems. 

7

4. Status of Aquatic Alien Species in 

Malaysia 

In Malaysia many species had been introduced as 

early 19 th century but there is still no comprehensive 

catalogue or coordinated monitoring programme of 

IAS and thus no official statistics on the total number 

and types of IAS for fish species. However, there 

are lists of native and alien aquarium freshwaterfish 

species, freshwater food fish, marine food fish, 

aquatic plants and marine dinoflagellates 

found in Malaysian waters. 

4.1 Aquaculture (Food Fish: Freshwater 

and Marine) 

The rapid expansion of aquaculture has increased 

the movement of live fish and other marine 

organisms. Fresh water species has been estimated 

to be around 522 species. The Malaysian marine 

environment contains a diverse range of marine 

organisms with over 4,000 identified species. 

Appendices 1 and 2 show lists of freshwater food 

fish and marine food fish in Malaysia, respectively. 

The followings are some of the important alien fish 

species for food in Malaysia: 

1. Carps 

Javanese carp or 

Puntius gonionotus 

Introduction of the Chinese major carps (grass carps, 

bighead carp, silver carp and common carp) and 

the practice of polyculture started in the 1800s 

(Welcomme, 1981). The introduction was associated 

with the immigration of Southern Chinese who 

brought along the techniques of culture (Ang et al, 

1989). It also marks the beginning of aquaculture in 

Malaysia. The first successful induced spawning of 

the bighead carp was reported in 1969 at the then 

Tropical Fish Culture Research Institute, Batu 

Berendam, Malacca (Chen et al, 1969). 

The Indian major carps were introduced into 

Malaysia between late 50s and early 60s. A total of 

2,960 fingerlings were brought to Malacca in 1957 

and 1961 (Khan and Jhingran, 1975). Catla, rohu 

and mrigal were imported from Calcutta in 1960 and 

raised at the Tapah Fish Breeding Station and later 

part of the stock was sent to Malacca. 

Javanese carp, known locally as ‘lampam jawa’, is 

one of the most important freshwater fishes cultured 

in the country. Described originally as Puntius 

javanicus by Bleeker in 1850, it was reclassified by 

him as Puntius javanicus in 1855 (Mohsin and 

Ambak, 1983), and more recently as Barbodes 

gonionotus by Rainboth (1981). The fish was first 

introduced in 1953 from Indonesia (Welcomme, 

1981) and was bred by DoF for distribution to fish 

farmers. In 1992, some 120,000 Javanese carp were 

released in mining pools, rivers and reservoirs 

throughout the country. In an effort to expand the 

gene pool, subsequent reintroductions of the fish 

from Indonesia and Thailand, where the fish is known 

as Thai silver carp, were undertaken by the 

Government in the late 1970s and mid-1980s. 

8

2. Tilapia (Oreochromis mozambique,O. nilotica) 

Tilapias were introduced into Malaysia by the 

Japanese in the 1940s as a cheap protein source 

(Hickling, 1959). The most popular species for culture 

is the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Pullin, 

1983). Two other species of tilapia used for culture 

include the Mozambique tilapia (O.mossambique) 

and the blue tilapia (O. aureus). 

There have been activities for cage culture of the 

species in Lake Kenyir by the DoFM and private 

sectors since two decades ago. The Department has 

carried out studies on the potential and impact of 

aquaculture in the lake and has recommended the 

tilapia as one of the cultured species in the cage as 

it is technically feasible, economically viable and 

socially acceptable. The area designated for it is the 

Sungai Como. A permanent change in ecosystem is 

unlikely because naturally or biologically tilapia 

cannot breed in deep water in the lake and they are 

easily preyed by the indigenous species of the lake 

such as Baung, Toman and Sebarau. All necessary 

measures to prevent it from escaping into the lake 

have been put forward in Good Aquaculture Practices 

and Skim Pensijilan Ladang Akuakultur Malaysia. 

hybrid type. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) 

was reported from farms in northern states of 

Peninsular Malaysia which used imported fingerlings 

of Channa striata and Clarias macrocephalus. 

4. The snakeskin gouramy 

(Trichogaster pectoralis) 

It is known locally as ‘sepat siam’. This anabantid 

has been introduced from Thailand as early as the 

late 19 th century in the Krian rice scheme in Perak 

(Ang et al, 1989). 

5. Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) 

It has been introduced and actively promoted by the 

DoF as red pomfret or bawal merah. This fish is a 

native of the Amazon and Orinoco river systems of 

South America and brought to Malaysia in the early 

80s for the purpose of culture as both a food and 

ornamental fish. Research was initiated in 1985 at 

Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Batu 

Berendam, Malacca with the first successful 

spawning in 1989 (Mohd. Zaini et al, 1991). 

Red tilapia, Tilapia niloticus 

Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) 

Black tilapia, Oreochromis mossambique 

3. Catfishes (Clariidae: Clarius gariepinus/ 

lazera) 

African catfish/sharp-tooth/ Nile catfish) is from 

Africa in 1988 and hybrid C. macrocephalus 

x C. gariepinus, Ictaluridae - ictalurus spp. Channel 

catfish, Pangasidae – pangasius sp, ikan patin. 

Most of the clarias currently being cultured is of the 

In Malaysia, the species mentioned above have not 

been designated as invasive with the exception of 

the pacu which belongs to the same family as the 

piranha (Serrasalmus natterei). They have very 

different behaviour and feeding habits. Unfortunately, 

the morphological features of both juvenile fish stages 

are extremely difficult to distinguish, the Government 

banned the culture of this red pomfret to avoid the 

possibility of accidental importation of piranha in 

consignments of the red pomfret seeds. With the 

successful induced spawning and domestic seed 

production of red pomfret in 1989, however the 

Government lifted the ban on the culture of the fish. 

However, the importation of red pomfret seed is still 

prohibited. 

Catfish hybrid, Clarias sp 

9

Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) 

Golden snapper or Lutjanus argentimaculatus 

Red snapper 

9. Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 

Pacu on sale at one of the markets in Serian, Sarawak 

The impact from release is not clear but trait show 

reduced quality of local bred cobia. 

6. Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) 

About 5,000 Japanese eels fry (elvers) were 

imported from Japan and Taiwan by the Song Cheng 

group in 1990s. The world’s largest eel farm was 

located in Nenasi, Pahang and Malaysia became 

the 5 th largest producer after Japan, Taiwan, South 

Korea and China in 1994. Supply of fry depends on 

wild and this has become the main obstacle in the 

culturing industry. South Korea and Taiwan have 

banned the export of elvers. The group now has 

changed its culture species. 

7. Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 

The fingerlings which were imported from Taiwan 

had spread red sea bream irido viral disease to sea 

bass stocks which were kept in cages in close 

proximity (Oseko, 2004). 

8. Golden snapper (Lutjanus 

argentimaculatus / L. malabaricus) 

These two species: Lutjanusargentimaculatus 

(jenahak or) and L. malabaricus (Red snapper or 

ikan merah) have been brought in from Taiwan and 

Hong Kong. 

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) broodstock 

10. White shrimp 

(Litopenaeus vannamei) 

The shrimp was introduced from South America into 

Asia experimentally in 1978-1979 but commercially 

since 1996 into Mainland China and Taiwan. It has 

been brought illegally into Malaysia in early 2000s. 

A ban on it was initiated at first but it has been lifted 

in 2005. The shrimp has contributed to about 80 

percents of the total 

aquaculture shrimp 

production 

(2005). A long with 

this shrimp a highly 

mutable virus called Taura 

Syndrom Virus (TSV) capable of mutating into 

more virulent strains, able to infect other species 

10

has been detected in 1993 in Latin America. In 2003 

infectious myonecrosis (IMN) was experimentally 

demonstrated as the new causative virus agent in 

this shrimp which was earlier identified in northeastern 

Brazil. IMN presents a disease with an acute onset of 

gross signs and elevated mortalities, but progresses 

with a chronic course accompanied by persistent lowlevel 

mortalities (D.V.Lightner; C.R.Pantoja; 

B.T.Poulos; K.F.J.Tang; R.M. Redman; T.Pasos-de- 

Andrade & J.R.Bonami, 2004). 

In addition viruses imported with Penaeus monodon 

were White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) first 

detected in 1994 and yellow head virus (YHV) in 

1992 have been implicated in the slow growth 

problems currently encountered. 

11. Redclaw freshwater crayfish 

(Cherax quadricarinatus) 

It was from Australia and introduced to Malaysia in 

1990 and for culture at Kluang, Johor (Southern part 

of the Peninsular). A risk analysis on the species has 

been documented in 1999 after it had been first 

experimentally cultured in 1998 by DoFM. The current 

status of this species in Malaysia whether it is meant 

for human consumption or for aquarium is still uncertain. 

4.2 Aquarium Fish, Live Bait and Live Feed 

Malaysia is one of the leading producers of aquarium 

fish in the world, producing more than 550 varieties 

comprising over 250 species mostly freshwater alien 

species (186) as shown in Appendix 3. Malaysia 

produced 407.8 million pieces of aquarium fish in 

2002 of which 95% were exported, with the European 

Union being one of the main markets. Though 

the numbers of alien species for aquarium is large 

only a few have become successfully established in 

natural water bodies (Johnson 1963). Discus 

Symphysodon hybrid (Cichlidae) with 25 varieties 

has been one of the popular aquarium alien species 

and currently being cultured in Penang. Importation 

of various species for aquarium trade has exposed 

local ecosystem to introduction of invasive species. 

King algae sucker, peacock seabass and flower horn 

are examples of species purportedly escaped and 

bred locally. Red claw are found in many aquarium 

shops. 

The following aquarium species are popular among 

aquarists but known to be invasive and yet to be 

proven scientifically by local competent authority. 

These species include: 

Redclaw freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) 

12. Abalone from New Zealand (Haliotis iris) 

The species is locally known as “siput mentiah” or 

Paua in the Maori language and it has been farmed 

at NZ Silverdale Marine Hatchery Sdn. Bhd. in 

Kampong Koh, Sitiawan, Perak since 2004. 

Sturgeon fish 

Abalone (Haliotis sp. 

11

2. Prohibited species 

Algae suckermouth catfish 

(Hypostomus plecostomus) 

Species that are prohibited mainly because of their 

biological characteristics which pose danger to the 

public include Arapaima gigas, Collossoma 

macropomum and Mylossoma sp. The later two have 

sharp piercing teeth and resemble piranha species 

which are known to be very carnivorous and 

voracious. The Arapaima gigas can attain a gigantic 

size in captivity. 

1. Algae suckermouth catfish (Loricariidae: 

Hypostomus plecostomus) 

This species originated from South America. Algae 

suckermouth catfish or armoured catfish or the 

municipal fish or ‘Ikan Bandar Raya’ as it is popularly 

known has been found in the Klang-Gombak 

tributaries in Selangor. They are vegetarians feeding 

on detritus and algae. Feeding is done by plowing 

along the substrate and using the thick-lipped toothy 

mouth to scrape plant materials (filamentous algae, 

diatoms) from hard surfaces or to suck up fine 

sediments. Specimens in aquaria may live more than 

ten years. Suckermouth catfishes are capable of 

breathing air by swallowing it and extracting oxygen 

through the gut lining (Jan Jeffrey Hoover, K. Jack 

Killgore, and Alfred F. Confrancesco, 2004). Once it 

grows bigger in size the aquarists remove them out 

of the aquaria but how they dispose the fish are not 

documented. Of course the easiest way is to release 

them into the drains. Attempts to rehabilitate and 

restore the ecology of the river failed. A number of 

indigenous species were displaced especially the 

cyprinids which once dominated the river. (Thalathiah 

et al, 2005). 

A gigantic Araipaima gigas 

3. Flower Horn (Cichlidae: Cichlasoma rajah) 

Flower horn or Luo Han or Lump Head Cichlid is a 

very aggressive and hardy fish. It has been 

introduced into Malaysia from Taiwan in early 1990s. 

It can survive under harsh conditions even in drains. 

It has very high reproduction rate and together with 

its voracious appetite, has the potential to wreak 

ecological damage in eco system. During the craze 

of keeping, though it fetches high demand, not all 

the fish bred are qualified enough for high price. The 

higher the hump of the fish, the more the luck the 

fish is believed to bring to the owner. Some of the 

low quality fish were disposed at nearest pond or 

waterway for convenience. 

Mouth of the alga sucker fish 

12

There were reports of the fish causing serious trouble 

in the country. An experiment was carried out once 

in seven of the lakes in Kelana Jaya, Selangor, in 

2003. Bread was scattered into the water, and to 

the observers’ horror, most of the fish which arose 

were Flowerhorn, some of them hideously mutated. 

Fishes like fighting fish, three-spotted gouramy and 

snakehead were also badly affected by the release 

of flowerhorn to the wild. 

To overcome this situation, equally aggressive local 

fishes, such as the Giant Snakehead, the Malaysian 

jungle perch and the Featherback were released into 

the lakes. This solution seemed to have worked since 

the Flowerhorn has been reduced and the species 

affected have begun to recover. 

5. Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris) 

The Peacock Bass, or Peacock Cichlid, is a native 

of South America. It has been introduced deliberately 

by anglers as a popular game fish into several small 

ponds and in mining pools at Batu Gajah and Air 

Kuning in Perak. From Malaysian Fishing Forum it 

has been reported to be seen in Lake Chenderoh. 

The threat is that this lake is interconnected to Air 

Ganda, Bersia and Temengor. This bass is very 

aggressive, a fast breeder and preys on smaller 

native fish. It has been identified as a potential cause 

for ecological imbalance in its adapted habitats. They 

will only eat live foods. 

This is a classic case of ecological havoc brought 

by man when alien species is introduced into a new 

habitat. 

4. Koi (Cyprinidae: Cyprinus carpio) 

The exact date of Koi or fancy carp (10 varieties) or 

locally known as ‘kap Jepun’ being introduced to 

Malaysia is not known. Though it has increased the 

fishery’s revenue, it has indirectly brought diseases 

such as Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) to the aquarium 

industry. KHV is a viral disease contagious to fish 

and may cause a significant morbidity and mortality 

in Koi. It was positively identified in Israel in 1998. 

Since then, other cases have been confirmed in the 

United States, Europe, Indonesia, Japan and Korea 

(Kathleen et al 2004, Claudia 2005). KHV disease 

may cause about 80-100% mortality in affected 

populations. Since March 2002, KHV has spread to 

the Asian region with the first infection occurring in 

Indonesia followed by Japan in October 2003. The 

DoFM has also detected positive cases for KHV from 

Ulu Kinta areas in Perak in 2006 by using PCR 

methods. Its new formal designation is Cyprinid 

herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) by Waltzek et al. in 2005. 

Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris) 

6. Aquatic plants 

They are mainly freshwater types and include water 

hyacinths or Eichornia crassipes or ‘keladi bunting’ 

in Malay, can be found floating in rivers and there 

are plants which are cultivated for decorating aquaria. 

Some of the aquatic plants (Appendix 4) which 

command variable commercial values have been 

reported by Baki et al and Azmi et al (1992). Water 

hyacinths in hydro-electric dams at Tasik Ringlet, 

Cameron Highlands, proliferate when not cleared in 

time could choke up the turbines. Water hyacinths 

in water supply canals in rice fields also could affect 

water flow. 

Japanese Koi 

Eichornia crassipes (Keladi Bunting) 

13

echinodorus scaber 

cryptocoryne becketii 

limnophila aquatica 

hygrophila rosanervis 

Hygrophilla sp. 

14

7. Live Baits 

Some examples of live baits are Chanos-chanos or 

milk fish. The fry have been imported for culture in 

Malaysia as bait for tuna industry. There is a culturist 

in Johor who started his culture back in 2000 and 

now own 18 cages producing an average of 20 

tonnes per month. More than 1 million pieces of fry 

were obtained from Taiwan and Indonesia. 

Chanos chanos cage culture in Johore. 

8. Live Feed and Probiotics 

An example of live food is blood worm which is 

imported from China in frozen form. 

Imported blood worm 

Generally, probiotics are applied in the feed or added 

to the culture tank or pond as preventive agents 

against infection by pathogenic bacteria. Most 

probiotics proposed as biological control agents in 

aquaculture belong to the lactic acid bacteria 

(Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, etc.), to the genus 

Vibrio (V. alginolyticus, etc.), to the genus Bacillus, 

or to the genus Pseudomonas, although other 

genera or species have also been mentioned. The 

use of probiotics as biological control agents and 

bioremediations should be considered to be a kind 

of risk insurance that may not provide any notable 

benefit when the culture is performing under optimal 

conditions and in the absence of (opportunistic) 

pathogens, but that will be very helpful if infectious 

diseases break out (Laurent Verschuere, Geert 

Rombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos and Willy Verstraete, 

2000). Monitoring of the use of probiotics need to 

be addressed urgently for any negative impacts on 

the host and the environment since there are many 

kinds of probiotics being imported into the country. 

4.3 Aquatic Organisms from 

Ballast Water 

Roughly 10 billion tons of ballast water are 

discharged globally each year, and carried along with 

this ballast are potentially invasive species that cause 

millions of dollars of environmental harm. Classic 

examples of invasive species include the zebra 

mussel, green crab and comb jellyfish amongst many 

others. Local data generated from Economic 

Exclusive Zone (EEZ) and oceanographic surveys 

provide the baseline information on marine species 

as far back from 1974 (Pathansali et al., Mohammed 

Shaari et al. & Jothy et al.). The plankton data can 

also be found in papers by several other authors 

(Lokman et al, 1999, Anton, A.; M. N. Normawaty & 

Y. Fukuyo. 2000). 

The DoFM Programme on Sanitary and 

Phytosanitary Marine started in 2000 has included 

the monitoring of harmful algae bloom as one of the 

projects to look into. Sea water samples from 30 

predetermined sites have been brought to 

laboratories in West Malaysia. A Prorocentrum 

minimum bloom was first detected in waters off 

southern part of Johore in 2002. In Sabah, there is a 

regular monitoring on the Paralytic Shellfish 

Poisoning (PSP) causing dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium 

bahamense var. compressum. In late 2003, another 

new dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a 

‘fish killer’ in Korea and Japan, has now formed a 

bloom in Sabah and Northern part of Sarawak for 

the first time. In February 2006, Pyrodinium 

bahamense var. compressum was first detected in 

West Malaysia from water samples taken from Sg. 

Rengit, Pengerang, Johore. These two species 

maybe transported into these new areas through 

‘ballast water’ or transplanted aquatic organism. A 

list of known dinoflagellate is shown in Appendix 5. 

15

5. Legislation, Laws and Regulations 

5.1 National Level 

Section 40 of the Fisheries Acts 1985 provides for the 

control of live fish for import and export (see Appendix 

6 for details). Movement of live fish requires a permit 

issued by DoF under the quarantine measures on fish 

health and disease control policy. For import and export, 

it requires the importer or exporter to have import or 

export license issued by Fisheries Development 

Authority of Malaysia (FDAM), a sister agency under 

the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 

Malaysia is a member of the Office International des 

Épizooties (OIE, the World Organisation for Animal 

Health). Under the World Trade Organization’s 

(WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) 

Agreement, the OIE is recognized as the 

international organization responsible for the 

development and promotion of international animal 

health standards, guidelines and recommendations 

affecting trade in live terrestrial and aquatic animals 

and their products. Several codes and conducts, 

international guidelines binding and non-binding 

5.2 Regional and Global Levels 

Most countries are signatories of one or more 

international agreements that include provisions for 

the protection of biodiversity from the impacts of 

aquatic IAS. Under the CBD signatory nations are 

committed to developing national strategies, plans 

or programs for the conservation and sustainable 

use of biological diversity. 

related to IAS issues have been designed and some 

have been implemented by several countries. These 

are listed in Appendix 7. 

17

6. Institutional Framework and 

Coordinating Mechanism 

National strategies, coordinated through national 

focal points, should be based on impact assessment 

and management of aquatic alien species, where 

they are already established. In general, 

management strategies and control measures for 

such species are aimed to prevent, eradicate, contain 

or effectively control, should its entry and 

establishment take place. Legislation, regulations 

and procedures are also provided to smoothly 

implement these measures. Table1 shows the 

agencies which are involved, their roles and 

responsibilities in managing aquatic AS. 

Table 1: 

Agencies involved and their roles and responsibilities in managing aquatic Alien Species 

Ministry 

Ministry of Agriculture and 

Agro-based Industry 

Ministry of Science, 

Technology and Innovation 

Ministry of Natural 

Resources and 

Environment 

Ministry of Health 

Ministry of International 

Trade and Industry 

Agency/ Department 

Department of Fisheries, 

Malaysia 

Fisheries Development Authority 

of Malaysia (FDAM) 

Department of Environment 

Department of Drainage and 

Irrigation 

Conservation and Environmental 

Division 

Department of Public Health 

Institute of Medical Research 

Division of International Trade 

Maritime Institute of Malaysia 

(MIMA) 

Areas of Responsibility 

Fisheries and other aquatic life 

and related quarantine services 

(regulation, research and 

extension) 

Environment protection, 

pollution control 

Inland waters 

Conservation, Biodiversity 

Regulations and public health 

Research and Development 

(diseases and vectors) 

Multilateral and bilateral trade 

relations 

Ministry of Transport 

Ministry of Finance 

Ministry of Agriculture and 

Fisheries, Sabah 

Marine Department 

Royal Customs and Excise 

Department 

Department of Agriculture, Sabah 

Administration of port related 

activities 

Policy matters on marine IAS 

Import/ export enforcement, 

quarantine 

Regulations and extension: 

marine and freshwater fisheries, 

drainage and irrigation (incl. 

quarantine services) 

18

Ministry of Agriculture of 

Sarawak 

Ministry of Higher 

Learnings 

Non-government 

organizations 

Stakeholders 

Department of Fisheries, Sabah 

Department of Agriculture 

University of Malaya 

Science University of Malaysia 

Putra University of Malaysia 

National University of Malaysia 

Malaysia University of Sarawak 

Malaysia University of Sabah 

World Fish Center 

Aquarium operators 

Aquaculturists 

Anglers 

Fish and fishery product 

operators 

Research, development and 

extension services in fishing 

industry 

Agricultural research and 

extension: inland fisheries and 

farmers’ institutions 

Teaching and research 






Extension, dissemination of 

information 

Trading 

Trading 

Tourism 

Public Health 

7. Issues and Challenges in Aquatic 

Invasive Alien Species 

Though more attention has focused on the adverse 

impacts of Alien Species (AS), not all AS species 

are bad. As in aquaculture, aquatic alien species 

have contributed to an improvement of human 

well-being in many areas. The production of tilapia 

in Asia is much higher (>700,000 mt in 1996) than in 

most African countries (32,245 mt). Chile supports 

a thriving introduced-salmon industry which accounts 

for about 20% of the world’s farmed salmon. The 

practice of using alien species to increase production 

or profitability can be expected to continue. The issue 

is not to ban alien species, or to abandon regulation 

of their movement, but rather, as stated in 

international codes of practices (ICES 1995) and the 

CBD, to assess the risks and benefits associated 

with their use and then, if appropriate, develop and 

implement a plan for their responsible use (Bartley, 

D. & Christine V. Casal, 1998). 

The “invasiveness” of a species depends on the 

specific environment, potential disturbances to the 

environment and society’s perception of what make 

them invasive. When alien species become invasive, 

their detrimental effects are both biological and socioeconomic. 

Malaysia is facing medium to high level 

of challenges in implementing the provisions of the 

Articles of the Convention for (8h) - Alien species. 

19

The main issues facing Malaysian fisheries on 

aquatic IAS are: 

7.1 Biological and Socio-economic Information 

of Aquatic IAS 

• Shortage and inaccessibility of scientific 

information on basic biology and ecological 

impacts of aquatic IAS 

• Insufficient information on socio-economic 

status of fish farmers, aquarium fish traders 

and fishers 

• Lack of information sharing among locals 

and foreign experts 

7.2 Conservation and Management 

• Incomplete risk analysis and Environmental 

Impact Assessment (EIA) have been 

carried out before introduction of aquatic 

AS into the country 

• No proper monitoring and evaluation on the 

status of introduction of aquatic AS is in 

place 

• Weak coordination between DoF, FDAM 

and Customs for responsible introduction 

of aquatic AS 

• Overemphasize on aquaculture production 

affect the ecological balance of inlandwater 

bodies 

• Inadequate capacity to react promptly to 

natural disasters and environmental 

change due to institutional weakness 

been carried out to ascertain the fate of 

aquatic IAS 

• Inadequate scientific research capacities to 

prevent, control, eradicate and mitigate 

aquatic IAS 

• Lack of collaborative studies among local, 

regional and international institutions on 

aquatic IAS 

7.6 Financial and Infrastructure Support 

• Insufficient financial support to carry out 

studies related to aquatic IAS 

• Lack of political will and support to manage 

aquatic IAS issues 

• Limited availability of adequate quarantine 

and risk assessments facilities 

7.7 Human Resource Development 

• Insufficient trained personnel on fish 

taxonomic identification 

• Limited availability of expertise on aquatic 

IAS 

7.3 Public Awareness and Education 

• Lack public awareness campaigns to the 

stakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues 

• Limited public participation and stakeholder 

involvement 

• Lack of public education and awareness 

at all levels 

7.4 Rules and Regulations 

• No specific rules and regulations in the 

existing Fisheries Act 1985 on 

transboundary movement of aquatic AS 

• Inadequate enforcement of existing 

legislative instruments due to shortage of 

technically trained personel and limited 

supply of adequate quarantine and risk 

assessments facilities 

• No coordinated mechanism among 

agencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port 

Authority, Airport Authority, etc.) to 

implement rules and regulation 

7.5 Coordinated Research and Expertise 

• Limited specific research studies have 

20

8. Strategies 

In order to provide a much-needed, truly effective 

national monitoring and early-warning system, 

researches, studies, surveys and monitoring should 

be ‘mainstreamed’ into the routine environmental and 

management activities of all fisheries projects, 

marine protected areas, ports, harbours and marinas. 

They should be carried out as ongoing, long-term 

monitoring programs and linked into a global IAS 

information system. 

Management strategies of fisheries IAS need to 

cover three main issues namely prevention; 

containment and eradication; and control. The 

prevention of aquatic AS introduction is the first 

priority in managing them because containment, 

eradication and control are very difficult, very costly 

and most unlikely effective. When prevention fails, 

management options will depend on how widely the 

aquatic AS has spread. If the area involved is small, 

containment and eradication of the aquatic AS are 

still possible and practical. In order to curb and 

minimize the introduction and also to enhance 

preventive mitigation of the aquatic AS, programs 

as follows have been proposed by DoFM for the 

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Fishery 

Resource Biological Diversity of Malaysia to be 

implemented under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006- 

2010): 

• Conservation of Inland Fishery Resources 

• Enhancement of Breeding and Culture 

Technologies 

• Fisheries Biotechnology and Fish Health 

Research 

• Research on Aquarium Fish and Aquatic Plants 

• Fish Feed Development 

The implementation of the plan will be carried out 

until 2015. 

Strategy 1: 

Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS 

No. Key Actions Key Performance Index (KPI) 

Issue No 1: Shortage and inaccessibility of scientific information on basic biology and ecological 

impacts of aquatic IAS 

1. Establish systematic studies for biological 

resource inventories and update information on 

aquatic IAS 

2. Undertake studies on ecological impacts of 

aquatic IAS 

• 1 database for aquatic AS 

• Update information on new introduction of 

aquatic AS per year 

• Update information on aquatic IAS per year 

• Document on Impact Risk Assessment of 

newly introduced species 

Issue No 2: Insufficient information on socio-economic status of fish farmers, aquarium fish 

traders and fishers 

1. Undertake gathering and compilation of 

information on socio-economic of fish farmers, 

aquarium fish traders and fisher. 

• 1 database on fish farmers, aquarium fish 

traders and fishers 

• Update information on new players every 

year 

Issue No. 3: Lack of information sharing among locals and foreign experts 

1. Strengthen information sharing among locals 

and foreign experts by incorporating aquatic IAS 

considerations, including monitoring, 

reporting and notification of threats into regional 

agreements. 

2. Establish information on aquatic IAS status and 

trends available through the Clearing House 

Mechanism (CHM) and other regional 

information systems. 

• Regional meeting every three years 

• Local seminar/ workshop every two years 

• Establish NaFISH as CHM on aquatic IAS 

21

Strategy 2: 

Implement Effective Conservation and Management Measures 

No. Key Actions KPI 

Issue No. 1: No risk analysis and environmental impact assessment (EIA) have been carried 

out before introduction of aquatic AS into the country 

1. Review and update existing lists of aquatic AS 

and prohibited species by carrying out good 

and sound risk analysis: 

• minimize the risks that serious pathogens 

and diseases will be transferred between 

trading partners, 

• justify sanitary measures (e.g., restrictions 

on species and/or sources of origin, health 

certification requirements, quarantine, 

treatment, etc.); and 

• minimize restrictions to trade 

• One coordinating body to oversee the 

introduction of aquatic AS 

• 1 document of SOP on risk assessment 

analysis 

2. Enforce regulation to ensure proper introduction 

of aquatic AS through specified procedure 

• Official application form for approval before 

introduction of aquatic AS 

• Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorised 

personnel 

Issue No. 2: No proper monitoring and evaluation of the status of introduction of AS in place 

1. Conduct proper monitoring and evaluation of 

the status of introduced aquatic AS 

2. Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for 

extension and enforcement officers 

• 1 guideline for monitoring and evaluation 

programme 

• Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorised 

personnel 

• 2 training courses per year 

3. Develop control measures to regulate and 

minimise introduction of aquatic AS 

1. Encourage more land-based aquaculture 

system and reduce over-dependency on 

inland water bodies 

• 1 guideline for surveillance and control 

programme 

Issue No. 3: Weak coordination between DoF, LKIM, Customs, Port Authority and Airport 

Authority for responsible introduction of aquatic AS 

1. Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAM 

and Custom on aquatic IAS issues 

2. Enhance skills, capabilities and competence 

for FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport 

Authority officers 

• Quarterly progress report 

• 1 scheduled training/ year 

Issue No. 4: Overemphasis on aquaculture production affect the ecological balance of inland 

water bodies 

• 1 guideline for proper management of inland 

water bodies 

• Zonation of Aquaculture area for inland 

aquaculture 

2. Control the population of aquatic IAS through 

proper mechanisms 

3. Strictly regulate movement and release of 

alien species at national level especially in or 

near vulnerable ecosystems, biodiversity 

hotspots, and protected areas 

• SOPs to eradicate aquatic IAS 

• Scheduled enforcement activities 

• Monthly progress report 

22

Issue No. 5: Inadequate capacity to react promptly to natural disasters and environmental change 

due to institutional weakness 

1. Establish response team in order to contain 

and eradicate potentially invasive species as 

soon as they appear 

• 1 Rapid Response Team 

• Rapid response mechanism in place 

2. Develop contingency plans with view to 

prompting emergency action, identify research, 

development and operational needs 

3. Increase target inspection and surveillance 

efforts 

4. Proactively engage relevant stakeholders, 

indigenous and local communities in aquatic IAS 

plans, including awareness raising and training 

as well as through design and implementation 

of appropriate incentive measures 

• 1 contigency plan 

• Monthly surveillance reports 

• Incentive measures identified 

• 4 stakeholder meetings/ year 

Strategy 3: 

Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes 


Issue No. 1: Lack of public awareness campaigns to the stakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues 

1. Disseminate information on aquatic IAS to 

stakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers, public, 

education agencies) 

2. Continuously upgrade fisheries programmes 

based on latest scientific knowledge of aquatic 

IAS to ensure optimum utilisation of fisheries 

resources in line with good management 

practices 

• 5 coverages on aquatic IAS in mass media 

per year 

• At least 1 map on distribution status of the 

most problematic aquatic IAS per year 

• At least 2 pamphlets on aquatic IAS per year 

• 1 scheduled training for stakeholder per year 

Issue No. 2: Limited public participation and stakeholder involvement 

1. Implement pilot projects on control, mitigate and 

eradication of aquatic IAS with involvement of 

stakeholder 

2. Ensure participation and access to relevant 

information by all stakeholders including local 

communities in development and 

implementation of laws and regulations 

• 1 pilot project per state 

• Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialogue 

sessions 

Issue No. 3: Lack of public education and awareness at all levels 

1. Promote public awareness and engagement 

at all levels of society 

• Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialogue sessions 

2. Design educational programmes on aquatic 

IAS for field staff, managers, specialists and 

policy and decision-makers, including support 

for community empowerment to deal with early 

detection and control of aquatic IAS 

3. Foster regional and sub-regional cooperations 

in risk assessment, prevention, eradication, 

control as well as sharing of information and 

experiences 

• 1 educational program 

• 1 Educational Kit 

• 1 regional workshop in three years 

23

Strategy 4: 

Review Rules and Regulations on Aquatic IAS 


Issue No. 1: No specific rules and regulations in the existing Fisheries Act 1985 on transboundary 

movement of aquatic AS 

1. Review relevant policies, rules and regulation 

in existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identify 

conflicts, gaps, weaknesses and inconsistencies 

on the transboundary movement of aquatic AS 

• 1 workshop 

• Annual review on rules and regulation on 

import and export of live aquatic species 

2. Review and update existing sanitary and 

phytosanitary measures or other relevant 

legislation, regulations and procedures to make 

them more effective in dealing with aquatic IAS 

3. Regulate and manage import of live aquatic 

AS 


for quarantine, Custom and other border 

officials 

• Annual review on SPS Programme 

• 3 stop-centres 

• SOP on import of live aquatic AS 

• 1 training per year 

Issue No. 2: Inadequate enforcement of existing legislative instruments due to shortage of technically 

trained personel and limited supply of quarantine and risk assessments facilities 

1. Enforce rules and regulation on introduction of 

aquatic AS into waterbodies 

• 1 guideline on do’s and don’ts 

• At least 3 trained-manpowers in early 

detection and control of aquatic IAS 

• Annual report on surveillance 

2. Upgrade the existing quarantine and risk 


• 3 upgraded laboratories 

Issue No. 3: No coordinated mechanism among agencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port Authority, 

Airport Authority, etc.) to implement rules and regulation 

1. Establish coordinating mechanisms and 

process between different levels and 

departments of government 

• 1 coordinating body 

• 4 meetings/ year 

Strategy 5: 

Encourage Research in aquatic IAS 


Issue No. 1: Limited specific research studies conducted to ascertain fate of aquatic IAS 

1. Undertake more specific research studies on 

aquatic IAS 

• At least 1 proposal per year 

2. Undertake more concerted effort on 

coordinated research and capacity building 

3. Increase research activities in all aspects of 

aquatic IAS management to develop 

technologies to contain and control aquatic IAS 

• 1 proposal for coordinated research between 

agencies 

• At least 3 M.Sc. and 1 Ph.D. for duration of 

five years interval 

• 1 technology on contain and control 

• 1 paper on management of aquatic IAS 

24

Issue No. 2: Inadequate scientific research capacities to prevent, control, eradicate and mitigate 

aquatic IAS 

1. Intensify extension activities so that prevention, 

control, eradication and mitigation efforts on 

aquatic IAS technologies can be effectively 

disseminated and adopted 

• SOPs on prevention, control, eradication and 

mitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies 

2. Strengthen infrastructure for research as well 

as research networks that incorporate risk 

assessment, risk management and research 

approaches on aquatic IAS 

• 1 laboratory / clearing house 

Issue No. 3: Lack of collaborative studies among local, regional and international institutions 

1. Collaborate with other relevant agencies, 

organizations, initiatives and conventions (e.g., 

FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAO and IPPC, 

etc.) 

• 1 laboratory / clearing house 

Strategy 6: 

Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports 


Issue No. 1: Insufficient financial support to conduct studies related to aquatic IAS 

1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, including 

attempting to understand the returns on 

investment 

• 1 scientific paper 

2. Allocate adequate financial resources to build 

capacity in effective mitigation, border control 

and quarantine measures, with a view to 

improve synergies with policies relating to 

trade, food security, human health and 

environment protection, scientific research and 

exchange of information 

• 1 collaborative paper on trade 

Issue No. 2: Lack of political will and support to manage aquatic IAS issues 







improve synergies with policies relating to trade, 

food security, human health and environment 

protection, scientific research and exchange of 


• 1 business proposal 

• 1 paper on budget requirement Funding 

from central agency 

Issue No. 3: Limited availability of adequate quarantine and risk assessments facilities 

1. Enhance the upgrading of quarantine 

facilities through providing of appropriate 

equipment and facilities 

• 1 paper on Recruitment 

2. Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kits at 

all quarantine centres 

• 1 paper on provision requirement at all 

quarantine centres 

25

Strategy 7: 

Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence 


Issue No. 1: Insufficient number of trained personnel on fish taxonomic identification 

1. Initiate training programs in-country and 

oversea at all levels of intervention 

2. Socio-economic collaborative studies with the 

stakeholders on the importance of trade related 

issues on aquatic IAS 

• 1 yearly training program 

• 1 regional training program 

• 1 collaborative paper on trade 

• 1 technical socio-economic paper 

Issue No. 2: Limited political will and supports to manage aquatic IAS issues 




• 1 business proposal 



and quarantine measures, with a view to improve 

synergies with policies relating to trade, 

food security, human health and environment 

protection, scientific research and exchange of 


• 1 paper on budget requirement Funding from 

central agency 

26

9. Implementation Schedules 

Strategy 1: Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Establish systematic studies for biological 

resource inventories and update information 

on aquatic invasive alien species 

2. Undertake studies on ecological impacts of 

IAS 

3. Undertake gathering and compilation of 

information on socio-economic of fish 

farmers, aquarium fish traders and fisher 

4. Strengthen information sharing among locals 

and foreign experts by incorporating aquatic 

IAS considerations, including monitoring, 

reporting and notification of threats into 

regional agreements. 

5. Establish information on aquatic IAS status 

and trends available through the Clearing 

House Mechanism (CHM) and other regional 

information systems. 

Strategy 2: Implement Effective Conservation and Management Measures 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Review and conduct sound risk analysis on 

AS already in the list of prohibited species 

2. Update and enforce regulation to ensure 

proper introduction of aquatic AS through 

specified procedure 


for extension and enforcement officers 

4. Develop control measures to regulate and 

minimise introduction of alien invasive 

5. Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAM 

and Custom on IAS issues 


for FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport 

Authority officers 

7. Introduce policy to encourage more landbased 

aquaculture systems and reduce overdependency 

on inland water bodies 

8. Control the over-population of IAS through 

proper management and introduce strict 

regulations to control movement and release 

of AS in or near vulnerable ecosystems, 

biodiversity hot spots and protected areas 

27

9. Establish response teams in order to contain 

and eradicate potentially invasive species as 

soon as they appear 

10. Develop contingency plans with view to 

prompting emergency action, identify research, 

development and operational needs 

11. Introduce target inspection and surveillance 

efforts 

12. Initiate engagement with relevant 

stakeholders, indigenous and local 

communities in IAS plans, including 

awareness raising and training as well as 

through design and implementation of 

appropriate incentive measures 

Strategy 3: Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Disseminate information on aquatic IAS to 

stakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers, 

public, education agencies) 

2. Continuously upgrade fisheries programmes 

based on latest scientific knowledge of 

aquatic IAS to ensure optimum utilisation of 

fisheries resources in line with good 

management practices 

3. Implement pilot projects on control, mitigate 

and eradication of aquatic IAS with 

involvement of stakeholder 

4. Ensure participation and access to relevant 

information by all stakeholders including 

local communities in development and 

implementation of laws and regulations 

5. Promote public awareness and engagement 

at all levels of society 

6. Design educational programmes on aquatic 

IAS for field staff, managers, specialists and 

policy and decision-makers, including 

support for community empowerment to deal 

with early detection and control of invasive 

alien species 

7. Foster regional and sub-regional 

cooperations in risk assessment, prevention, 

eradication, control as well as sharing of information 

and experiences 

28

Strategy 4: Review Rules and Regulation on Aquatic IAS 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Review relevant policies, rules and regulation 

in existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identify 

conflicts, gaps, weaknesses and 

inconsistencies on the transboundary 

movement of aquatic AS 

2. Review and update existing sanitary and 

phytosanitary measures or other relevant 

legislation, regulations and procedures to 

make them more effective in dealing with 

aquatic IAS 

3. Regulate and manage import of live aquatic 

AS 


for for quarantine, Custom and other border 

officials 

5. Enforce rules and regulation on introduction 

of aquatic AS into waterbodies 

6. Upgrade the existing quarantine and risk 


7. Establish coordinating mechanisms and 

process between different levels and 

departments of government 

Strategy 5: Encourage More Concerted Effort on Coordinated Research 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Undertake more specific research studies on 

aquatic IAS to develop technologies to 

contain and control aquatic IAS 

2. Strengthen infrastructure for research as well 

as research networks that incorporate risk 

assessment, risk management and research 

approaches on aquatic IAS 

3. Enhance capacity building to identify, record 

and monitor invasions and develop lists at 

national level of potential and established 

IAS 

4. Provide adequate training for R&D, 

(quarantine staff and extension personnel 

to develop the required level of diagnostic 

capabilities) 

5. Provide relevant expert to train the local staff 

and standardize diagnostic procedures on 

rapid detection of newly introduced IAS 

6. Collaborate with other relevant agencies, 

organizations, initiatives and conventions 

(e.g., FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAO 

and IPPC, etc.) 

29

Strategy 6: Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Submit budgetary proposal for 

implementation of the strategic plan 

2. Set up a national level management and 

implementation secretariat 

3. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, 




improve synergies with policies relating to 

trade, food security, human health and 

environment protection, scientific research 

and exchange of information 

5. Enhance the upgrading of quarantine 

facilities through providing of appropriate 

equipment and facilities 

6. Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kits 

at all quarantine centres 

7. Support closer coordination between national 

focal points of relevant international 

instruments, regional institutions and 

international conventions and programmes 

Strategy 7: Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence 

No. 

Activities 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

1. Initiate training programs in-country and 

oversea at all levels of intervention 

2. Undertake socio-economic collaborative 

studies with the stakeholders on the 

importance of trade related issues on IAS 

3. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, 

including attempting to understand the 

returns on investment 

4. Intensify extension activities so that 

prevention, control, eradication and 

mitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies 

can be effectively disseminated and adopted 

5. Enhance capacity building to identify, record 

and monitor invasions and develop lists at 

national level of potential and established IAS 

9.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Assessment of 

NPOA - IAS 

The lead agency pertaining to fish movement in and 

out of the country is the sole responsibility of the 

Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) and its 

sister’s agency, the Fisheries Development Authority 

of Malaysia (FDAM) or LKIM. The DoFM is 

implementing regulations on the import of alien species 

for aquaculture. In implementing the control of these 

species, other agencies (Department of Wildlife and 

National Parks (DWNP), Information, Immigration, 

Custom and Excise, Health, Transportation and 

Forestry Departments) are needed to complement it. 

30

CONCLUSION 

With the above deliberation, the issue is not to ban aquatic alien species but to have risk assessments and 

to evaluate the benefits associated with their use. Appropriate regulations of their movement will be in place. 

A comprehensive list of aquatic alien species and aquatic invasive alien species and their status pertaining 

to fisheries in Malaysia will be documented. Introductions of aquatic invasive alien species through all vectors 

will be reduced. More officials will be trained to prevent and manage aquatic invasive alien species and to 

implement domestic, regional and international requirements; and cooperation to establish scientific networks 

and information exchange. Communication among the public relevant to addressing aquatic invasive alien 

species will be increased. Educational materials would be developed to inform public of the dangers posed 

by the species. These materials would be incorporated into public out-reach programs (e.g., for schools, 

youth groups), news coverage (e.g., in newspapers, local publications), and in science-oriented events 

(e.g., at nature centers and natural history museums, at meetings of aquarium societies, aquariums and 

angling associations). 

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(College of Veterinary Medicine), Florida Cooperative Extension Services. 

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(Including Dinoflagellate and Foraminifera) in the South China Sea, Area I: Gulf of Thailand and 

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Hydrobiologia 285, 41-48. 

33

Appendix 1 

List of Aquarium Fishes Cultured in Malaysia 

No. Scientific Name Common Name Variety Family Alien Local 

1. Acanthoptosis Long Nose Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

choirorhynchus 

2. Acarichthys heckeli Thread Finned Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

3. Aequidens curviceps Flat Dwarf Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

4. A. maroni Keyhole Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

5. A. pulcher Blue Acara 1 Cichlidae 1 

6. A. rivulatus Green Terror 1 Cichlidae 1 

7. Anabas testudineus Climbing Perch 1 Anabantidae 1 

8. Aphyocharax anistsig Argentina Blood Fin Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

9. A. paraguayensis killie White Spot Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

10. Aphyosemion australe Lyretail Killie 1 Characidae 1 

11. A. gardneri Gardner’s Killie 5 Characidae 1 

12. A. sjoestedti Blue Killie 2 Characidae 1 

13. Apistogramma agassizii Agassizi 3 Characidae 1 

14. A. borelli Umbrella Dwarf Cichlid 1 Characidae 1 

15. A. ramirezi Ramirez 5 Characidae 1 

16. Aplocheilus normani Lamb Eye 1 Cyprinodontidae 1 

17. Aplocheilus annulatus Clown Killie 1 Cyprinodontidae 1 

18. A. dayi Rainbow Panchax 1 Cyprinodontidae 1 

19. A. panchax Blue Panchax 1 Cyprinodontidae 1 

20. Astronotus ocellatus Oscar 6 Anabantidae 1 

21. Astyanax mexicanus Blind Cave Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

22. Aulonocara jacobfreibergi Freiberg’s Peacock 1 Cichlidae 1 

23. Aulonocara nyassae Nyassae Peacock 3 Cichlidae 1 

24. Badis badis Badis badis 1 Nandidae 1 

25. Bagrichthys hypselopterus Camel catfish 1 Bagridea 1 

26. Balantiocheilos melanopterus Silver Bala Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1 

27. Barbodes everetti Clown Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

28. B. fasciatus Stripped Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

29. B. hexagona Six Banded Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

30. B. lateristriga T’ Spanner Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

31. B. nigrofasciatus Black Ruby Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

32. B. pentazona Five Banded Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

33. B. schewanenfeldii Tinfoil Barb 2 Cyprinidae 1 

34. B. tetrazona Tiger Barb 6 Cyprinidae 1 

35. B. hesellti 1 Anabantidae 1 

36. Betta embellish Local Fighting Fish 1 Anabantidae 1 

37. B. pugnax Mouthbrooding Betta 1 Anabantidae 1 

38. B. splendens Fighting Fish 8 Anabantidae 1 

39. Boehlkea frecochui Blue Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

40. Botia hymenophysa Tiger Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

41. B. lecontei Yellow Tail Botia 1 Cobitidae 1 

42. B. macracantha Clown Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

43. B. modesta Red Tail Botia 1 Cobitidae 1 

44. Brachydanio albolineatus Pearl Danio 1 Cyprinidae 1 

34

45. B. Frankie Leopard Danio 2 Cyprinidae 1 

46. B. rerio Zebra Danio 4 Cyprinidae 1 

47. Brachygobius doriae Bumble Bee Catfish 1 1 

48. Brochis splendens Green Catfish 1 1 

49. Capoeta arulius Longfin Barb 2 Cyprinidae 1 

50. C. oligolepis Checkered Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

51. C. titteya Cherry Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

52. Carrassius auratus Goldfish 18 Cyprinidae 1 

53. Chaca bankanensis Frogmouth Catfish 1 Chacidae 1 

54. Channa asiatica Snake Head 1 Channidae 1 

55. C. micropeltes Red Snake Head 1 Channidae 1 

56. Chlilodus punctatus Head Stander 1 Characidae 1 

57. Cichla ocellaris Peacock Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

58. Cichlasoma coryphaenoides Chocolate Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

59. C. cynoguttatum Texas Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

60. C. fastivum Flag Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

61. C. managuense Managuense Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

62. C. meeki Firemouth 1 Cichlidae 1 

63. C. nigrofasciatum Zebra Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

C. rajah Flower Horn 

64. C. severum Severum Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

65. C. synspilus Red Headed Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

66. Clarius anglolensis Walking Catfish 3 Claridae 1 

67. Colisa chuna Honey Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

68. C. labiosa Thick Lip Gourami 2 Anabantidae 1 

69. C. lalia Dwarf Gourami 7 Anabantidae 1 

70. Colossoma sp. Red Pacu 1 Characidae 1 

71. Corydoras aeneus Bronze catfish 1 Callychthyidae 1 

72. C. julli Leopard Catfish 1 Callychthyidae 1 

73. C. paleatus Peppered Catfish 2 Callychthyidae 1 

74. Cyprinus carpio Fancy Carp 10 Cyprinidae 1 

75. Danio malabaricus Giant Danio 1 Cyprinidae 1 

76. Dermogenys pusillus Malayan Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1 

77. Dorychthys martensii Pipe Fish 1 Syngnathidae 1 

78. Epalzeorhynchos bicolor Red Tail Black Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1 

79. E. frenatus Rainbow Shark 2 Cyprinidae 1 

80. E. kalopterus Flying Fox 1 Cyprinidae 1 

81. Esomus mtallicus Flying Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

82. Etrplus maculatus Red Chromide 1 Cichlidae 1 

83. Geophagus jurupari Horse Face Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

84. G. steindachneri Redhump Geophagus 1 Cichlidae 1 

85. Glossolepis incisus Red Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1 

86. Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Black Widow 5 Characidae 1 

87. Gyrinocheilos aymonieri Chinese Algae Eater 1 Characidae 1 

88. Hampala macrolepidota Red Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

89. Haplochromis ahli Electric Blue Haplochrom 1 Cichlidae 1 

90. H. annectens Chunky Hap. 1 Cichlidae 1 

91. H. boadzulu 1 Cichlidae 1 

92. H. borleyi Borleyi Hap. 1 Cichlidae 1 

35

93. H. brownie Browns’ Mouthbrooder 1 Cichlidae 1 

94. H. chrysonotus Yellow-nape Haplochrom 1 Cichlidae 1 

95. H. compressiceps Malawi Eye Biter 1 Cichlidae 1 

96. H. electra Deep Water Hap. 1 Cichlidae 1 

97. H. grenedene 1 Cichlidae 1 

98. H. leuciscus 1 Cichlidae 1 

99. H. livingstoni Livingston Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

100. H. moorii Blue Lumphead 1 Cichlidae 1 

101. H. polystigma Polystigma Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

102. H. sp. Rainbow Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1 

103. H. taeniolatus Spindle Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1 

104. H. venustus Venustus Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1 

105. Helostoma temmicki Kissing Gourami 1 Anabantide 1 

106. Hemichromis bimaculatus Jewel Cichlid 2 Cichlidae 1 

107. Hemigrammus Beunos Aerus Tetra 2 Characidae 1 

caudovittatus 

108. H. erythrozonus Glowlight Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

109. H. nanus Silver Tip Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

110. H. ocellifer Head & Tail Light Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

111. H. pulcher Pretty Tetra 2 Characidae 1 

112. H. rhodostomus Rummy Nose Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

113. H. rodwayi Gold Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

114. Hemirhamphodon Common Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1 

pogonognathus 

115. Homaloptera orthogoniata Malayan Orchid Loach 1 Homalopteridae 1 

116. Hyphenssobrycon flammeus Flame Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

117. H. Herbert Black Neon 1 Characidae 1 

118. H. pulchripinus Lemon tetra 2 Characidae 1 

119. H. rosaceus Rosy Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

120. H. rubrostiga Bleeding Heart Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

121. H. scholzei Black Line Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

122. H. serape Serpae Tetra 4 Characidae 1 

123. Hypostomus plecostomus Algae Sucker Catfish 2 Loricaridae 1 

124. Iodotropheus sprengerae Rusty Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

125. Iriatherina wemeri Thread Fin Rainbw 1 Antherinidae 1 

126. Jordanella floridae American Flag 1 Cyprinodontidae 1 

127. Julidochromis dickfeldi Dickfield’s Julie 1 Cichlidae 1 

128. J. regain Striped Julie 1 Cichlidae 1 

129. J. transcriptus Masked Julie 1 Cichlidae 1 

130. Kryptopterus bicirrhis Thailand Glass Fish 1 Siluridae 1 

131. K. macrocephalus Malayan Glass Fish 1 Siluridae 1 

132. Labeo chrysophekadion Black Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1 

133. Lebeotropheus fuelleborni Fuelleborn’s Cichlid 1 Cyprinidae 1 

134. L. trewavasae Red Toppe Trewavase 1 Cyprinidae 1 

135. Labidochromis fryeri White Labido 1 Cichlidae 1 

136. Lamprologus brichardi Brichardi 1 Cichlidae 1 

137. L. moori Moore’s Lampro 1 Cichlidae 1 

138. Leiocassis siamensis Giant Bumble Bee Catfish 1 Bagridae 1 

139. Lepomis megalotis Logear Sunfish 1 Centrachidae 1 

140. Leptobarbus hoeveni Red-finned Cigar Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1 

36

141. Luciosoma setigerum Apollo Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1 

142. Macrognathus armatus Spiny Eel Tire Track 1 Mastecembelidae 1 

143. M. siamensis Spiny Eel Spotted Fin 1 Mastecembelidae 1 

144. Macropodus opercularis Paradise Fish 2 Anabantidae 1 

145. Mastercembelus Fire Eel 1 Mastecembelidae 1 

erythrotaenia 

146. Megalamphodus Black Phantom Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

megalopterus 

147. M. sweglesi Red Phantom Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

148. Melanochromis exasperatus Exasperatus Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

149. M. johanni Johanni Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

150. Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman’s Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1 

151. M. maccullochi Australian Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1 

152. M. peacock Peacock Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1 

153. Metynnis schreitmuelleri Silver Dollar 1 Characidae 1 

154. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Weather Loach 2 Cobitidae 1 

155. Moenkhausia Red Eye Tetra 2 Characidae 1 

sanctaefilomenae 

156. Monodactylus argenteus Monos 1 Monodactylidae 1 

157. Mystus sp. Estuarine Catfish 1 Bagridae 1 

158. Nannostomus anomalus Golden Pencil 1 Characidae 1 

159. N. unifasciatus One-lined Pencil Fish 1 Characidae 1 

160. Nematobrevecon palmeri Emperor Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

161. Noemacheilus bartulus Stone Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

162. Nomorhamphus liemi Celebes Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1 

163. Nothobranchius rachovi Ranchow’s Notho 5 Cyprinodontidae 1 

164. Notopterus chitala Clown Knifefish 1 Notopteridae 1 

165. N. sp. Black Knifefish 1 Notopteridae 1 

166. Osphronemus goramy Giant Gourami 2 Anabantidae 1 

167. Osteochilus hasselti Hard-lipped Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

168. Oxyleotris marmoratus Marble Goby 1 Eleotridae 1 

169. Pangasius sutchi Silver Catfish 1 Bagridae 1 

170. Pangio javanicus Black Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

171. P. kuhlii Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

172. P. myersi Giant Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

173. P. semicinctus Red Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

174. Paracheirodon innesi Neon Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

175. Pelvichromis pulcher Kribensis 2 Cichlidae 1 

176. Petrotilapia tridentiger Lavender Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

177. Phenocogrammus Congo Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

interruptus 

178. Poecillia latipina Molly 30 Poeciliidae 1 

179. P. reticulate Guppy 26 Poeciliidae 1 

180. Pnobrama filigera Glass Loodfin Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

181. Pristella maxillaris Pristella Tetra 5 Characidae 1 

182. Pseudogastromyzon myersi Borneo Loach 1 Cobitidae 1 

183. Pseudomungil gertrudae Blue Lamp Eye 1 Atherinidae 1 

184. Pseudotropheus “kennyi” Kennyi Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

185. P. auratus Auratus Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

186. P. auraora Aurora Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

187. P. chamaelee Chamaelee Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

37

188. P. dinghani Dinghan Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

189. P. greberi Greber Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

190. P. kingsizei Kingsize Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

191. P. ornatus Bumble Bee Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

192. P. socolofi Scolof Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

193. P. species Ice Blue Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

194. P. tropheops Black Tropheops 1 Cichlidae 1 

195. P. zebra Zebra Cichlid 7 Cichlidae 1 

196. Pterophyllum scalare Angelfish 22 Cichlidae 1 

197. Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps Red Algae Sucker Catfish 1 Loricariidae 1 

198. Puntius conchonius Rosy Barb 8 Cyprinidae 1 

199. P. conchonius Hybrid Odessa Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1 

200. P. sachsi Golden Barb 4 Cyprinidae 1 

201. Rasbora baropetensis Red-tailed Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

202. R. caudimaculata Red scissor-tail rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

203. R. dorsiocellata Emerald Eye Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

204. R. einthoveni Blue Striped Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

205. R. elegans Elegant Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

206. R. heteromorpha Harlequin Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

207. R. kalochroma Clown Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

208. R. maculate Spotted Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

209. R. pauciperforata Red Striped Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

210. R. trilineatus Scissor Tail Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1 

211. Rhodeus ocellatus Bittering 1 Cyprinidae 1 

212. Scatophagus argus Green Scat 1 Scatophagidae 1 

213. S. argus Red Scat 1 Scatophagidae 1 

214. Sclerophagus formosus Arowana, Dragonfish 2 Osteoglossidae 1 

215. Sphearichthys Chocolate Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

osphromenoides 

216. Steatocranus casurius Lionhead Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

217. Stigmatogobius Knight Gobby 1 Gobiidae 1 

sadannundio 

218. Symphysodon hybrid Discus 25 Cichlidae 1 

219. Tanichthys albonubes White Cloud Mountain 1 Cyprinidae 1 

220. Telmatherina ladigesi Celebes Rainbow 1 atherinidae 1 

221. Tetraodon biocellatus Figure Puffer 1 Tetradontidae 1 

222. T. fluviatilis Spotted Puffer 1 Tetradontidae 1 

223. Thayeri oblique Penguin Tetra 1 Characidae 1 

224. Tilapia aurea Orange Firemouth 1 Cichlidae 1 

225. Toxotex jaculator Archer Fish 1 Toxotidae 1 

226. Trichogaster leeri Pearl Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

227. T. microlepis Moonlight Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

228. T. pectoralis Snake Skin Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

229. T. trichopterus Three Spot Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

230. Trichopsis vittatus Croaking Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1 

231. Uaru amphiacanthoides Triangle Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1 

232. Xiphophorus helleri Swordtail 30 Poeciliidae 1 

233. X. maculates Platy 24 Poeciliidae 1 

234. X. variatus Parrot Platy 5 Poeciliidae 1 

506 186 50 

38

Appendix 2 

List of Freshwater Food Fish 

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Origin Year Introduced 

1. Anguilla sp. Eel Belut 

2. Aristichthys nobilis Big Head Carp Kap kepala Besar China Early 19 th century 

3. Catla catla Catla Katla India 1960 

4. Channa micropeltes Red Snake Head Toman local 

5. Channa striatus Striped Snakehead Aruan, Haruan, local 

Toman Paya 

6. Cherax quadricarinatus Freshwater crayfish Udang kara Australia 1999 

air tawar 

7. Cirrhina mrigala Mrigal Mrigal India 1960 

8. Clarias batrachus Walking Catfish Keli Kayu local 

9. C. grapieneus African Catfish Keli Afrika 

10. C. macrocephalus Walking Catfish Keli Bunga Thailand 1950 

11. Colossoma sp Pacu Bawal Merah, South 

Pacu 

America 

12. Ctenopharyngodon idellus Grass Carp Kap Rumput China Early 19 th century 

13. Cyprinus carpio Common Carp Lee Koh China Early 19 th century 

14. Etroplus suratensis Sri Lanka 1975 

15. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp Kap Perak China Early 19 th century 

16. Ictalurus ictalurus Channel catfish Cuba 2001 

17. Labeo rohita Rohu Rohu India 1960 

18. Leptobarbus hoevenii Sultan Fish Jelawat 

19. Macrobrachium rosenbergi Giant Freshwater Prawn Udang Galah local 

20. M. lancestrei Glass Shrimp Udang Gantung Local 

21. Micropterus salmoides Florida 1984 

22. Monopterus albus Freshwater Eel Belut 

23. Mystus nemurus River Catfish Baung Local 

24. Oreochromis mossambicus African Tilapia Tilapia Afrika Java, 1944 

Indonesia 

25. O. niloticus Nile Tilapia Tilapia Thailand 1979 

26. O. sp. Red Tilapia Tilapia Merah Taiwan 1980 

27. Oxyeleotris marmoratus Marble Goby Ketutu Local 

28. Pangasius sutchi Striped Catfish Patin Thailand 

29. Probarbus jullieni Temoleh Temoleh Local 

30. Puntius gonionotus Javanese Carp Lampam Jawa Indonesia 1958 

31. P. schwanenfeldii Tinfoil Barb Lampam Sungai Local 

32. Salmo gairdneri Scotland 1935 

New Zealand 1968 

33. Trichogaster pectoralis Snake Skin Gourami Sepat Siam Thailand 1921 

34. Tor tambroides Red Masheer Kelah Local, 

35. Tor sp. Masheer Kelah -like Sumatra 2006 

39

Appendix 3 

List of Marine Food Fish in Malaysia 

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Origin 

GROUPERS 

1. Cromileptes altiveles Humpback grouper kerapu Taiwan 

2. Epinephelus bleekeri Yellow-spotted grouper kerapu Taiwan 

3. E. coioides Orange-spotted grouper; Kerapu Taiwan 

Estuary cod; Green 

grouper 

4. E. fuscoguttatus Tiger grouper; Brown Kerapu Taiwan 

marbled grouper; 

Flowery cod 

5. E. lanceolatus Giant grouper kertang Taiwan 

6. E. malabaricus Malabar grouper kerapu Taiwan 

7. E. suillus grouper kerapu Taiwan 

8. Plectropomus leopardus Blue-dotted coral trout kerapu bara Taiwan 

9. Lates calcarifer seabass siakap Thailand 

Indonesia 

10. Lateolabrax japonica Japanese seabass siakap Jepun Jepun 

SNAPPER 

11. Lutjanus argentimaculatus Mangrove Ikan merah Taiwan 

snapper 

12. L. johnii Golden snapper Ikan merah Taiwan 

13. L.ruselli snapper Ikan merah Taiwan 

14. L. erythropterus Red snapper celoreng Taiwan 

15. L. sebae Emperor red snapper Ikan merah Taiwan 

16. Pinjalo-pinjalo Pinjalo snapper Ikan merah Taiwan 

JACKS 

17. Caranx ignobilis Giant trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia 

18. Trachinotus blochii Taiwan pomfret, bawal merah Taiwan 

snub-nose pompano 

19. Carangoides sp. Trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia 

20. Gnathanodon speciosus Golden trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia 

OTHERS 

21. Rachycentron canadum Cobia Aruan tasik Taiwan 

22. Sciaenops ocellatus Red drum senangin Taiwan Taiwan 2000 

40

Appendix 4 

Remarks letak kat bawah akhir sekali 

List of Aquatic Plants in Malaysia 

No. Scientific Name Common Name Family Alien Remarks 

1. Eichhornia crassipes Keladi bunting Pontederiaceae Africa cosmopolitan 

2. Hymenachne pseudointerrupta 

3. Hymenachne acutigluma 

4. Hydrilla verticillata Hydocharitaceae cosmopolitan 

5. Oryza rufipogon 

6. Scirpus grossus 

7. Ludwigia adscendens 

8. Ludwigia hyssopifolia 

9. Polygonum barbatum Polygonaceae 

10. Ipomea aquatica 

11. Eleocharis dulcis 

12. Eleocharis ochrostachys 

13. Eleocharia variegata 

14. Nymphaea nouchali 

15. Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Araceae Tropics 

16. Limnocharis flava 

17. Limnophila aromatica Scrophulariaceae Tropical Asia 

18. Fimbristylis miliacea 

19. Leersia hexandra 

20. Utricularia aurea Lentibulariaceae Tropics 

21. Cyperus distans 

22. Cyperus iria 

23. Monochoria hastata 

24. Ottelia alismoides Hydrocharitaceae South Asia 

25. Lemna perpusilla 

26. Lemna minor 

27. Azolla pinnata 

27. Salvinia molesta 

29. Ceratopteris thalictroides Indian fern Pteridaceae Tropics 

30. Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae South East 

Asia 

31. Alocasia macrorhiza 

32. Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae cosmopolitan 

33. Nymphoides indica Gentiaceae Tropics 

34. Najas graminea 

35. Nelumbo nucifera 

36. Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Tropics 

37. Salvinia cucullata 

38. Echinochloa stagnina 

39. Echinochloa crus-galli 

40. Echinochloa colona 

41. Isachne globosa 

42. Ischaemum rugosum 

43. Leptochloa chinensis 

41

44. Paspalum vaginatum 

45. Bacopa rotundifolia 

46. Microcarpea minima Scrophulariaceae Australia Asia 

47. Monochoria vaginalis 

48. Monochoria hastata 

49. Rotala indica Lythraceae Asia 

50. Sagittaria guyanensis 

51. Sphenoclea zeylanica 

52. Acorus gramineus Aroraceae Temperate 

53. Acorus gramineus var. Pusillus Aroraceae 

54. Acorus gramineus var. Viridialbus Aroraceae 

55. Aglaonema nitidum Araceae Philippines Malaysia 

56. Aglaonema simplex Araceae Philippine Malaysia 

57. Alternanthera ficiodes var. Amaranthaceae Brazil 

Bettzickiana Green 

58. Alternanthera ficiodes var. Amaranthaceae Brazil 

Bettzickiana Red 

59. Alternanthera reinkii Variegated Amaranthaceae 

60. Alternanthera ocipus Amaranthaceae 

61. Alternanthera reineckii Amaranthaceae Brazil 

62. Alternanthera sesilis Amaranthaceae Tropics 

63. Alternanthera sesilis ‘Lilacina’ Amaranthaceae 

64. Alternanthera sesilis var. Orforma Amaranthaceae 

65. Ammania gracilis Lythraceae Tropical 

West Africa 

66. Ammania latifolia Lythraceae 

67. Anubias affinis 

68. Anubias auriculata 

69. Anubias barteri var. Barteri Araceae West Africa 

70. Anubias barteri var. Variegated Araceae West Africa 

71. Anubias congensis Araceae 

72. Anubias congensis var. Crassispadix Araceae 

73. Anubias heterophylla Araceae Tropical 

West Africa 

74. Anubias heterophylla Lancelata Araceae Tropical 

West Africa 

75. Anubias barteri var nana Dwarf anubias Araceae Cameroon 

76. Anubias undulata Araceae 

77. Aponogeton boivinianus Aponogetonaceae Northern 

Madagascar 

78. Aponogeton capuroni Aponogetonaceae Northern 

Madagascar 

79. Aponogeton crispus Aponogetonaceae South East Asia 

80. Aponogeton fenestralis Aponogetonaceae 

81. Aponogeton henkelianus Aponogetonaceae 

82 Aponogeton longiplumulosus Aponogetonaceae North-East 

Madagascar 

83. Aponogeton madagascariensis Aponogetonaceae Madagascar 

84. Aponogeton natans Aponogetonaceae Sri Lanka 

85. Aponogeton rigidifolius Aponogetonaceae Sri Lanka 

86. Aponogeton stachyosporus Aponogetonaceae India, Thailand, 

Burma 

42

87. Aponogeton ulvaceus Aponogetonaceae Madagascar 

88. Aponogeton undulatus Aponogetonaceae India, Thailand, 

Burma 

89. Azolla japonica Azollaceae 

90. Bacopa caroliniana Lemon bacopa/ Scrophulariaceae USA 

Giant Bacopa 

91. Bacopa lanigera Scrophulariaceae South America 

92. Bacopa monniera Dwarf Bacopa Scrophulariaceae America, Africa Tropical Asia 

93. Bacopa myriophylloides Scrophulariaceae South America 

94. Barclaya longifolia Nymphaeaceae South East Asia 

95. Barclaya motleyi Nymphaeaceae 

96. Blyxa auberti Nymphaeaceae 

97. Blyxa japonica Nymphaeaceae Tropical Asia 

98. Bolbitis heteroclita Lomariopsidaceae Tropical Asia 

99. Bolbitis heudelotii Lomariopsidaceae West Africa 

100. Cabomba aquatica Cabombaceae Central America 

101. Cabomba australis 

102. Cabomba caroliniana Green Cabomba Cabombaceae Central America 

103. Cabomba piauhyensis Cabombaceae South America 

104. Caladium humboldtii - red Heart Araceae 

105. Caladium humboldtii - red/white spot Araceae 

106. Caladium humboldtii - white Araceae 

107. Caladium humboldtii - white spot-mini Araceae 

108. Cardamine Iyrata Chinese Ivy Brassicaceae Subtropical Asia 

109. Cephalomanes oflongifolium 

110. Ceratophyllum demersum Hornwort Ceratophyllaceae Cosmopolitan 

111. Ceratopteris comuta Pteridaceae 

112. Ceratopteris thalictroides Pteridaceae Tropics 

113. Chlorophytum bichetii Liliaceae 

114. Colosacia esculenta 

115. Corayline terminalis 

116. Crinum aquatica Amaryllidaceae 

117. Crinum calamistratum Amaryllidaceae Cameroon 

118. Crinum natans Amaryllidaceae Tropical west 

Africa 

119. Crinum thaianum Amaryllidaceae Thailand 

120. Cryptocoryne affinis Araceae Malaysia 

121. Cryptocoryne balansae Araceae 

122. Cryptocoryne beckettii Araceae South East Asia 

123. Cryptocoryne bullosa Araceae 

124. Cryptocoryne ciliata Araceae Thailand Malaysia 

125. Cryptocoryne ciliata var. Latifolia Araceae 

126. Cryptocoryne griffithii Araceae Malaysia 

127. Cryptocoryne johorensis Araceae Borneo Malaysia 

128. Cryptocoryne lingua Araceae Borneo Malaysia 

129. Cryptocoryne lucens Araceae Sri Lanka 

130. Cryptocoryne minima Araceae 

131. Cryptocoryne parva Tiny cryp Araceae Sri Lanka 

132. Cryptocoryne petchii Araceae Sri Lanka 

133. Cryptocoryne pontederrifolia Araceae Sumatra 

43

134. Cryptocoryne retrospiralis Araceae 

135. Cryptocoryne undulata Araceae Sri Lanka 

136. Cryptocoryne walkeri Araceae Sri Lanka 

137. Cryptocoryne wenditti – brown Araceae Sri Lanka 

138. Cryptocoryne wenditti – green Araceae Sri Lanka 

139. Cryptocoryne willisii Araceae Sri Lanka 

140. Didiplis diandra Lythraceae North America 

141. Dieffenbachia maculate Araceae North America 

142. Draceana deremensis – striped Araceae Tropics 

143. Draceana deremensis Araceae Tropics 

144. Draceana sanderiana Araceae Tropics 

145. Draceana variegates Araceae Tropics 

146. Echinodorus amazonicus Amazon Alismataceae South America 

sword plant 

147. Echinodorus asiris Alismataceae 

148. Echinodorus asiris – Rose Alismataceae 

149. Echinodorus asiris ‘Barthii’ Alismataceae 

150. Echinodorus bleheri Alismataceae South America 

151. Echinodorus cordifolius Alismataceae South America 

152. Echinodorus cordifolius Variegatus Alismataceae 

153. Echinodorus grandiflorus Alismataceae South America 

154. Echinodorus horemanii Alismataceae Brazil 

155. Echinodorus horemanii – green Alismataceae 

156. Echinodorus horemanii – red Alismataceae 

157. Echinodorus horizontalis Alismataceae 

158. Echinodorus intermedius Alismataceae 

159. Echinodorus latifolius Alismataceae Central America 

160. Echinodorus macrophyllus Alismataceae South America 

161. Echinodorus major Alismataceae Brazil 

162. Echinodorus paiculatus Alismataceae 

163. Echinodorus parviflorus Alismataceae South America 

164. Echinodorus parviflorus ‘Tropica’ Alismataceae 

165. Echinodorus quadricostatus dwarf sword plant Alismataceae 

166. Echinodorus quadricostatus Alismataceae Central America 

‘Madalen’ 

167. Echinodorus schlueteri var. Leopard Alismataceae 

168. Echinodorus tenellus Alismataceae South America 

169. Egeria densa Argentine acharis Hydrocharitaceae South America 

170. Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae cosmopolitan 

171. Eichhornia natans 

172. Eleocharis acicularis Cyperaceae Temperate zone 

173. Eleocharis vivipara Cyperaceae Tropics 

174. Eleocharis xingua 

175. Eustralis stellata Lamiaceae Tropical Asia 

176. Fittonia verschaffeltii 

177. Glossostigma elatinoides Scrophulariaceae Australia, 

New Zealand 

178. Gratiola sp. 

179. Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Asteraceae South America 

180. Hemigraphis alternata 

44

181. Hemigraphis alternata var. 

182. Hemigraphis repanda Acanthaceae 

183. Heteranthera zosterifolia Pontederiaceae Brazil 

184. Houttuynia cordata Saururaceae East Asia 

185. Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitaceae cosmopolitan 

186. Hydrocotyle aquatica 

187. Hydrocotyle leucocephala Brazilia Pennywort Apiaceae South America 

188. Hydrocotyle wilfordi 

189. Hygrophila angustifolia 

190. Hygrophila corymbosa Acanthaceae South East Asia 

191. Hygrophila corymbosa var. Globra 

192. Hygrophila difformis Acanthaceae South East Asia 

193. Hygrophila difformis – Variegatus Acanthaceae 

194. Hygrophila guianensis 

195. Hygrophila lacustris Acanthaceae Thailand 

196. Hygrophila lancea 

197. Hygrophila polysperma dwarf hygrophila Acanthaceae Tropical Asia 

198. Hygrophila polysperma var. sunset 

199. Hygrophila salicifolia 

200. Hygrophila stricuta 

201. Ipomoea aquatica 

202. Lagarosiphon madagascariensis Hydrocharitaceae Madagascar 

203. Lagarosiphon major Hydrocharitaceae Madagascar 

204. Lilaleopsis brasiliensis Apiaceae Australia, 

New Zealand 

205. Limnobium laevigatum Hydrocharitaceae South America 

206. Limnophila aquatica Scrophulariaceae S.E.Asia 

207. Limnophila aromatica Scrophulariaceae Tropical Asia 

208. Limnophila heterophylla 

209. Limnophila sessilifora Dwarf Ambulia Scrophulariaceae S.E.Asia 

210. Lindernia pyxidaria 

211. Lindernia sp. Scrophulariaceae 

212. Lobelia cardinalis – Big Leaf Companulaceae USA 

213. Lobelia cardinalis – Small Leaf Scarlet Lobelia- Companulaceae 

Cardinal flower 

214. Ludwigia arcuata Needle leaf Onagraceae USA 

Ludwigia 

215. Ludwigia grandulosa Onagraceae East Asia 

216. Ludwigia inclinata Onagraceae South America 

217. Ludwigia mullertii 

218. Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae Warm temperate 

219. Ludwigia peruensis 

220. Ludwigia repens Creeping Ludwigia Onagraceae America 

221. Lymnocharis flava 

222. Lysimachia nummularia Creeping penny Primulaceae Europe 

223. Marsilea angustifolia Marsileaceae Australia 

224. Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae S.E.Asia 

225. Marsilea quadrifolia Marsileaceae Tropics 

226. Mayaca fluviatilis Mayacaceae Brazil 

227. Micranthemum micranthemoides Scrophulariaceae USA & West Indies 

45

228. Micranthemum unbrosum Scrophulariaceae Central America 

229. Microsorium pteropus Java fern Polypodiaceae Asia 

230. Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae 

231. Myriophyllum elatinoides Haloragaceae S.America 

232. Myriophyllum hippuroides Haloragaceae USA & Mexico 

233. Myriophyllum mattogrossense Brazilian Milfoil Haloragaceae S.America 

234. Nesaea pedicellata Lythraceae Tropical 

West Africa 

235. Nesaea sp. Lythraceae Tropical 

West Africa 

236. Nitella flexilis 

237. Nuphar japonicum Nymphaeaceae S.E.Asia & 

Japan 

238. Nymphaea lotus var. Green Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa 

239. Nymphaea lotus var. Red Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa 

240. Nymphaea rubra Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa 

241. Ophiopogon jaburan Liliaceae 

242. Ophiopogon japonicum Liliaceae 

243. Ophiopogon japonicus Liliaceae 

244. Physostegia sp. 

245. Pistia stratiotes Araceae Tropics 

246. Plygonum thunbergii 

247. Polygonum hastata-sagittatatum 

248. Riccia fluitans Ricciaceae cosmopolitan 

249. Rorippa aquatica Brassicaceae USA 

250. Rotala indica Lythraceae Asia 

251. Rotala macrandra Lythraceae India 

252. Rotala macrandra sp. Lythraceae 

253. Rotala wallichii Lythraceae 

254. Sagittaria eatoni 

255. Sagittaria graminea 

256. Sagittaria pusilla 

257. Sagittaria subulata Alismataceae North America 

258. Sagittaria teres 

259. Salvinia cucullata 

260. Salvinia natans Floating fern Salviniaceae cosmopolitan 

261. Samolus parvilorus Primulaceae Europe 

262. Saururus cernuus Primulaceae USA 

263. Schismatoglottis sp. Liliaceae 

264. Scindapsus sp. 

265. Selaginella wildenowii Peacock fern Selaginellaceae Vietnam, Malaysia 

Himalayas 

266. Selenodesmium cobsucum 

267. Shinnersia rivularis Asteraceae Mexico 

268. Shinnersia rivularis Variegatus Asteraceae Mexico 

269. Spathiphyllum wallisii Araceae South America, 

Central America 

South East Asia 

270. Syngonium podophyllum Goose foot plant Araceae Central America 

271. Trapa natans Water chestnut Trapaceae cosmopolitan 

272. Triadenum japonicum 

46

273. Utricularia aurea Lentibulariaceae Tropics 

274. Utricularia vulgaris Lentibulariaceae Tropics 

275. Vallisneria asiatica Hydrocharitaceae Tropics 

276. Vallisneria dubyana 

277. Vallisneria gigantea Hydrocharitaceae Tropics 

278. Vallisneria natans Hydrocharitaceae Tropics 

279. Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharitaceae 

280. Vallisneria tortissima 

Remarks: *Local / ** Asia / ***Cosmopolitan 

47

Appendix 5 

List of Marine Dinoflagellates Found in Malaysian Waters 

Name of Species 

Alexandrium tamarensis 

Alexandrium minutum 

Alexandrium tamiyavanichi 

Alexandrium fraterculus 

Alexandrium leei 

Alexandrium cohorticula 

Amphidinium spp 

Amphisolenia globifera 

Ceratium arietinum 

Ceratium furca 

Ceratium lumulus 

Ceratium symmetricum 

Ceratium fusus 

Ceratium pentagonum 

Ceratocorys sp 

Chattonella sp 

Coolia 

Cochlodinium polykrikoides 

Dinophysis caudata 

D. rotundata 

Gambierdiscus toxicus 

Gymnodinium catenatum 

Gymnodinium sanguineum 

Gonyaulax spinifera 

Heterosigma sp 

Noctiluca scintillans 

Operculodinium centrocarpum 

Ornithoceros 

Ostreopsis 

Name of Species 

Spiniferites bulloides (cyst of Gonyaulax scrippsae) 

Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex) 

Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex) 

Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex 

Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex) 

Peridinium 

Peridinium quinquecorne 

Phalacroma rapa 

Polykrikos shwartizii 

Prorocentrum micans 

Prorocentrum minimum 

Protoceratium sp 

Protoperidinium sp 

Protoperidinium excentricum 

Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum 

Tuberculodinium vancampoae 

Gonyaulacaceae (6 species), 

Protoperidiniaceae (9 species) 

Pyrophacaceae (1 species) 

Unidentified family (2 species)

Appendix 6 

1. Fisheries Acts 1985 

Section 40 - Control of Live Fish 

(1) Any person who: 

a) Imports into or exports out of Malaysia; 

b) Transport from West Malaysia into the FT of Labuan, states of Sabah and Sarawak; 

c) Transports from FT of Labuan or the state of Sabah and Sarawak into West Malaysia 

d) Transport from Federal Territory of Labuan into the state of Sabah and Sarawak; 

e) Transport from the state of Sabah into the Federal Territory of Labuan or the state of Sarawak; or 

f) Transport from state of Sarawak into Federal Territory of Labuan or State of Sabah 

Live fish without a permit or in breach of any condition in a permit issued by the Director General under this section shall 

be guilty of an offence 

(2) The Director General may impose such conditions as he thinks fit in the permit, including conditions concerning the 

state of cleanliness of the fish to be exported, imported or transported and measures to avoid the spread of 

communicable fish diseases, or to avoid the release into the natural environment of non-indigenous species of fish. 

Section 61 – Power of Minister to make regulations 

61 (ag) – to prescribe regulations for the control of movement of fish within Malaysia 

61 (ai) – to prescribe measures for the control of fish diseases 

Fisheries Regulations 

Fisheries (Prohibition of import, etc., of fish) Regulation 1990 

2. Prohibition 

(1) No person shall import into, sell, cultivate or keep live fish of the genus as specified in the Schedule to the 

Regulations except with the written permission of the Director General. 

(2) The Director General may impose any conditions he deems fit in the written permission granted pursuant to 

paragraph (1) 

The followings are prohibited for import by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries: 

1) Tiger shrimp broodstock 

2) All exotic species for research purposes, without written approval from the Director General of Fisheries 

3) All species of piranhas which included Colosomma / Piaractus, these fishes are now accepted as a food 

finfish and very popular species in sport fishing 

3. Penalty 

Any person who contravenes the provision of regulation 2(1) or any condition imposed in the written permission granted 

by the Director General under regulation 2(2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one 

thousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or both. 

Exports of Live Food Finfish 

Export prohibition 

The followings are prohibited for export by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries: 

1. Tiger shrimp broodstock >178mm 

2. All types of hard corals 

3. Cockles (Anadara granosa) < 25mm 

4. Grouper fry < 150 mm) 

49

Penalties 

Part VI, Section 25(b): 

(b) In any other cases, a penalty of not more than RM 20, 000.00, or jailed term not more than 2 years or both 

Lists of legislations related to movement of live aquatic animals under the Fisheries Act 1985 

Control of import of live aquatic 

animals 

Control of export of live aquatic 

animals 

Live aquatic animal movement 

within the country (domestic) 

• Fisheries Act 1985 under section 

• Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish 

• Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and 

Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006 

• Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish) 

Regulations 1999 

• Fisheries (Prohibition of Import, etc., of Fish) 


• Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990 

• Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations 

1977 – Schedule 2 & 4 

• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971 

• National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006 

• Directives of Director- General, Department of Fisheries 

Malaysia 1986 

• Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act 



• Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish 

• Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and 

Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006 

• Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish) 


• Fisheries (Prohibition of Import, etc., of Fish) 


• Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990 

• Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations 

1977 – schedule 2 & 4 

• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971 

• National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006 

• Directives of Director- General, Department of 

Fisheries Malaysia 1986 

• Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act 

• Section 40(1) (b) – (f), Fisheries Act 1985 

• Sarawak Government Gazette Part II – The Fisheries 

(Adoption) Ordinance 1994 

Introducing new/ exotic species • Technical Committee of Malaysia’s National Policy on 

Biological Diversity for Fisheries (Department of 

Fisheries Malaysia) 

• Technical Working Group for Invasive Alien Species 

Legislation to ensure that imported 

live aquatic animals are not diverted 

to other purposes 

Export-Import Permit /license fee 

Health certification/Statement of 

origin 

- NIL - 

• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia 

(license fee) 

• CITES permit fee (Department of Fisheries) 

* Live food (Ministry of Health) for food safety. DOF only 

on Health Status of the Fish 

50

Appendix 7 

International Agreements and Guidelines Addressing Aquatic Alien Species 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

Convention on Biological Diversity 

http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp 

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Text of the Protocol 

http://www.biodiv.org/biosafety/protocol.asp 

World Trade Organization, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/v9878e/v9878e00.htm 

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Position Statement on Translocation 

of Living Organisms: introductions, reintroductions and re-stocking. 

http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/transe.htm 

Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Aquatic 

Animals and the Beijing Consensus and Implementation Strategy 

http://www.enaca.org/NACAPublications/AsiaRegionalTechnicalGuidelines.pdf 

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice on Introductions and 

Transfers of Marine Organisms 

http://www.ices.dk/reports/general/2003/Codemarineintroductions2003.pdf 

International Plant Protection Convention 

http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/publications.htm 

n European Information System on Invasive Alien Species. Legislation and regulations on invasive 

alien species on the global level. 

http://www.zin.ru/rbic/legisl_global.asp 

Partners and Organizations 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

Office International des Épizooties, Aquatic Animal Health Code 

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/a_summry.htm 

Convention on Biological Diversity, Alien Species: Guiding Principals for the Prevention, Introduction 

and Mitigation of Impacts. 

http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-05/official/sbstta-05-05-en.pdf 

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Manual on Risk Analysis for the Safe Movement of 

Aquatic Animals, May 2004 – Provides basic guidance and procedures aimed at developing 

countries on how to conduct risk analyses for aquatic animals. 

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html 

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),Capacity and Awareness Building on Import Risk Analysis 

(IRA) for Aquatic Animals, Proceedings, May 2004 – A collection of papers dealing with various 

aspects of risk analysis for aquatic animals. 

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html 

Office International des Epizooties, International Aquatic Animal Health Code (2004) - Assures the 

sanitary safety of international trade in aquatic animals (fish, molluscs and crustaceans) 

and their products through the detailing of health measures to be used by the veterinary 

authorities of importing and exporting countries to avoid the transfer of pathogens of aquatic 

animals, while also avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers. 

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/A_00007.htm 

Office International des Epizooties, Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (2003) - Provides 

a uniform approach to the diagnosis of the diseases listed in the OIE International Aquatic 

Animal Health Code), so that the requirements for health certification in connection with 

trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products can be met. 

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_summry.htm 

51

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

NACA/OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Reports – Provides information on the occurrence 

of serious disease outbreaks of aquatic animals in the Asia-Pacific region. 

http://www.enaca.org/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=59 

Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 402/2 - Provides 

a comprehensive guide to the most economically significant diseases affecting molluscs, fish 

and crustaceans in the Asia-Pacific region. Includes information on laboratory and diagnostic 

techniques, causative agents and distribution, host range, clinical aspects, screening methods, 

diagnostic procedures, modes of transmission, control measures. 

http://www.enaca.org/NACA-Publications/ADG-complete.pdf 

Polistes Global Mapper – Example of a global distribution map (for plants). Good example to 

build aquatic organism database around, contains list of all sightings with site coordinates. 

http://pick4.pick.uga.edu/mp/20m 

Invasive Species Information Management in the NorthEast -Report highlighting the need for an 

international monitoring network to assess the distribution, rate of spread and population 

dynamics of marine invasive species. 

http://www.aquatic-invasive-species-conference.org/powerpoint_pdf/Session C/Wednesday/ 

jay_baker.pdf 

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: 

freshwater crayfish 

http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm? 

Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=104993BA-243A-4014- 8F5DCE881F4DFA78 

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: freshwater 

finfish 


Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=FF33C2C8-3E16-41CE- 8E770ABDD800BA28 

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: nonviable 

bivalve molluscs 


Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=9A1BF387-33DB-4FAF- 8C73AE1BD779ACFF 

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) -Current import risk analysis: prawns 

and prawn products 


Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=27B461A7-E098-4522-B4B00184796DBEE3 

New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import health risk analysis: salmonids 

for human consumption 

http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/animals/risk/salmonids-ra.pdf 

n New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Supplementary import risk analysis – 

head-on, gill-in Australian salmonids for human consumption 

http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/animals/risk/salmonidssupplementary.pdf 

n 

n 

New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import risk assessment: juvenile 

yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) from Spencer Gulf, South Australia 

http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/ animals/risk/yellowtail-kingfish-ra.pdf 

CSIRO Marine Research - A Review of Ecological Risk Assessment Methodologies. Center 

for Research on Introduced Marine Pests Techn. Rep. No. 13. 

http://crimp.marine.csiro.au/reports/CRIMPTechReport13.pdf 

52

Technical Working Group for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia 

No. Names Designation 

1. Mr. Raja Mohammad Noordin Raja Omar Director, Marine Fisheries for Research and 

Resource Management Department, 

Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu 

2. Ms. Faazaz Abd. Latiff Senior Fisheries Research Officer, 

Fisheries Research Institute, Penang 

3. Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa Senior Research Officer, Marine Fisheries 

for Research and Resource Management 

Department, Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu 

4. Mr. K. Subramaniam Head of Brackish Water Research Centre, 

Gelang Patah, Johor 

5. Mr. Mohamad Zaini Suleiman Fisheries Research Officer, Freshwater Fish 

Research Centre, Gelami-lemi, Jelebu, 

Negeri Sembilan 

6. Mr. Arthur Besther Sujang Fisheries Officer, Section Quarantine and Fish 

Health, Department of Fisheries Headquarters, 

Putrajaya 

7. Ms. Fauzidah Othman Head, Section Quarantine and Fish Health, 

Department of Fisheries Headquarters, 

Putrajaya 

8. Ms. Farah Juhaidah Arifin Marine Department, 

Port Klang, Selangor 

9. Ms. Zaihatun Mahani Zakariah Malaysian Maritime Institute, 

Kuala Lumpur 

53

7. Issues and Challenges in Aquatic Invasive Alien Species - Seafdec

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