conference magazine - Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
conference magazine - Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
conference magazine - Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Contents<br />
Background<br />
Messages<br />
• Message from the Honorable Dr. Horace Chang, Minister of Water and Housing, Jamaica<br />
• Message from H.E. Jose Miguel Insulza, Secretary General, Organisation of American<br />
States<br />
• Message from Patricia Aquing, Executive Director, <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
<strong>Institute</strong><br />
• Message from Vincent Sweeney, Regional Project Coordinator, GEF-funded Integrating<br />
Water and Coastal Areas Management (IWCAM) Project<br />
• Message from Dr. Sharunda Buchanan, Director, Division of Emergency and <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Services, National Center for <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong>, Centers for Disease Control<br />
and Prevention<br />
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• Message from Randy Brown, President, Clean Islands International<br />
• Message from Thomas Scheutzlich, Principal Advisor, CREDP-GTZ and Joseph Williams,<br />
Manager, CARICOM Energy Programme<br />
List of Organizers and Sponsors<br />
Exhibitors<br />
Agenda<br />
Abstracts of Technical Presentations<br />
CEF-5 2010 Programme Timetable<br />
Map of Conference and Exhibition Area<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
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Background<br />
The Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum and Exhibition (CEF-5) scheduled for June 21 st – 25 th , 2010 in<br />
Montego Bay, Jamaica, has as its theme: “Coping with Copenhagen: Water, Waste, Energy, <strong>Health</strong>...”. It recognises<br />
the policy and political issues emanating from the Copenhagen Accord and the consequences of these on some of the<br />
key environmental and sustainable development challenges facing the region. Among these, one can add Biodiversity in<br />
recognition of 2010 being designated the International Year of Biodiversity by the United Nations.<br />
The CEF-5 is organized by the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) together with the Ministry of Water and<br />
Housing of Jamaica and a number of key national, regional and international agencies, and is hosted by the Government<br />
of Jamaica. In 2010, CEF-5 is partnering with Clean Islands International, which will organize within the CEF-5, the 15 th<br />
Annual ReCaribe Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Waste Management Conference. The Second <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum<br />
(CSEF-2), organised by the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Renewable Energy Development Programme (CREDP) and supported by the<br />
GTZ, CARICOM and the Austrian Development Corporation will also take place. Other CEF-5 partners are the GEFfunded<br />
Project on Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management for <strong>Caribbean</strong> SIDS (IWCAM) which is holding<br />
its annual Partnership Forum, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Organisation of American<br />
States. For the first time, CEF-5 will have the involvement of youth through the Youth <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum (YEF), in<br />
recognition of the importance of young people in making a change.<br />
In 2002 CEHI convened the First <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum (CEF) and Exhibition at Pigeon Island, Saint Lucia. In<br />
keeping with the theme of the Forum, “Partnering for the Environment”, CEF-1 was organized in conjunction with the<br />
11 th Annual Conference of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Water and Waste Water Association (CWWA), Environment West Indies (EWI),<br />
the Water and Sewerage Company, the Solid Waste Management Authority of St. Lucia, and the Organisation of American<br />
States (OAS). The Forum also received support from the British High Commission and French Embassy in St. Lucia;<br />
the Embassy of the Netherlands in Trinidad and Tobago; the Government of Nova Scotia, Canada; the Global Water<br />
Partnership in Stockholm and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, based in Geneva.<br />
In 2004, CEF-2 was convened in Trinidad in partnership with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago, under the theme<br />
“Energising <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainability”. CEF-2 saw the start of important initiatives such as Cleaner Production and<br />
Eco-efficiency for Small, Medium and Micro-enterprises (SMMEs). Other major fora included the <strong>Health</strong> & Environment<br />
Ministers of the Americas Partnership meeting and the Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) project<br />
meeting to update participants on progress in these major regional programmes.<br />
CEF-3 held in Antigua & Barbuda in 2006 recognized that there was an on-going need to bring together diverse and disparate<br />
interests in sustainable development and environment to discuss areas of common concern to the <strong>Caribbean</strong>.<br />
Emerging global issues such as trade, technology and communications, sectors such as agriculture, tourism and industry,<br />
climate, health, water, hazardous waste, energy, transportation, and transboundary issues dictated that a more coherent,<br />
intersectoral approach be taken in terms of development and the way forward for the region. The theme for CEF-<br />
3 was “Investing in the Environment - Protecting the Future” and sought to highlight the inextricable link between<br />
economic development and the environment, and the need to carefully consider sustainability in the context of wise use<br />
of the natural resource base across all sectors of development.<br />
CEF-4 convened in Grenada, focused on the theme of "Climate Change, Water and Sanitation: A Shared Responsibility".<br />
For the first time, the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Renewable Energy Development Programme (CREDP), funded by the GTZ and<br />
partners, organised the First <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum (CSEF), which brought a major focus to energy issues<br />
facing the region at a time when oil prices on the world market were at record levels and were having a huge impact<br />
on the region’s economies.<br />
It is our hope that CEF-5 would bring together stakeholders from various backgrounds and levels to discuss key “cutting<br />
edge” issues and share experiences in environment and development. In fact, much needs to be done to achieve the<br />
cross-fertilization of ideas and to engender networking to address the sustainable development goals of the region.<br />
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Message from Hon. Dr. Horace Chang, M.P.<br />
Minister of Water and Housing, Jamaica and Honorary President of the<br />
Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum and Exhibition (CEF5)<br />
I wish to convey my heartiest congratulations to the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) for once again staging<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum. This year I am particularly pleased to be the Host Minister for the fifth incarnation of<br />
this important biennial meeting.<br />
This year’s meeting has as its theme, “Coping with Copenhagen….Water, Waste, Energy, <strong>Health</strong>…”<br />
At the Climate Change Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009, the 115 world leaders who attended failed to reach<br />
an agreement on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
However, as Small Island Development States, we cannot wait on the decisions of others; we must make significant steps to<br />
mitigate the effects of climate change in the region. This is crucial, because while the contribution of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> towards<br />
the underlying causes of climate change, particularly greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants, is low to negligible, no<br />
region is as vulnerable to the impact of global climate change as ours.<br />
Increased temperatures, the rise in sea levels, the increased severity and frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes, as<br />
well as prolonged, severe periods of drought will affect the prospects for development of <strong>Caribbean</strong> countries and our approximately<br />
40 million residents.<br />
A 2002 report by the Inter-American Development Bank entitled “Natural Disasters in Latin America and the <strong>Caribbean</strong>: An<br />
Overview of Risk”, noted that over the past three decades, the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region has suffered direct and indirect losses estimated<br />
at between US $700 million and US$3.3 billion as a result of natural disasters associated with extreme weather<br />
events. This is money that would have been spent towards implementing the respective economic development agendas of<br />
our island states.<br />
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Even more frightening are the projected consequences of inaction. According to the British Report “Stern Review on the<br />
Economics of Climate Change”, it is estimated that “any delay in mitigating climate change will lead to overall damage costs<br />
equivalent to losing between five and thirty percent of global gross domestic product each year, with higher losses being<br />
incurred by most developing countries.”<br />
The possibility of this occurrence calls for nothing less than a comprehensive and committed resolution backed by law, to<br />
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and implement mitigating programmes in a timely manner.<br />
In this region, CEHI is leading the charge for effective environmental policy. This fifth biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum<br />
is another rung in the ladder towards building awareness and capacity among countries of the region in mitigating the<br />
effects of climate change.<br />
I commend CEHI for successfully staging this Forum over the years. I have no doubt that this one will build on the success<br />
of previous lessons learned. It will also enable all the participants to increase their response to the economic, environmental<br />
and social challenges that result from significant climate change.<br />
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Message from H. E. Jose Miguel Insulza<br />
Secretary-General, Organization of American States<br />
The Organization of American States (OAS) is delighted to be associated with the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Environment <strong>Health</strong><br />
<strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) and other Partners in the convening of the 5th Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> Environment Forum (CEF 5). We<br />
have been impressed with the phenomenal growth and impact of this event since its inception.<br />
This fact, combined with the excellent organizational standards established by CEHI and the timeliness and relevance<br />
of the subjects that are discussed, prompted the OAS to come on as a partner for this year’s event. Finances<br />
permitting, we hope to be a partner in future forums.<br />
The <strong>Caribbean</strong> is an integral part of the OAS and the OAS General Secretariat is proud to serve the Governments<br />
and peoples of the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. We value this symbiotic relationship and will continue our efforts at enhancing the<br />
sustainable development of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region in areas such as: water resources management, climate change<br />
adaptation, sustainable energy, land and biodiversity management, disaster risk management, and environmental<br />
policy, law and governance.<br />
We look forward to sharing with CEF 5 participants, the work of the OAS General Secretariat in the region over the<br />
past decade and the lessons learned. In addition, we hope that Conference participants will readily share their ideas<br />
on ways in which the OAS can strengthen its cooperation with the region.<br />
Please accept my best wishes for a successful event.<br />
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Message from Patricia Aquing<br />
Executive Director, <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> and<br />
Chair, Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum and Exhibition<br />
(CEF5)<br />
I wish to welcome you to this our 5 th Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum and Exhibition (CEF 5) organised in<br />
conjunction with the Second <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum (CSEF 2) and the 15 th Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Waste Management Conference (ReCaribe 2010) here in the exciting Montego Bay, Jamaica. This year we have a<br />
stellar cast of high level speakers and presenters who were invited because we know that they will raise the level of<br />
debate and discussions on environmental matters and share their own unique perspectives with us. The year so far<br />
has been marked by a series of disasters, both man-made and natural: earthquakes in Haiti and Chile; the oil spill<br />
in the Gulf of Mexico and the volcano in Iceland. The <strong>Caribbean</strong> experienced severe drought conditions, which have<br />
not entirely eased in some countries. These events have served to underscore our human and environmental vulnerability.<br />
We therefore use this opportunity to extend our condolences and sympathy to those who lost loved ones<br />
or who were negatively affected.<br />
In selecting this year’s theme, we thought we should highlight a process and event which, for the most part, proved<br />
to be a major disappointment for many people in the field, but which have serious implications for the region. Most<br />
persons, who are not intimately involved, know only what they hear or read in the media. We felt we needed to<br />
open up the debate and discussions at the political and policy levels in the region; we also feel the need to examine<br />
impacts on some “bread and butter” aspects, hence the sub-set of theme: Water, Waste, Energy, <strong>Health</strong>.... CEF<br />
brings together a wide-ranging audience from various sectors and we know that the exchange of ideas and perspectives<br />
will lead to a better understanding of and even solutions to some of the challenges confronting the region.<br />
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This year, we have introduced the Youth <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum in order to broaden the exposure of young people to<br />
some of the environmental issues facing the region. We subscribe to the notion that change will come if the next<br />
generation is informed and engaged. We have been able to facilitate the participation of students and young people<br />
from the Montego Bay area in the event and we look forward to interacting with them.<br />
In closing, I would like to thank my staff, our partners, participants, exhibitors and others who continue to support<br />
CEF as the premier forum of its kind in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. Our special thanks also go to the Government and people of<br />
Jamaica, the Honorable Bruce Golding, Prime Minister, The Honorable Dr. Horace Chang, Minister of Housing and<br />
Water and staff of the Ministry as well as the National Organising Committee for CEF 5. I would also like to thank<br />
the Mayor and people of Montego Bay for welcoming us to this beautiful city.<br />
I look forward to a productive and enjoyable week and to receiving you at CEF 5.<br />
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Message from Mr. Vincent Sweeney<br />
Regional Project Coordinator, GEF-funded Integrating<br />
Watershed and Coastal Areas Management Project<br />
It gives me great pleasure, both personally and professionally, to be involved in CEF-5. Many years ago I was part of the<br />
team that organized the first CEF, in 2002, and I am therefore pleased to know that the concept of a CEF has grown from an<br />
“experiment” to a sustained reality, through the hard work of CEHI and its partners. I am also pleased, on behalf of the GEF-<br />
IWCAM Project, to again be a part of organizing and being involved in this event. The GEF-IWCAM project has been intimately<br />
involved in conceptualizing each of the last three CEFs. We have integrated our programme of activities into this well<br />
established regional forum, as part of the project’s “Partnership Forum”, which had envisaged to bring relevant partners and<br />
stakeholders together to discuss issues, share ideas, and build a constituency behind the project’s efforts.<br />
The GEF-IWCAM project involves thirteen <strong>Caribbean</strong> SIDS (see www.iwcam.org), including Antigua and Barbuda (which<br />
hosted CEF-3), Grenada (which hosted CEF-4), Saint Lucia (which hosted the first CEF), and Trinidad and Tobago (which<br />
hosted CEF-2).<br />
The overall objective of the GEF-IWCAM project is to strengthen the commitment and capacity of the islands of the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
to implement an integrated approach to the management of watersheds and coastal areas. Through the CEF, we will be sharing<br />
a number of the various lessons and best practices which have come out of the GEF-IWCAM project, to date. We will also<br />
be highlighting some of the project activities that have benefitted the participating countries and which can be replicated elsewhere,<br />
potentially. To date the project has conducted nine Demonstration Projects in eight of the Participating countries.<br />
These demonstration projects focus on thematic issues related to Water Resources Conservation & Management; Wastewater<br />
Treatment & Management; Land-Use Planning, Zoning & Alternative Practices; and Targeted Model IWCAM. The project<br />
has also focused on preparation of a relevant Legislative Toolkit, laboratory capacity assessments and strengthening and<br />
regional training in areas of greatest needs. Training has also been conducted in project management, waste management,<br />
water resources management, and communications.<br />
A major set of activities have involved support for regional IWRM planning.<br />
We are particularly interested in the theme of CEF-5, and our efforts are consistent with the international consensus on what<br />
is needed to improve water and coastal zone management, both of which are directly influenced by climate change. The U.N.,<br />
through its Secretary-General, has urged the world to put the looming crisis over water shortages at the top of the global<br />
agenda and take action to prevent conflicts over scarce supplies. He reminded that shortages of water contribute to poverty<br />
and social hardship in many countries, including the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. "We need to adapt to this reality, just as we do to climate<br />
change," said the Secretary General. As a project we intend to continue to collaborate and support efforts to move the climate<br />
change and related agendas forward.<br />
Thank you for your presence. We look forward to a successful CEF-5.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
United States<br />
Centers for<br />
Disease Control<br />
and Prevention<br />
Message from Dr. Sharunda Buchanan<br />
Director, Division of Emergency and <strong>Environmental</strong> Services, National<br />
Center for <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong>, Centers for Disease Control and<br />
Prevention<br />
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an operating division of the U.S. Department of <strong>Health</strong> and Human<br />
Services, welcomes you to the Fifth <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum (CEF 5) in Montego Bay, Jamaica. CDC has been<br />
working in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region on public health issues related to the environment for many years through a partnership with<br />
the organizer of CEF 5, the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI), which is based in St. Lucia. Most of this work<br />
has focused on pilot projects to implement Water Safety Plans, a methodology developed by the World <strong>Health</strong> Organization<br />
(WHO) to evaluate risks in drinking water systems from catchment to consumer.<br />
The Water Safety Plan methodology promotes a preventive, rather than reactive, approach to protecting the quality of drinking<br />
water because it focuses on identifying risks specific to a particular system. A Water Safety Plan can encompass recommendations<br />
for both major infrastructure investment and operational changes to improve drinking water systems; these plans are<br />
flexible and can be tailored to systems of varying sizes.<br />
The first pilot Water Safety Plan project in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> — indeed, the first in the Western Hemisphere — was undertaken<br />
right here in Jamaica, in Spanish Town, in partnership with the Jamaican government, the U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection<br />
Agency (EPA), and the Pan American <strong>Health</strong> Organization (PAHO). Additional Water Safety Plan projects are under way in<br />
Guyana and St. Lucia in conjunction with CEHI and other local and international partners. The aim of these projects is to develop<br />
capacity within CEHI and other <strong>Caribbean</strong> partners so these partners can serve as a resource for future Water Safety<br />
Plan projects in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region. In addition, the Water Safety Plan documents generated by these projects provide examples<br />
specific to the region. WHO and PAHO are actively promoting the Water Safety Plan methodology and the concept is<br />
being widely adopted in many countries. We hope that these <strong>Caribbean</strong> demonstration projects and the capacity developed<br />
within CEHI and other partners will be useful resources for the region.<br />
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CDC has also been active in the initial stages of evaluating the impacts of climate change on water and sanitation as well as<br />
in the broader arena of public health. The island nations of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> will potentially be some of the areas most affected<br />
by climatic changes and may serve as indicators of the effects that other regions can expect. In keeping with the theme of<br />
CEF 5, we look forward to the discussion this week on this topic and on how we can all continue to work together to improve<br />
public health and the quality of life in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>.<br />
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Message from Mr. Randy Brown<br />
Executive Director, Clean Islands International<br />
It is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum & Exhibition (CEF 5), the 2nd<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum (CSEF), and the 15th Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Waste Management Conference<br />
(ReCaribe 15). Clean Islands International is very honored to be a partner in this event with the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
<strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) and others.<br />
ReCaribe 2010 is the 15 th <strong>Caribbean</strong> Waste Management Conference offered by Clean Islands International (CII) in association<br />
with other organizations. Since CII’s 1995 <strong>Caribbean</strong> Waste Management Conference (held in Puerto Rico), in which<br />
ReCaribe: The Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Solid Waste and Recycling Alliance was established, ReCaribe has been a project of Clean<br />
Islands International with a focus on solid waste management, waste reduction and recycling issues in the wider <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
region. The past <strong>conference</strong>s have been held throughout the wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> region: The Bahamas (1994), Puerto Rico<br />
(1995), Trinidad (1997), Florida Keys (1998), Curacao (1999), Martinique (2000), St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (2001), Dominican<br />
Republic (2002), Tobago (2003), St. Vincent (2004), Curacao (2005), Antigua (2006), St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands<br />
(2007) and Grenada (2008).<br />
Founded in April 1992 in Abaco, The Bahamas, Clean Islands International, Inc. has an international board of directors and<br />
international membership consisting of professionals, advocates, environmentalists, conservationists, solid waste professionals<br />
and interested individuals. Clean Islands International is organized exclusively for educational, charitable and scientific<br />
purposes. Clean Islands International's mission is to provide educational and technical assistance to island communities for<br />
developing sustainable waste handling practices and cultivating environmental awareness. Our main purpose is to cultivate<br />
individual and community environmental awareness.<br />
In addition to ReCaribe, Clean Islands International has two other main projects: VIERS and the Tektite Museum. Since 1997,<br />
Clean Islands International has operated the Virgin Islands <strong>Environmental</strong> Resource Station (VIERS) for the University of the<br />
Virgin Islands, which is located on the remote south side of the Virgin Islands National Park on St. John. VIERS, established<br />
in 1966, is an environmental learning facility which includes a waterside marine biology laboratory, classroom, library, dining<br />
hall and 12 sleeping cabins for up to 78 guests. VIERS provides on-site overnight environmental education to students from<br />
the Virgin Islands, <strong>Caribbean</strong> and United States. VIERS actively demonstrates its use of solar electric and solar hot water<br />
systems, kitchen waste composting for our organic garden as well as many “green” practices in its daily activities in addition<br />
to hosting students studying coastal and marine ecology. By operating an environmental education facility, Clean Islands International<br />
is able to provide unique environment learning opportunities to over 1,000 overnight students and guests per year.<br />
The VIERS main facility was originally constructed in 1968 by the US Navy Seabees to support Project Tektite, an underwater<br />
military and academic exercise which occurred in 1969 and 1970. To continue the legacy of these historical events, the Tektite<br />
Underwater Habitat Museum (which is located at VIERS) was established in 2006 and in the past four years has expanded<br />
from a photo display to a building overflowing with artifacts and exhibits. It is now visited by over 1,000 day visitors per year.<br />
Clean Islands International is very honored to be able to continue to be involved with the development of technical forums<br />
such as this one. It is important to us to promote effective practices and to create linkages between the public and the private<br />
sectors which will assist in providing improved waste management in the wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> region. For more information about<br />
Clean Islands International’s programs, please visit our website at: www.islands.org.<br />
Looking forward to a successful CEF-5.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
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CARICOM<br />
Energy<br />
Programme<br />
Joint Message from Thomas Scheutzlich, Principal Advisor, CREDP-GTZ and Joseph Williams, Manager, CARICOM<br />
Energy Programme<br />
On behalf of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Community (CARICOM) Energy Programme and the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Renewable Energy Development<br />
Programme (CREDP) it is our pleasure to welcome you, the participants to the Second <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum<br />
(CSEF-2), the Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum and Exhibition (CEF-5) and the Fifteenth Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Waste Management Conference (ReCaribe).<br />
This is the second staging of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum (C-SEF). After its successful inception in 2008 in Grenada,<br />
we see this becoming an established bi-annual Energy Forum: one of the premier biennial sustainable energy events in<br />
the Region.<br />
The overall theme for the CEF-5 and C-SEF-2, “Coping with Copenhagen”, is quite apt given that the Copenhagen Climate<br />
Change Conference in 2009 did not deliver on the expectation that it would set the stage for aggressive actions to fight Climate<br />
Change. The outcome of the Conference was considered particularly important to the energy sector in light of the implication<br />
for the availability of financing for technology transfer and sustainable energy development in developing countries such as the<br />
countries of CARICOM. Notwithstanding, the failure of the Conference in Copenhagen, vulnerable countries like those of CARI-<br />
COM must maintain the call for ambitious actions on part of developed countries while seeking to migrate to a more sustainable<br />
energy development path.<br />
A careful observation will reveal that some positive sustainable energy developments are taking place in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Region.<br />
Implemented photovoltaic plants in Grenada and St. Lucia, geothermal power development in Nevis and Dominica, approved<br />
Sustainable Energy Policies in several Member States, feed-in policies developed and implement by electric utilities like in Grenada<br />
and Barbados, and the extension of Wigton Wind Farm in Jamaica at are some of the notable successful renewable energy<br />
development in the region.<br />
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However, much more needs to happen and at a more expedited pace, especially in the area of energy efficiency. We feel that<br />
the time is due to undertake a realistic analysis of the achievements in the employment of Renewable Energies and energy efficient<br />
technologies on one side but also have a critical look at developments that are far behind schedule and the reasons for<br />
such lag. Why does it take years to develop and implement Wind Farms in some countries despite very favourable wind conditions,<br />
and despite financing offers from international banks? Of what nature are the specific barriers that hamper wind development<br />
and what can/should be done to overcome these barriers, and can they be removed at all? Similar questions arise in the<br />
area of hydro power development in several countries where a number of projects have been engineered right up to tender<br />
stage, showing technical and financial viability and but years elapse before implementation could commence.<br />
These and more questions have to be carefully analysed and the lessons learned be distilled in order to guide future sustainable<br />
energy developments in the region. For this reason, we have attempted to focus the CSEF-2 on initiatives that were implemented<br />
successfully despite the many challenges and barriers, so that these may serve as lessons and encourage other developments<br />
as we seek to “leapfrog” sustainable energy development in the Region.<br />
May we wish all, a successful CEF-5 and CSEF-2.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
12<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
List of Organizers and Sponsors<br />
Collaborators<br />
• The Government of Jamaica<br />
• Ministry of Water and Housing<br />
• Ministry of <strong>Health</strong>, Sports and Youth Affairs<br />
• <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI)<br />
• Organization of American States (OAS)<br />
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<br />
(CDC)<br />
• GEF-Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management<br />
(GEF-IWCAM) Project<br />
• CARICOM Renewable Energy Development Programme/<br />
German Agency for Technical Cooperation<br />
(CREDP/GTZ)<br />
• Clean Islands International<br />
Organizing Committee<br />
Honorary President: Dr. Horace Chang, Minister of Water and<br />
Housing, Ministry of Water and Housing, Jamaica<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
Mrs. Patricia Aquing - Chair<br />
Mr. Christopher Roberts<br />
Dr. Christopher Cox<br />
Dr. Natalie Boodram<br />
Ms. Avril Isaac<br />
Mrs. Shermaine Clauzel<br />
Ms. Lorna Cyril<br />
Mr. Lesmond Magloire<br />
Ms. Sharon Pierre Louis<br />
Mrs. Alexandra DuBoulay<br />
GEF-IWCAM Project<br />
Mr. Vincent Sweeney<br />
Ms. Sasha Beth Gottlieb<br />
Mrs. Una McPherson<br />
Ms. Donna Spencer<br />
Ms. Magnalia Goldson<br />
CREDP/GTZ<br />
Mr. Thomas Scheutzlich<br />
Mr. Sven Homscheid<br />
Ms. Dania Hamilton<br />
Clean Islands International<br />
Mr. Randy Brown<br />
Chair of Sub-committees<br />
Exhibition: Dr. Christopher Cox<br />
Finance and Sponsorship: Mr. Christopher Roberts<br />
Magazine/Documentation: Ms. Avril Isaac<br />
Protocol and Public Relations: Mrs. Patricia Aquing<br />
Social Events: Mrs. Shermaine Clauzel<br />
Technical: Dr. Natalie Boodram<br />
Venue/Logistics: Mr. Christopher Roberts<br />
Field Trips: Local Committee<br />
Sponsors<br />
Bank of St. Lucia<br />
Champion Customs Brokerage<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> Water and Wastewater Association<br />
Global Water Partnership - <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Magazine Printer<br />
STAR Publishing, St. Lucia<br />
Promotional Items<br />
STAR Publishing, St. Lucia<br />
Media Sales, Trinidad<br />
Exhibition Booths<br />
National Outdoor Advertising, Jamaica<br />
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Agilent Technologies<br />
Mr. D. Kirk Holladay<br />
2820 Regal Pine Train, Oviedo<br />
FL 32766, USA<br />
Tel: (407) 489-2156<br />
Fax: (321) 244-0268<br />
Email: kirk.holladay@varianinc.com<br />
Website: www.agilent.com<br />
Airvac Inc<br />
Ms. Heather Bonner<br />
200 Tower Dr., Ste A,<br />
Oldsmar, FL 34677, USA<br />
Tel: (813) 855-9093<br />
Tel: (813) 855-9093<br />
Email: <strong>Health</strong>B@airvac.com<br />
Website: www.airvac.com<br />
Al-Jon Manufacturing LLC<br />
Mr. David Little<br />
15075 Al-Jon Ave, Ottumwa,<br />
Iowa 52501, USA<br />
Tel: (641) 455-5635<br />
Fax: (641) 682-6294<br />
Email: dlittle@aljon.com<br />
Website: www.aljon.com<br />
Bruker<br />
Ms. Cheryl Ehorn<br />
170 SW 52nd Street, Cape Coral,<br />
FL 33914, USA<br />
Tel: (239) 233-7272<br />
Fax: (305) 422-2287<br />
Email: cherylehorn@me.com<br />
Website: www.bruker.com<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
<strong>Institute</strong><br />
Mrs. Patricia Aquing, Executive Director<br />
P.O. Box 1111, The Morne,<br />
Castries, SAINT LUCIA<br />
Tel: (758) 452-2501<br />
Fax: (758) 453-2721<br />
Email: cehi@candw.lc (general)<br />
Website: www.cehi.org.lc<br />
Exhibitors<br />
UNEP <strong>Caribbean</strong> Environment<br />
Programme<br />
Ms. Tess Cieux<br />
14-20 Port Royal Street,<br />
Kingston,<br />
JAMAICA<br />
Tel: (876) 922-9267<br />
Fax: (876) 922-9292<br />
Email: tkc@cep.unep.org<br />
Website: www.cep.unep.org<br />
CREDP/GTZ<br />
Mr. Sven Homscheid<br />
c/o CEHI, P.O. Box 1111<br />
The Morne, Castries<br />
SAINT LUCIA<br />
Tel: (758) 452-2501<br />
Fax: (758) 453-2721<br />
Email: sven.homscheid@credp-gtz.org<br />
Florida Aquastore<br />
Mr. John Whelchel<br />
4722 N.W. Boca Raton Blvd.<br />
Suite C-102, Boca Raton,<br />
FL 33431, USA<br />
Tel: (561) 994-2400<br />
Fax: (561) 994-2444<br />
Email: john@florida-aquastore.com<br />
GEF-IWCAM Project<br />
Mr. Vincent Sweeney<br />
c/o CEHI, P.O. Box 1111,<br />
The Morne, Castries<br />
ST. LUCIA<br />
Tel: (758) 452-2501<br />
Fax: (758) 453-2721<br />
Email: Vincent.Sweeney@unep.org<br />
Website: www.iwcam.org<br />
National Environment and Planning<br />
Agency<br />
Mr. Michael Myles<br />
10 & 11 Caledonia Avenue, Kingston 5<br />
JAMAICA<br />
Tel: (876) 754-7540<br />
Fax: (876) 754-9596<br />
Email: m.myles@nepa.gov.jm<br />
Website: www.nepa.gov.jm<br />
Ocean Earth Technologies<br />
Mr. Sandy Nettles<br />
201 Alt. 19, Palm Harbor,<br />
FL 34683, USA<br />
Tel: (727) 787-5975<br />
Fax: (727) 786-3577<br />
Email: gmjuhl@tampabay.rr.com<br />
Website: OceanEarthTech.com<br />
Organisation of Eastern <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
States<br />
Ms. Tecla Fontenard / Ms. Sirah Ferdinand<br />
Morne Fortune, Castries<br />
SAINT LUCIA<br />
Tel: (758) 455-6366; 6364<br />
Fax: (758) 452-1294<br />
Email: tfontenard@oecs.org;<br />
sferdinand@oecs.org<br />
Website: www.oecs.org<br />
Peninsula Equipment<br />
Mr. Bill Padula<br />
P.O. Box 7571, Columbia,<br />
SC 29202, USA<br />
Tel: (803) 926-4227<br />
Fax: (803) 764-4819<br />
Wade Salvage Inc<br />
Mr. Andrew Wade<br />
382 Jackson Road, Atco,<br />
NJ 08004, USA<br />
Tel: (856) 767-2760<br />
Fax: (856) 767-0698<br />
Email: wadeenviro@aol.com<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Monday, June 21 st<br />
10:00 – 16:00 Arrival of Exhibitors and Set-up, Exhibition<br />
Centre (Hanover Room)<br />
12:00 – 16:00 Early Registration – Conference Secretariat<br />
(Cornwall Room)<br />
18:00 – 19:30 Opening Ceremony – (Rose Hall Ballroom)<br />
Chair: Mrs. Patricia Aquing, Executive Director, <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) and Chair of CEF-5<br />
• National Anthem<br />
• Prayer<br />
• Welcome Remarks: Dr. The Honourable Horace Chang,<br />
Minister of Water & Housing, Local Committee Chair and<br />
Honorary President of CEF-5<br />
• Remarks:<br />
• Senator The Honourable Ann Peters, Minister of<br />
<strong>Health</strong>, Grenada and Chair of the Board of CEHI<br />
• Mr. Allan Hunt, President of the Board, Clean Islands<br />
International<br />
• H.E. Ambassador Albert Ramdin, Assistant Secretary-General,<br />
Organization of American States<br />
• Dr. Sharunda Buchanan, Director, Division of Emergency<br />
and <strong>Environmental</strong> Services, National Center<br />
for <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong>, Centers for Disease Control<br />
and Prevention<br />
• Ms. Angela Cropper, United Nations Assistant Secretary<br />
General and Deputy Executive Director,<br />
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<br />
• H.E. Ambassador Jurgen Engel, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany<br />
• Ms. Michelle De Pass, Assistant Administrator Office<br />
of International Affairs, US <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection<br />
Agency<br />
• Feature Address: The Honourable Bruce Golding, Prime<br />
Minister of Jamaica<br />
• Vote of Thanks<br />
• Exhibition Opening and Official Tour – Exhibition Hall: The<br />
Honourable Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica<br />
19:30 – 21:30 Welcome Reception (Ocean’s Terrace)<br />
Agenda<br />
Fifth Biennial <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Forum & Exhibition (CEF-5)<br />
in collaboration with the<br />
Fifteenth Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Waste Management Conference (ReCaribe 2010)<br />
the<br />
Second <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum (CSEF –2)<br />
and<br />
GEF-IWCAM Partnership Forum<br />
Rose Hall Resort, Montego Bay, Jamaica<br />
June 21 st – 25 th , 2010<br />
Tuesday, June 22 nd<br />
07:30 – 09:00 Registration of participants - Conference<br />
Secretariat (Cornwall Room)<br />
09:00 – 10:30 Main Conference Plenary (Rose Hall Ballroom)<br />
Co-Chairs: Mrs. Patricia Aquing, Executive Director, CEHI and<br />
Chair of CEF-5; Mr. Peter Knight, Chief Executive Officer, National<br />
Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA)<br />
Summary and implications of the United Nations Climate<br />
Change Conference (Copenhagen, December 2009)<br />
• Introduction: Mr. Cletus Springer, Director, Department of<br />
Sustainable Development, Organization of American<br />
States (OAS)<br />
• Keynote Address 1: The Honourable Stephenson King,<br />
Prime Minister of Saint Lucia and CARICOM Head responsible<br />
for Sustainable Development and the Environment<br />
• Keynote Address 2: Ms. Angela Cropper, United Nations<br />
Assistant Secretary General and Deputy Executive Director,<br />
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<br />
10:30 – 11.00 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 – 12:30 Plenary Session Continued<br />
• Keynote Address 3: H.E. Ambassador Albert Ramdin,<br />
Assistant Secretary General, Organization of American<br />
States<br />
• Keynote Address 4: The Honourable James Robertson,<br />
Minister of Energy and Mining, Jamaica<br />
• Keynote Address 5: Dr. The Honourable Leslie<br />
Ramsammy, Minister of <strong>Health</strong>, Guyana<br />
12:30 - 14:00 Lunch<br />
14:00 - 16:00 (Plenary session continued) Co-Chairs: Mr. Vincent<br />
Sweeney, Regional Project Coordinator, GEF-funded<br />
Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management<br />
Project (IWCAM) and Mr. Thomas Scheutzlich, Principal Advi-<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION<br />
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• Climate Change-Media and Communications Perspectives:<br />
Mr. Wesley Gibbings, President, Association of <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Media Workers<br />
• Waste Management – Mr. Edison Garraway, Waste Management<br />
Expert<br />
• Sustainable Energy – <strong>Caribbean</strong> Renewable Energy Development<br />
Programme (CREDP-GTZ)- Mr. Joseph Williams,<br />
Program Manager, CARICOM Energy Program<br />
• Water Resources/Watershed Management Presentation –<br />
Dr. Christopher Cox, Programme Director, <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
<strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI)<br />
• Climate Change - <strong>Caribbean</strong> Perspectives: Dr. Kenrick<br />
Leslie, Executive Director, <strong>Caribbean</strong> Community Climate<br />
Change Centre<br />
• Discussion<br />
16:00 - 16:30 Coffee Break<br />
16:30 – 18:00 Plenary: The OAS and the <strong>Caribbean</strong>: Partners<br />
in Sustainable Development<br />
• Book Launch: Sustainable Development in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
• Introduction by Ambassador Alfonso Quinonez, Executive<br />
Secretary, Secretariat for Integral Development, OAS<br />
• Overview of the Sustainable Development Challenges in the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
• Areas of OAS Support in the Region:<br />
• Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Mitigation<br />
• Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation<br />
• Integrated Water Resources Management<br />
• <strong>Environmental</strong> Policy, Law and Governance<br />
• Land Resources and Biodiversity<br />
• Signing of a Cooperation Agreement between the OAS and<br />
CEHI<br />
• Closing Remarks<br />
Post Session and Side Events<br />
11:00 - 16:00 Side event: NEPA/GEF-IWCAM Youth Environment<br />
Forum (Mount Zion Room)<br />
18:00 - 20:00 Post-session event -Open Forum (Negril Room)<br />
Wednesday, June 23 rd<br />
Parallel Sessions<br />
09:00 – 10:30 Parallel Sessions<br />
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 – 12:30 Parallel Sessions continue<br />
12:30 – 14:00 Lunch<br />
Parallel Sessions<br />
14:00 – 15:30 Parallel Sessions<br />
15:30 – 16:00 Coffee Break<br />
16:00 – 17:30 Parallel Sessions continue<br />
Post Session and Side Events<br />
11:00 - 16:00 Side event: NEPA/GEF-IWCAM Youth Environment<br />
Forum (Mount Zion Room)<br />
18:00 - 19:00 Post- session event: United Nations Environment<br />
Programme (UNEP) CAR/RCU “Movie<br />
Night” (Negril Room)<br />
Thursday, June 24 th<br />
Parallel Sessions<br />
09:00 – 10:30 Parallel Sessions<br />
10:30 – 11: 00 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 Close of Exhibition<br />
11:00 – 12:30 Parallel Sessions continue<br />
12:30 – 14:00 Lunch<br />
14:00 – 15:30 Parallel Sessions continue<br />
19:30 CEF-5 Banquet and Awards Ceremony (Rose Hall<br />
Ballroom)<br />
Side Events<br />
14:00 - 16:00 NEPA/GEF-IWCAM Youth Environment<br />
Forum (Mount Zion Room)<br />
14:00 - 17:30 Communication for Sustainable Development<br />
Initiative (CSDI) - <strong>Caribbean</strong> Programme and the<br />
Voices for Climate Change Project PANOS Working Group<br />
Discussion on Communication for Climate Change - Synergies<br />
for a Regional Strategy (Mount Salem Room)<br />
Friday, June 25 th<br />
Field Trips & Sightseeing Tours<br />
Titles of Parallel Sessions and Room Assignments<br />
Parallel Session 1: ReCaribe Meeting: Waste Management<br />
(Rose Hall Ballroom)<br />
Parallel Session 2: Centers for Disease Control (CDC)/<br />
Water Safety Planning—experiences in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Region (Falmouth Room)<br />
Parallel Session 3: Integrating Watershed and Coastal<br />
Areas Management (IWCAM) (Port Antonio Room)<br />
Parallel Session 4: <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum<br />
(Trelawny room)<br />
Parallel Session 5: Water Resources and Coastal Zone<br />
Management (Negril Room)<br />
Parallel Session 6: <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> and Water<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Quality (Falmouth Room)<br />
Parallel Session 7: Climate Change and Appropriate Technologies<br />
(Negril Room)<br />
Pre-<strong>conference</strong> activities: 20 th June<br />
09:00 - 17:00 <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> Training in Emergency Response<br />
(EHTER) Course (Falmouth Room)<br />
14:00 - 17:00 First Co-ordination Meeting of Multilateral Agencies<br />
and Energy Sector Developmental Partners (CARICOM)<br />
(Trelawny Room)<br />
Wednesday, June 23 rd<br />
Parallel Session 1 - Wednesday 23 rd June, 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Rose Hall Ballroom)<br />
Session Title: ReCaribe 2010: 15 th Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Waste Management Conference<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Opening: Greetings and Recognitions<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Allan Hunt: Green and Clean Islands, New Perspectives<br />
on Old Issues<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Garfield Murray: Roles & Functions of the National<br />
Solid Waste Management Authority in Jamaica<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
Parallel Session 2 - Wednesday 23 rd June, 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Falmouth Room)<br />
Session Title: CDC/Water Safety Planning<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Christopher Cox and Savitri Jetoo: Water<br />
Safety Planning (WSP) Demonstration Initiative for Linden<br />
Guyana<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Laverne Walker: Wetland wastewater treatment<br />
plants as a best practice for rural settlements on impervious<br />
soils in St. Lucia<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Ashok Sookdeo: Safe Water Initiative Project:<br />
Ministry of <strong>Health</strong>, Guyana<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 12.30 <strong>Caribbean</strong> Experiences on Water Safety Development<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 15.30 Best Practices and New Guidelines<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 17.30 The LAC network and future directions<br />
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11.00 – 11.30 Hubert Urlin: Informal Waste Separation and<br />
Waste Diversion - The Guyana Experience<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Charlotte McDevitt: Sustainable Waste Management<br />
within the British Virgin Islands<br />
12.00 – 12.30 May Cornwall: Waste-to-Energy is coming to the<br />
United States Virgin Islands<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Magnus Rundquist: Integration of Energy from<br />
Waste (EfW) in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
14.30 – 15.00 Morrison Burns: A management option for landfill<br />
leachate<br />
15.00 – 15.30 Michael Dorsch: New Geosynthetic Materials<br />
Enhance Sustainability – from Solar and Synthetic-Turf Landfill<br />
Caps to Fresh Water Conservation<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Mylene Kerindongo-Vincento: Performance Management<br />
in a waste management company in Curacao<br />
16:30-17:00 Clarkston Trott: Hazardous Waste Management<br />
Practices in Bermuda<br />
17.00 – 17.30 Ed Nesselbeck: Hazardous Waste Roundtable<br />
Discussion<br />
Parallel Session 3 - Wednesday 23 rd June, 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Port Antonio Room)<br />
Session Title: Integrated Watershed and Coastal Areas<br />
Management (IWCAM) CLOSED SESSION<br />
9.00 – 10:30 Lessons Learned<br />
10.30 – 11:00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 12:30 Lessons Learned cont'd<br />
12.30 – 14:00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 15:30 Lessons Learned cont'd<br />
15.30 – 16:00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 17:30 Lessons Learned cont'd<br />
Parallel Session 4 - Wednesday 23 rd June, 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Trelawny Room)<br />
Session Title: <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum<br />
09.00 – 09.30 David Ince: More than Dollars and Cents:<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
18 Why Renewable Energy has been Slow to Take-off in the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
09.30 – 10.00 Duane Rowe: Feed-in-tariff schemes (FiTs)<br />
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10.00 – 10.30 Ales Dakic: Case study of renewable energy<br />
support incentives of Germany and United Kingdom and the<br />
applicability to the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Maxine Nestor: Energy Policy: Is there a prescribed<br />
recipe for energy policy formulation, implementation<br />
and control in CARICOM?<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Chinyere Nwaogwugwu: Trading Carbon Offsets-<br />
A <strong>Caribbean</strong> Tale<br />
12.00 – 12.30 Philipp Blechinger: Comparison of different<br />
Policy Instruments for the Power Generation Sector of Trinidad<br />
& Tobago regarding CO2-Emission Mitigation<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Benjamin Jargstoff: Are Hurricanes a Development<br />
Constraint for Wind Energy in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
14.30 – 15.00 Sven Homscheid: Hydropower development in<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong> - Lessons learned from projects in St. Vincent<br />
and Dominica<br />
15.00 – 15.30 Professor Anthony Chen: Small Scale Wind<br />
and Photovoltaics Feasibility<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Darlene Field: A cost analysis of Photovoltaic<br />
Technologies under Jamaica's Climatic Conditions<br />
16.30 – 17.00 Anthony Coleman: Building a Local Solar<br />
Panel: Issues and Experiences<br />
17.00 – 17.30 Maikel Oerbekke: Solar Cooling and Integrated<br />
Energy Efficiency to Increase Overall Savings<br />
Parallel Session 5 - Wednesday 23 rd June, 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Negril Room)<br />
Session Title: Water Resources and Coastal Zone Management<br />
09.00 - 09.30 Jason Alexander: Doubts about droughts? Elements<br />
of a suitable National Drought Policy for Trinidad and<br />
Tobago<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Joanna Richards: The Development of the SPI<br />
and NDVI for 3 study sites in Jamaica, with an investigation<br />
into their use in understanding soil water during water<br />
stressed conditions in Jamaica<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Mark Barnett: The Impact of the Present<br />
Drought on NWC Water Supply Services to Kingston and St.<br />
Andrew<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Jacob Opadeyi and Paulette Bynoe: Quantitative<br />
Assessment of the Impact of Landuse on the Biophysical<br />
Characteristics of Demerara Sub-Watershed in Guyana<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Paulette Bynoe and Jacob Opadeyi: Development<br />
of a Watershed Management Plan for the Demerara Sub-<br />
Watershed in Guyana<br />
12.00 – 12.30 Joanna Richards: An investigation into the feasibility<br />
of using SWAT at the sub-basin level for simulating hydrologic<br />
conditions in Jamaica<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Kwame Emmanuel: Sustainable freshwater<br />
management and public perception: the case of Barbados<br />
14.30 – 15.00 Angel Gonzales: Phytoplankton as biological<br />
quality element in the monitoring program of Cienfuegos Bay,<br />
Cuba<br />
15.00 – 15.30 Natalie Boodram: Protecting aquatic interfaces:<br />
riparian conservation, restoration and buffer width recommendations<br />
for rivers in Trinidad<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Richard Huber: EcoEconomics and Management<br />
Effectiveness of Marine Parks and Environs in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
16.30 – 17.00 Anthony Mckenzie: Beach access rights and<br />
justice – a case for equity considerations in resource allocation<br />
17.00 – 17.30 María E. Castellanos González: Public Awareness<br />
through non-formal environmental education in coastal<br />
communities (Cuba)<br />
Thursday, June 24 th<br />
Parallel Session 1 - Thursday June 24 th , 09:00 – 12:30<br />
(Rose Hall Ballroom)<br />
Session Title: ReCaribe 2010: 15 th Annual Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Waste Management Conference<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Karen Alleyne: PLAS-CRETE: Manufacture of<br />
Construction Blocks with shredded PET and HDPE<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Ashok Sookdeo: Biomedical Waste Management<br />
in Guyana<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Navarine Hylton: Implementation of Alternative<br />
(Non-Incineration) Medical Waste Treatment Technology in<br />
Jamaica<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Ed Nesselbeck: Biodryer Green Waste Systems<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Andy Wade: Getting the most out of E-waste<br />
and Florescent Lamp Recycling<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
12.00 – 12.30 Randy Brown: ReCaribe Planning Discussion<br />
and Closing<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
Thursday, June 24 th<br />
Parallel Session 6 - Thursday June 24 th , 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Falmouth Room)<br />
Session Title: <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> and Water Quality<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Shermaine Clauzel: Integrated Eco-health<br />
Assessment in the Americas<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Martin Forde: Assessing exposure to Persistent<br />
Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
10.00 – 10.30 Nebojsa Fieskovic: Intelligent Energy Efficiency<br />
Control in Hospitals<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 A.O. Al-jasser: Pipe service age effect on<br />
water quality during water transmission and distribution<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Sandy Nettles: Proper Well Construction Techniques<br />
and Well Field Management in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
12.00 – 12.30 May Cornwall: Wastewater infrastructure rehabilitation<br />
in the USVI<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Nilsia Johnson: Assessment of Wastewater<br />
Treatment Plants in Jamaica by the Ministry of <strong>Health</strong><br />
14.30 – 15.00 Laverne Walker and Alexandra DuBoulay:<br />
Mainstreaming Saint Lucia’s National Plan of Action through<br />
a North West Coast Water Quality Demonstration Project<br />
15.00 – 15.30 Marlyn Rameet Samad: Analysis of the<br />
Nutritional Content of Duckweed and the Quality of Water<br />
that Supports its Growth<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Gurpal Toor: Connections between Land Use<br />
Changes and Water Quality in a Subtropical Urban Coastal<br />
Watershed in Florida, USA<br />
16.30 – 17.00 Alexandra DuBoulay: Development of Recreational<br />
water standards for St. Lucia<br />
17:00-17:30 Nadia Ferguson: The GEF-Reducing Pesticide<br />
Run-off to the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sea Project (REPCar) Project<br />
Parallel Session 3 - Thursday June 24 th , 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Port Antonio Room)<br />
Session Title: Integrated Watershed and Coastal Areas<br />
Management (IWCAM)<br />
09.00 – 10.30 Lessons Learned (Open)<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 12.00 Lessons Learned (Open)<br />
12.00 – 12.30 Metiek Ngirchechol: Developing Integrated<br />
Water Resource Management in the Republic of Palau<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Lisa Kirkland: A Model for Sustainable Watershed<br />
Management: The Case of Drivers River, Portland, Jamaica<br />
14.30 – 15.00 Marko Tosic: Watershed Modeling in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>:<br />
Application of Geographic Information Systems in the<br />
Assessment and Management of Land-Based Sources of Marine<br />
Pollution<br />
15.00 – 15.30 Alex Ifill: Using GIS to monitor the potential<br />
Impact of Development on Water Supply and Coastal Zone<br />
Management in Barbados<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Trevor Thompson & Marie Claire St. Jacques:<br />
National Water Information Systems: A tool to support integrated<br />
water resources management in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
16.30 – 17.00 Halla Sahely: Combining sound science, legal<br />
action and stakeholder involvement to protect a vulnerable<br />
coastal aquifer on the island of St. Kitts<br />
17.00 – 17.30 Angel Perez: Capacity building with a new paradigm<br />
in environmental management: The Integrated Watershed<br />
and Coastal Area Management in Cienfuegos, Cuba<br />
Parallel Session 4 - Thursday June 24 th , 09:00 – 12:30<br />
(Trelawny Room)<br />
Session Title: <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy Forum<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Ernie Stapleton: Renewable Energy Development<br />
on Nevis - Lessons Learned<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Herbert Samuel: Welectricity: Energy Efficiency,<br />
meet Social Networking: A new approach to household energy<br />
efficiency<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Bill Meade: Performance Contracting for Energy<br />
Services in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Hotel Industry<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Elliot Edwards: Energy Efficiency in Typical<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> Office Buildings<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Leonard Duane: Energy Efficiency Study of<br />
Government Buildings<br />
12.00 – 12.30 To be determined<br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
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14.00 – 15.30 <strong>Caribbean</strong> Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Programme<br />
(CHENACT) ESCO Workshop Meeting (CLOSED<br />
SESSION)<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 17.30 <strong>Caribbean</strong> Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Programme<br />
(CHENACT) Meeting (CLOSED SESSION)<br />
Parallel Session 7 - Thursday June 24 th , 09:00 – 17:30<br />
(Negril Room)<br />
Session Title: Climate Change/ Appropriate Technology<br />
09.00 – 09.30 Pisi Seluganiu: Water Variability and Climate<br />
Change Related Response Measures in Tuvalu<br />
09.30 – 10.00 Benjamin Jargstorf: What is the ‘Green Paradox’<br />
and what it could mean for the <strong>Caribbean</strong>?<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Denise Simmons & Paulette Bynoe: Energy<br />
Efficiency and Carbon Emission Reduction: a review of Guyana’s<br />
Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) (climate<br />
change)<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Coffee<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Maria Protz: Communication – The Missing “C”<br />
in Community-based Coping with Climate Change in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
11.30 – 12.00 Judy Daniel: Are our laws and institutions<br />
ready for climate change?<br />
12.00 – 12.30 Pablo Rosenthal: Our Planet: Using innovation<br />
to highlight the need to use and manage natural resources<br />
efficiently in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
12.30 – 14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 – 14.30 Marc Sandy: Sustaining the development of<br />
industry in Trinidad and Tobago: Renewable Energy, Energy<br />
Efficiency and Green Manufacturing<br />
14.30 – 15.00 Natalie Boodram: An Approach to Sustainable<br />
Consumption and Production in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
15.00 – 15.30 Ruben Contreras: Cellulosic Ethanol Technology<br />
as Waste Management tool – the Belize Potential<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Coffee<br />
16.00 – 16.30 Kevin Harris: Solar Powered Automated<br />
Greenhouse Irrigation System Installation<br />
16.30 – 17.00 Christopher Cox: Rainwater Harvesting in the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Abstracts of Technical Presentations<br />
Parallel Session 1 - ReCaribe Meeting: Waste<br />
Informal Waste Separation and Waste Diversion - The Guyana<br />
Experience by Hubert Urlin<br />
All over the world much of the waste generated has found its way<br />
into landfills or open dumps and has presented major environmental<br />
challenges for governments. The competing priorities for land to<br />
accommodate housing, agriculture and industrial development have<br />
meant the placement of landfills further away from the communities<br />
they serve. Coupled with this, there has been increasing awareness<br />
of the value of some of the materials landfilled and the potential for<br />
their reuse. These factors have served to influence a movement<br />
towards waste diversion to aid in the improved utilization of material<br />
resources for industry and simultaneously provide an opportunity to<br />
lengthen the life of landfills. In several developed countries much<br />
emphasis has been given to formal waste separation systems so as<br />
to facilitate waste diversion from landfills and promote better material<br />
resource management through the promotion of waste reduction,<br />
reuse and recycling. In developing countries most of the waste management<br />
systems are still in the very primary stages of development<br />
and often there is no formal waste separation system. In many instances<br />
however because of the economic value attached to some<br />
waste materials due to their potential for reuse or recycling, there<br />
tends to be a pretty vibrant informal waste separation system. This<br />
informal system is however not generally given much credit for the<br />
impact it may be having in facilitating waste diversion from disposal<br />
sites.<br />
The experience in Georgetown Guyana has been somewhat similar<br />
with regards the informal separation of waste. While solid waste<br />
management has been an integral part of the services provided by<br />
the Municipality for a number of decades, a system of formal waste<br />
separation has not been implemented. Waste characterization studies<br />
show that materials in the waste streams are currently being<br />
informally separated in Georgetown’s collection and disposal systems<br />
account for about 18% of the waste generated. The impact/<br />
benefits being derived from the diversion of such a significant part of<br />
the waste stream deserves consideration. This paper presents the<br />
findings of such an examination of waste generated in Georgetown,<br />
Guyana.<br />
Getting the Most out of E-Waste & Florescent Lamp Recycling<br />
by Andrew L. Wade<br />
In addition, florescent lamp recycling (while not a source of revenue<br />
to the generator) will also be touched on so far as how to best<br />
sort and package lamps for recycling purposes. E-waste and<br />
lamps comprise a significant potential for toxics in a landfill or<br />
incinerator (i.e. lead, cadmium, mercury) even though they make<br />
up only a small percentage of ‘disposable’ materials. By separating<br />
out these key items for recycling, the community and environment<br />
will both be better for it.<br />
A Management option for Landfill Leachate: an Alternative<br />
Energy Potential by D. Morrison Burns<br />
The problem of Leachate production, Leachate volume, movement,<br />
storage and final discharge is of great concern to landfill<br />
operations. There are many challenges in handling this<br />
“commodity”, as a solution is sought to mitigate the fallout from<br />
environmental concerns.<br />
With the rate of production of Leachate over a given year exceeding<br />
the rate of its removal, it is quite likely that there would be a<br />
significant volume build-up. At the same time, in the interim, a<br />
myriad of volatile organic molecules would concentrate in the solution.<br />
By virtue of their complexity, or their resistance to biodegradation,<br />
and their environmentally unfriendly nature, some of the<br />
accumulated molecules render the ever concentrating leachate<br />
solution highly toxic. Many of the dissolved and accumulated<br />
molecules lend themselves to ready Bio-Methanisation, to the end<br />
point of producing, in the right conditions, copious quantities of<br />
energy molecules in the form of Methane gas.<br />
This document proposes the exploitation of landfill leachate, expressly<br />
for the production of energy. Such a process has evoked<br />
significant attention due to its affiliate advantages, from which the<br />
following factual observations cannot be overstated:<br />
1. Today, the use of Landfill-derived fuel has cleared a pathway<br />
for technological change toward the commissioning of new<br />
machines such as hybrid vehicles. One can anticipate a<br />
quantification and noticeable reduction in the consumption of<br />
“regular” fossil fuel, which presently, is the energy source of<br />
almost all internal combustion engines.<br />
2. Direct emission of Methane, into the atmosphere, has as<br />
much as six times the deleterious effects of carbon dioxide<br />
upon the ozone layer, and hence upon global warming.<br />
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This presentation will focus on best practices for recycling electronic<br />
waste and florescent lamps. The presentation will provide a description<br />
and offer suggestions on the best current sorting and segregation<br />
practices for e-waste (computers, electronics, telephone equipment,<br />
etc.) and florescent lamp recycling. By sorting and separating<br />
according to current market demands, generators of such items may<br />
offer their material for proper recycling and there exists potential for<br />
economic recovery. Information on what the recycler of e-scrap is<br />
looking for and how to identify your material will be provided.<br />
Biomedical Waste Management in Guyana: An Assessment of<br />
the Current Situation by Ashok Sookdeo<br />
The operation of health facilities in Guyana produces approximately<br />
2.5 tons of medical waste per day. Until recently, the management<br />
of this waste has been ad hoc, with both the hazardous<br />
and non-hazardous components being disposed in an environmentally<br />
insecure manner, thereby causing a number of health<br />
risks to both health workers and the public. This was attributed to<br />
the fact that this problem was not prioritized and as such there<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
22<br />
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were limited financial and human resources allocated to develop<br />
solutions. Consequently, there was no technological remedy in<br />
place to adequately deal with the final waste disposal and to manage<br />
the waste volumes, and there was no framework in place to<br />
regularize, institutionalize and legalize the management of health<br />
care waste. However, within the past 3-4 years Guyana is undergoing<br />
a significant positive change. Workers from both the private<br />
and public health facilities in both the rural, hinterland and urban<br />
districts were trained in the management of sharps and sharp<br />
boxes were provided; several small scale DeMontforte type incinerators<br />
to burn sharps were constructed in rural health facilities; a<br />
<strong>Health</strong> Facility Licensing Bill was enacted in 2008 that mandates<br />
health institutions to better manage health care waste, and within<br />
the context of this Act, medical waste regulations and guidelines<br />
that outline in detail the requirements of the various components<br />
of the waste management process, from waste generation to disposal,<br />
are near completion.<br />
The Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, with financial assistance<br />
from the World Bank, has procured a hydroclave, a compactor<br />
and a specially designed truck to transport medical waste.<br />
This service will be available to all the private health facilities<br />
within Georgetown at a cost. The construction of a modern landfill,<br />
to be operational by the end of 2010 will have a specially designed<br />
compartment to store medical and other hazardous waste. It is<br />
clear that medical waste management in Guyana is now being<br />
given the focus, priority and commitment that was previously lacking.<br />
Sustainable Waste Management within the British Virgin Islands<br />
by Charlotte McDevitt<br />
This paper develops recommendations for reducing waste and<br />
increasing resource management in the British Virgin Islands<br />
(BVI). It is based on a phenomenological approach using a systems<br />
perspective. Grounded theory is used to analyse qualitative<br />
and quantitative data. Data collection techniques include participant<br />
observation, literature reviews, interviews and a waste reduction<br />
questionnaire. This research study concludes that Integrated<br />
Waste Management (IWM) is a potentially flawed approach to<br />
apply to the setting of the British Virgin Islands mainly as IWM<br />
relies on the continued use of landfill practices. Finding suitable<br />
landfill space in Tortola, the main island of the BVI, is challenging<br />
due to the island being only 153 square kilometers of mostly hilly<br />
terrain. Waste reduction methods that focus solely on recycling<br />
pose many challenges particularly when applied to the island setting<br />
of the BVI. Thus a broader scope of waste reduction and resource<br />
management strategies is required to ensure safe and<br />
effective waste management in the future. The research study<br />
recommends that the BVI adopt a systemic approach to waste<br />
management with the ultimate aim of eliminating the need for<br />
incineration and landfill. A waste reduction and resource management<br />
strategy is outlined, in addition to possible tools that move<br />
beyond conventional recycling to include extended producer responsibility<br />
and green procurement.<br />
Hazardous Waste Round Table Discussion by Ed Nesselbeck<br />
This session consists of a round table discussion on the current<br />
state of hazardous waste generation and management in the region.<br />
Two recent Hazardous Waste Surveys conducted by the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) will be highlighted and referred<br />
to, although they will not be the prime focus of this discussion. They<br />
will provide insight to the situation as identified in Trinidad and Tobago<br />
and Guyana and offer guidance to further discussion on hazardous<br />
waste in other countries. Solid and hazardous waste managers are<br />
encouraged to attend and participate in the discussions.<br />
Roles & Functions of the National Solid Waste Management Authority<br />
in Jamaica by Garfield Murray<br />
The management of solid waste in Jamaica is the responsibility of the<br />
National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA) a local government<br />
agency incorporated in April 2001 through the enactment of<br />
the National Solid Waste Management Act of 2001. This NSWMA Act<br />
empowers the NSWMA to regulate the processing and disposal of<br />
municipal solid waste and the recycling, storage, transportation, treatment<br />
and disposal of waste islandwide. The Act also gives the Authority<br />
the power to implement various regulations.<br />
The NSWMA executes its operation through four regional offices island<br />
wide registered as Limited Liability Companies. Each regional<br />
office is responsible for the management of solid waste within its respective<br />
wasteshed. This includes public cleansing operations such<br />
as street sweeping, roadside pickup and residential solid waste collection<br />
and disposal. Other activities such as commercial waste collection,<br />
special waste disposal, cleaning and maintenance of verge and<br />
median strips along major thoroughfares as well as the maintenance<br />
of public parks is also undertaken by these regional entities. Through<br />
its regional entities the NSWMA regulates the operations and management<br />
of 8 disposals sites island-wide.<br />
Approximately 1.2 million tonnes of municipal solid waste are generated<br />
across the island each year. Of this total an average of 75% is<br />
disposed of at the disposal sites within the four wastesheds. The remaining<br />
portion is either recycled, reused or ends up somewhere in<br />
the environment, predominantly our waterways and shoreline. The<br />
NSWMA, in order to curb and eradicate the illegal disposal of solid<br />
waste has embarked on an island wide campaign, educating the public<br />
on how to properly manage and dispose of their waste. It is our<br />
intention that at the end of this campaign that the attitude and practices<br />
of the populace would have changed and that the NSWMA will<br />
have a greater impact in contributing to preservation of public health,<br />
environmental aesthetics and beauty of Jamaica.<br />
PLAS-CRETE: Manufacture of Construction Blocks with shredded<br />
PET and HDPE by Karen Alleyne<br />
This project is based on the development, testing and evaluation of<br />
lightweight aggregate cementitious products utilizing shredded Polyethylene<br />
terephthalate (PET) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)<br />
from crushed drink bottles and crates. The innovation for this project<br />
is twofold. Firstly, thousands of PET and HDPE plastic materials, particularly<br />
plastic bottles, are improperly disposed of each day resulting<br />
in large volumes of plastic waste entering and remaining in the natural<br />
environment. This has become a solid waste management challenge<br />
in Guyana since it is estimated that hundreds of tonnes of PET plastic<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
ottles are discarded yearly in Georgetown alone. Secondly, efficient<br />
means of re-using waste plastic, particularly PET and HDPE<br />
must be found since in developing countries it may not be economically<br />
viable to recycle, based on the volumes of plastic produced.<br />
To solve this problem, efficient means of recycling and/or re-using<br />
waste plastic, particularly PET and HDPE must be found. In more<br />
developed societies, recycling technology has been the solution of<br />
choice but in developing countries, like Guyana and other Caricom<br />
Countries, it may not be economically viable based on the relatively<br />
small volumes of plastic produced. Hence we need to determine<br />
innovative ways to re-use plastic since, presently it is not viable to<br />
recycle. It is for this reason the author embarked on using shredded<br />
PET and HDPE as aggregates in construction material. With<br />
the alteration of mix ratios, compressive strengths ranging from<br />
1000 psi to 3781psi were obtained for the blocks having been moist<br />
cured for 7, 14 and 28 days.<br />
These values indicated that the blocks can be used for moderate<br />
strength (1000-1200 psi) and structural light weight concrete (>2500<br />
psi) applications such as floors in high–rise buildings (to reduce<br />
support load requirements), and as thermal and sound insulation in<br />
walls and roof panels (Kosmatka/PCA). With the alteration of mix<br />
ratios and the use of a combination of different plastic types and<br />
sizes according to a prescribed method, higher compressive<br />
strengths can be obtained.<br />
Integration of Energy from Waste (EFW) in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by<br />
Magnus Rundqwist and Peter Chromec<br />
The maximum environmental benefits from a new Energy from<br />
Waste (EFW) facility may require locating the new plant close to<br />
both the source of the waste and the potential energy customers.<br />
This paper will present design features that allow them to be located<br />
directly into a <strong>Caribbean</strong> environment while minimizing their<br />
impact on the community and often improving the quality of life of<br />
the surrounding communities.<br />
Some of the additional benefits gained by locating an EFW facility<br />
on location in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> are:<br />
• Minimizing the cost and the environmental impact of transporting<br />
the waste over distances by treating the waste where it is<br />
produced. This contributes to a reduction in number of trucks<br />
on the roads, a reduction in emissions from these trucks, a<br />
reduction in green house gas emissions with reduced transport<br />
fuel requirements, a reduction in the potential for odors and<br />
spills with shorter transport distances.<br />
• Providing electrical generation at the point of consumption.<br />
• Possible revenue from disposal fees from cruise ships.<br />
• Producing shore protection /concrete blocks ash handling.<br />
• Reducing the dependence on imported oil for electrical generation<br />
and for heating / cooling.<br />
• Providing secure and well paying jobs for member of the community.<br />
• Reducing the carbon foot print of the community as an EFW<br />
plant is considered a carbon sink and municipal waste is often<br />
classified as renewable energy.<br />
An EFW plant typically leads to higher recycling rate, both pre and<br />
post combustion.<br />
Some of the specific measures that have been considered for a<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> EFW plant environment are architectural enhancements,<br />
more stringent noise and odor control, significant reduction<br />
or even elimination of visible plumes. An applicable case study<br />
included in this paper will be the Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility,<br />
Bermuda.<br />
Waste-to-Energy is Coming to the United States Virgin Islands<br />
by May Cornwall<br />
After several attempted procurements over 20 years, the U.S. Virgin<br />
Islands has signed contracts for the development of two refusederived<br />
fuel waste-to-energy projects. This presentation will address<br />
the various challenges faced by island communities, and the<br />
U.S. Virgin Islands in particular, in developing waste-to-energy<br />
projects as its long-term solid waste management solution. It will<br />
explore how two governmental agencies, the Virgin Islands Waste<br />
Management Authority and the Virgin Islands Water and Power<br />
Authority worked hand-in-hand to overcome such challenges and<br />
make the projects a reality.<br />
Many facets of these projects are quite different from the vast majority<br />
of the waste-to-energy plants previously developed in the<br />
United States. These areas include the procurement process, the<br />
chosen developer, the fuel supply arrangement, the financing, the<br />
contract structure and the risk allocation between the parties.<br />
These and other unique features will be described as well as the<br />
reasons for them and how and why the VI government has become<br />
comfortable with and embraced such features.<br />
Finally, the presentation will examine why the development of<br />
these projects to the current stage has succeeded while so many<br />
previous attempts have failed, with the hope that municipalities and<br />
developers interested in developing new waste-to-energy projects<br />
can walk away with valuable lessons learned.<br />
New Geosynthetic Materials Enhance Sustainability – From<br />
Solar and Synthetic-Turf Landfill Caps to Fresh Water Conservation<br />
by Michael Dorsch<br />
This presentation will highlight the use of new geosynthetics and<br />
PV materials in several innovative liquid and waste containment<br />
applications that enhance sustainability. The Tessman Road Landfill<br />
Solar Energy Cover System which utilizes flexible photo-voltaic<br />
(solar) panels on an exposed-membrane landfill cap to generate<br />
electricity on what would normally be unutilized land will be discussed.<br />
The author will also highlight a project in Abu Dhabi for which a<br />
desalinization-derived fresh-water reservoir system was designed<br />
and built to include an evaporation cover to conserve the valuable<br />
resource as well as a synthetic-turf landfill closure system that<br />
reduces installation and maintenance costs, increases available<br />
landfill air-space and improves the quality of storm water discharge.<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
24 Implementation of Alternative (Non-Incineration) Medical<br />
Waste Treatment Technology in Jamaica by Navarine Natisia<br />
Hylton<br />
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In Jamaica, it is estimated that the health sector generates approximately<br />
1,596 tonnes of medical waste annually, of which 83% is<br />
produced by public health care facilities (MOH 2005). At present,<br />
there are no environmentally sound medical waste treatment systems<br />
at public (or private) healthcare facilities. Most healthcare<br />
facilities treat their medical waste with very old (over 20 years) and<br />
poorly maintained on-site incinerators or ‘burn boxes’, which are<br />
not fit for the treatment of medical waste (Crown Agent 2003).<br />
Further, on numerous occasions when the incinerators are out of<br />
service, medical waste is either burnt and/or dumped illegally at<br />
municipal controlled disposal sites, in gullies, or on vacant lands.<br />
The cost of the negative effects of improper handling and disposal<br />
practices is a burden on the public purse. Over the years, there<br />
have been several negative media reports and community concerns<br />
highlighting the problems, and placing the institutions under<br />
tremendous pressure to take corrective measures.<br />
Against this background, the Government of Jamaica is investing in<br />
appropriate technology for the treatment of infectious medical<br />
waste. Currently, the Ministry of <strong>Health</strong> is implementing a program<br />
aimed at improving the overall management of medical waste in<br />
the public health system. It includes:<br />
• Procurement and installation of four regional medical waste<br />
collection and treatment facilities with steam sterilization and<br />
shredding treatment technology;<br />
• Development of National Medical Waste Management Policy,<br />
Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines;<br />
• Standardization of waste management procedures in all<br />
healthcare facilities;<br />
• Implementation of waste segregation and minimization strategies;<br />
and,<br />
• Training of healthcare staff in proper waste management.<br />
The procurement and installation of the regional medical waste<br />
collection and treatment facilities will be implemented in two<br />
phases: phase 1 in the largest health region (Region 1) and phase<br />
2 in the other health regions. Phase 1 was successfully implemented<br />
in 2008 under the World Bank Funded National HIV/STI<br />
Programme.<br />
Waste Diversion and Energy Production with a Bio-Dryer by<br />
Ed Nesselbeck<br />
This presentation will focus on the beneficial uses of the in-vessel<br />
bio-dryer system. Bio-dryers have a long and successful history for<br />
generating high quality fuel derived from the green waste in a relatively<br />
short time duration and offer an excellent option for waste<br />
diversion.<br />
The organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) typically<br />
ends up either being land-filled, incinerated or composted. One of<br />
the most efficient methods of composting (the Wrighttech tunnels)<br />
has been modified to provide a superior way to handle these<br />
organic wastes and bio-solids. As an alternative use, the Wrighttech<br />
tunnels are now used to create a viable fuel product for combustion<br />
in a combined heat & power (CHP) boiler.<br />
Green waste from MSW streams, sewage sludge (bio-solids) and<br />
food wastes can now by diverted from the landfill and turned into a<br />
“Green, carbon-neutral” fuel. The on-site CHP will combust the<br />
fuel, generate hot water, process steam and electricity. Additionally,<br />
the CHP may be designed for further beneficial use such as<br />
combusting health care facility infectious waste.<br />
Another beneficial use for the bio-dryer is for the low-cost alternative<br />
of contaminated soil treatment and cleanup. Soils contaminated<br />
with petroleum products and chlorinated organics can be<br />
treated in the bio-dryer for complete destruction of the contaminants<br />
of concern through a proprietary process.<br />
Performance Management as Implemented in a Waste Management<br />
Company by Mylenne Kerindongo-Vicento<br />
Waste Management Companies have to perform and survive in a<br />
complex, competitive, fast-changing economic-social-and political<br />
environment. Strategic goals are effective only when a company<br />
can measure and monitor its progress accurately and can align the<br />
entire organization in the pursuit of those goals. The globalization<br />
trend being part of this fast changing economy is showing signals<br />
needing consideration in both large corporations as well as households<br />
in the community. Today Selikor Llc., Waste Management<br />
Company of the Island of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles is facing<br />
ongoing changes. In an unpredictable economic environment it is<br />
imperative to have operations well controlled. The effective and<br />
efficient performance of Selikor’s operational activities is crucial to<br />
its overall business success. In Selikor’s business plan, the vision,<br />
mission and goals are well defined. The management of Selikor<br />
introduced a management system that can monitor and evaluate<br />
the day-to-day performance of the operations and can indicate<br />
corrective measures if necessary, in a timely manner. Selikor has<br />
two types of management teams to control the quality of service<br />
delivered by the company, the management team and the quality<br />
team. The management team, consisting of the CEO and the senior<br />
managers determines the firm’s strategic direction and reviews<br />
operational and financial performances. To pursue organizational<br />
goals, Selikor has implemented a performance management system.<br />
The Performance management system is a closed circuit and<br />
consists of the following phases: plan, select, collect, analyze, interpret,<br />
decide, commit, take action, and review.<br />
Performance management can be described as a management<br />
process for taking actions in response to actual performances thus<br />
making outcomes better than they would otherwise be. Performance<br />
management can also be described as conducting operations<br />
of a company through the critical performance indicators. By translating<br />
organizational strategy into the five performance objectives<br />
(quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost) and identifying<br />
their relative importance, operations can focus on what is important<br />
and as a result will function as planned. Performance management<br />
arrangements can help to integrate planning, review financial management<br />
and improvement systems to enable policy makers and<br />
managers to make informed decisions and improve services to<br />
meet client’s goals.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Selikor has implemented this management system first as a pilot<br />
project in one department in 2004. In the second phase an extension<br />
took place to the four operational departments and in 2010 the<br />
staff departments have been added to the project. Daily measurements<br />
of performances of the services are taken. When performances<br />
are noted, through interventions the processes are revised,<br />
and changes are made for the continuous improvement. By delivering<br />
the most effective level of service to clients, innovative solutions<br />
that bring value to the client base, and a properly and timely billing<br />
system, the company will distinguish herself in such a positive way<br />
that it can survive in a complex, competitive, fast-changing economic-social-and<br />
political environment.<br />
Parallel Session 2 - Centers for Disease Control<br />
/ Water Safety Planning (Falmouth<br />
Safe Water Initiative Project: Ministry of <strong>Health</strong>, Guyana by<br />
Ashok Sookdeo<br />
Within the past decade the prevalence of acute diarrhoeal diseases<br />
in Guyana has increased more than triple fold. Whilst it may be argued<br />
that this is the result of improved surveillance by the Ministry<br />
of <strong>Health</strong>, the steady annual increase noted within the last ten years<br />
is a justified cause for concern. Moreover, the prevalence rate of<br />
acute diarrhoea in the interior locations of Guyana, where the Amerindians<br />
reside, is alarmingly higher. In most instances the prevalence<br />
of diarrhoea in these remote regions ranges from 50 to 234.<br />
These high figures are likely the result of the reliance on the creeks,<br />
ponds and rivers for drinking water, and poor sanitary conditions.<br />
The prevalence of diarrhoea is high both in the rainy and dry season<br />
and this can be explained by the fact that intense rainfall washes<br />
contaminants into water supplies. Drought conditions diminishes<br />
the availability of fresh water. To this end the <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
Unit of the Ministry of <strong>Health</strong>, Guyana, has developed a multipronged<br />
approach that encompasses education and training, advocacy,<br />
social marketing and hygiene promotion to tackle the diarrhoeal<br />
problem.<br />
There are three primary activities developed in this safe water initiative<br />
which commenced in February 2010. Firstly, <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
<strong>Health</strong> Officers, Community <strong>Health</strong> Workers and other allied health<br />
staff from areas where there is a higher prevalence of diarrhoea are<br />
being trained to assist their community develop good hygiene practices<br />
and to implement initiatives for household water treatment.<br />
Secondly, nine thousand bottles of Chlorosol, a user friendly chlorine<br />
solution developed in Guyana for the treatment of non-turbid<br />
waters, and one million sachets of PuR for the treatment of turbid<br />
waters are being distributed to vulnerable households. The distribution<br />
of PuR is mostly in the interior regions where there is a greater<br />
reliance on river, creek and pond water. Five gallon bottles, funnels,<br />
buckets and cotton cloth which are accessories needed for the use<br />
of PuR are also being distributed. Thirdly, to promote the use of the<br />
water treatment products Chlorosol and PuR and the techniques to<br />
improve the consumption of safe water a public awareness campaign<br />
utilizing television, radio, the press, pamphlets, posters and<br />
community meetings are being conducted. The mass media campaign<br />
is also geared to market Chlorosol as an excellent product for<br />
treating pipe and rain water. Questionnaires will be administered to<br />
households that are provided with both PuR and Chlorosol to assess<br />
the effectiveness of the various components of the safe water<br />
initiative.<br />
Water Safety Planning (WSP) Demonstration Initiative for<br />
Linden, Guyana by Christopher Cox and Savitri Jetoo<br />
Water safety planning (WSP) is a risk assessment and risk management<br />
approach recommended under Chapter 4 of the World<br />
<strong>Health</strong> Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality<br />
3 rd Edition (2004) that seeks to enhance the management of processes<br />
that impact the quality of water supply along all steps in the<br />
supply chain; from catchment to consumer. The WSP approach is<br />
now being piloted and implemented within water supply systems in<br />
many parts of the world, and work has been initiated in some <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
countries through the support of regional and international<br />
development partners. This paper describes the project development<br />
methodology and plans for the implementation of a WSP initiative<br />
in Guyana that was led by the Government of Guyana and<br />
the Guyana Water Incorporated (GWI), with support from the United<br />
States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National<br />
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) and the Pan-American<br />
<strong>Health</strong> Organization (PAHO).<br />
The project sought to demonstrate implementation of a holistic approach<br />
aimed at addressing the key issues of water source protection<br />
and its linkage to drinking water and ambient water quality, and<br />
demonstration of the design of a system-wide water safety plan<br />
(WSP) for water supply and distribution. Guyana’s second-largest<br />
city, Linden, was selected as the pilot community for the project.<br />
The water source protection component of this pilot initiative was<br />
formulated within the framework of the Global Programme of Action<br />
(GPA) for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-<br />
Based Sources (LBS) of Pollution, a global agreement committed to<br />
by governments worldwide to improve the health of coastal and<br />
marine waters. Watersheds that drain the areas within and around<br />
Linden constituted the geographic study area for development of a<br />
local-level National Plan of Action (NPA) to minimize pollution into<br />
the ambient environment, with specific emphasis on protection of<br />
source waters used for drinking water supply to the Linden community.<br />
The joint Water Safety Planning (WSP) and National Plan of Action<br />
(NPA) framework for water source protection demonstrated in Guyana<br />
will be of value to other <strong>Caribbean</strong> SIDS in the development of<br />
management approaches to improve quality of water supply systems.<br />
Waste Water Treatment Plants as a Best Practice for Rural Settlements<br />
on Impervious Soils by LaVerne Walker and Cornelius<br />
Isaac<br />
The Fond d’Or watershed is the second largest in Saint Lucia comprising<br />
10,230 acres. The absence of adequate forest cover, along<br />
with poor waste, land-use, and soil management practices adopted<br />
by resource users, are the main causes of the environmental degradation<br />
and resultant acute water problems experienced in this wa-<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Parallel Session 3 - Integrated Watershed<br />
and Coastal Areas Management (Port An-<br />
26<br />
tershed. The community of Au Leon, located within the Fond d’Or Nevis. The potable water extracted from this aquifer represents over<br />
Watershed, is a dense residential area that sits on a hillside. Due 40% of the total water supply for St. Kitts. The area is subject to urban<br />
to the topography, geology, and poor land and soil management<br />
practices in the area, much of the surface consist of exposed bedrock.<br />
encroachment, inappropriate land use and threats from pollution.<br />
A project was devised and implemented using an integrated approach<br />
As a consequence of this situation, few household septic to help government and communities take practical actions to protect<br />
tank systems are associated with effective ‘soakaways’; a system<br />
where wastewater filters through soil. Instead, most wastewater<br />
this vulnerable aquifer by demonstrating proper management and<br />
protection. The project is supported by the Global Environment Facility<br />
(GEF) as part of the Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas<br />
(black and grey) is discharged directly into waterways such as<br />
gutters and gullies, and ultimately the river, impacting negatively<br />
on water quality in the area.<br />
Management (IWCAM) project for <strong>Caribbean</strong> Small Island States. The<br />
two major outcomes of the project are a water resources management<br />
plan and establishment of a National Park in the well-field area.<br />
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To address this aspect of poor waste water management within the<br />
community, a number of studies were undertaken including an<br />
assessment of pollutants within the community, as well as a baseline<br />
survey on sewage management in the community of Au Leon.<br />
Four demonstration waste water treatment wetlands were constructed<br />
to treat black water from septic tanks. Their design takes<br />
into account the topography of the area, as well as the use of locally<br />
available materials.<br />
This paper discusses the activities undertaken as part of this pilot<br />
project, including the major role of the community in the implementation<br />
of the project, as well as the key lessons learnt.<br />
Using GIS to monitor the potential impact of development on<br />
water supply and coastal zone management in Barbados by<br />
Alex Ifill<br />
Between 1990 and 2009, forty one thousand building lots have<br />
been submitted for development in Barbados. Given the “waterscare”<br />
nature of the country, the already high population density<br />
and potential impact on both fresh and marine water resources,<br />
the environmental impact of such development must be closely<br />
monitored.<br />
Given the water scarce status of the country there could be significant<br />
challenges in responding to drought as the island approaches<br />
its limit of renewable water resources. Secondly, recent studies<br />
have shown increasing nitrates in the groundwater. This trend<br />
mirrors the increasing population density as one moves towards<br />
the coast. This is of significant importance to the management of<br />
the marine environment.<br />
A comprehensive hydrogeologic evaluation of the aquifer was undertaken.<br />
Traditional methods and novel techniques were utilized to better<br />
understand and characterize the aquifer. The paper will highlight<br />
the main findings of the study including hydrogeologic interpretations,<br />
water quality analysis and modelling of contaminant transport and<br />
pumping regimes under various scenarios. Multi-electrode electrical<br />
resistivity (MER), a novel surface geophysical technique, was used to<br />
delineate the thickness and distribution of sediments throughout the<br />
aquifer, zones of increased porosity, zones of possible contamination<br />
and the fresh/salt water interface.<br />
At present, the majority of the Basseterre Valley watershed is vegetated<br />
land with over 30% representing disused government-owned<br />
sugar cane fields. As a result, there is a lot of pressure to develop<br />
these lands. The transformation of the landscape has brought with it<br />
associated pollution threats. In addition, a review of environmental<br />
laws and policies revealed a fragmented approach to water issues<br />
exacerbated by weak enforcement. An action plan with various time<br />
horizons was devised to cope with these issues and will be discussed<br />
in this paper.<br />
The cornerstone of the project was the establishment of a National<br />
Park around the sensitive well-field area. A park management plan<br />
was also devised. This final component serves to unify the scientific<br />
data uncovered as part of the water resources assessment, the legal<br />
actions taken to update water legislation and to declare the protected<br />
area and the involvement of key stakeholders, all of which are key<br />
ingredients for success. This project is novel and multi-faceted in its<br />
approach to protect a vulnerable coastal aquifer.<br />
Capacity building with a new paradigm in environmental management:<br />
the Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management in<br />
Cienfuegos, Cuba by Ángel R. León Pérez, María E. Castellanos<br />
González and Dra. Clara E. Miranda Vera<br />
A GIS package based on ArcView 3.2 was developed to analyse<br />
the potential impact of the development over the period 1990 to<br />
2009 on the water supply and groundwater quality.<br />
Combining sound science, legal action and stakeholder involvement<br />
to protect a vulnerable coastal aquifer on the island<br />
of St. Kitts by Halla Sahely, Sandy Nettles, Ravidya Burrowes<br />
and Glenn Haas<br />
The unconfined coastal aquifer underlying the Basseterre Valley is<br />
a significant economic and social asset for the people of St. Kitts-<br />
The application of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is<br />
necessary for the sustainable development in Cuba. However, for<br />
successful environmental management of these areas, it is necessary<br />
to merge the conceptual frame of the ICZM with that of Integrated<br />
Watershed and Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) in addition to<br />
incorporating an environmental and social perspective.<br />
This paradigm shift has been incorporated within the ICZM Capacity<br />
Building Programme of Cienfuegos University, the Centre of Environment<br />
Research of Cienfuegos (CEAC) and other universities since<br />
2002. The initiative has been sponsored by University Partnerships in<br />
Cooperation and Development and the Canadian International Development<br />
Agency. The objectives of the present paper are: 1) to argue<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
the importance of the vision of IWCAM for the formal education<br />
(through the ICZM masters programme) of specialists, functionaries<br />
and decision-makers; making them more conscious of the environment-society<br />
relationship and educating them for active participation<br />
in the decision-making process and 2) - to define how this process<br />
was executed through modifications to the original ICZM Masters<br />
Programme. The IWCAM vision and approach has also spread<br />
to the Villa Clara and Matanzas provinces. The success of the<br />
masters programme paved the way for an IWCAM diploma course<br />
in 2008 catering to specialists and functionaries of Cienfuegos province.<br />
The was implemented in CEAC with the graduation of 26 students<br />
from 12 different enterprises, 7 of these graduated are now<br />
pursuing the Master’s in ICZM.<br />
A Model for Sustainable Watershed Management: The Case of<br />
Drivers River, Portland, Jamaica by Lisa Kirkland<br />
Jamaica is divided into twenty-six Watershed Management Units<br />
(WMUs). Over the years it has been a challenge to sustainably<br />
manage these watersheds. A Watershed Model was developed<br />
under the Global Environment Facility funded Project, “Integrating<br />
Watershed and Coastal Areas Management (GEF - IWCAM), implemented<br />
by National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA),<br />
using an integrated approach in the Drivers River Watershed Management<br />
Unit of Portland. The aim of the model is to provide watershed<br />
practitioners, government agencies, NGOs, funding agencies<br />
and the ordinary citizens a simple, practical and flexible method of<br />
achieving sustainable watershed management using lessons<br />
learned from previous projects as well as other local and regional<br />
watershed initiatives. Hence, the Model is intrinsically <strong>Caribbean</strong> in<br />
nature.<br />
It is envisioned that this Model will be implemented on a wide scale,<br />
as it calls for the involvement of all stakeholders “pooling” together<br />
their limited resources to bring about the much needed rehabilitation<br />
of watersheds and this is definitely needed in these trying economic<br />
times. The strength of the model therefore lies in the ability<br />
of state agencies and communities to collaborate and deliver improvement<br />
in watersheds as seen in the case of the Drivers Watershed.<br />
It also provides a means of replication which eliminates overlapping<br />
or duplication of efforts. Further the Model is practical allowing<br />
an implementer to deliver initiatives on a phased basis until<br />
resources are available to implement the Model in its entirety.<br />
This paper outlines and examines the ten components of the GEF-<br />
IWCAM/NEPA Watershed Model which are as follows:<br />
1. Engaging the Community<br />
2. Governance Approach<br />
3. Reconnaissance of Resources<br />
4. Capacity Building through Training<br />
5. Established Indicators for Assessment and Evaluation<br />
6. <strong>Environmental</strong> Monitoring, Mitigation and Evaluation<br />
7. Capacity Building to Access External Funds for<br />
Community Project<br />
8. Developing Sustainable Livelihoods<br />
9. Capturing Lessons Learnt<br />
10. Broadcasting the Experience<br />
The mechanism by which the Model is to be implemented is by the<br />
use of a memorandum of understanding (MOU). The Secretariat<br />
for the Model would be the NEPA and the progress and use of the<br />
Model will be tracked and made available to all partner agencies<br />
as well as other interested parties. To date after the engagement<br />
of twelve (12) agencies, ten (10) have signed the MOU.<br />
Watershed Modeling in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>: Application of Geographic<br />
Information Systems in the Assessment and Management<br />
of Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution by Marko<br />
Tosic<br />
Considerable documentation has been produced showing the<br />
degradation of marine environments caused by land-based<br />
sources (LBS) of pollution, the mitigation of which constitutes the<br />
mandate of the LBS Protocol of the Cartagena Convention. Effective<br />
management of these pollutants requires assessment of the<br />
various terrestrial sources of pollution and the overall loads of<br />
pollutants discharged to the marine environment. However, estimating<br />
pollutant loads may present a significant challenge without<br />
sufficient technical and financial resources, which is commonly the<br />
case in the Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Region (WCR). The application of<br />
geographic information systems (GIS) presents an efficient and<br />
cost-effective means for both managing an inventory of LBS of<br />
pollution and calculating estimates of effluent pollutant loads. GISbased<br />
watershed models allow users to predict the discharge of<br />
surface water runoff and the pollutants carried with it based on<br />
hydrological monitoring data and a GIS database of watershed<br />
characteristics. This paper reviews examples of watershed<br />
modeling done in the WCR and compares the models, data, and<br />
resources needed in the case of each example. This paper also<br />
presents the past and future GIS capacity building efforts of the<br />
Assessment and Management of <strong>Environmental</strong> Pollution (AMEP)<br />
Sub-Programme of the UNEP’s <strong>Caribbean</strong> Environment Programme<br />
and its GEF-funded Integrating Watershed and Coastal<br />
Areas Management in <strong>Caribbean</strong> Small Island Developing States<br />
(IWCAM) Project.<br />
Developing Integrated Water Resource Management in the<br />
Republic of Palau by Metiek Kimie Ngirchechol and Lynna Thomas<br />
Watershed management in the Republic of Palau has been constrained<br />
by the lack of effective mechanisms to integrate the diverse<br />
range of community interests in decision making. This is<br />
largely due to overlapping and fragmented efforts from numerous<br />
government agencies with responsibilities for land and water management.<br />
A burgeoning coastal tourism sector, overloaded wastewater<br />
and treatment infrastructure, and coastal water quality problems<br />
are driving demand for more streamlined delivery of water<br />
related services in Palau. This paper outlines initiatives to address<br />
this need through the adoption of Integrated Water Resources<br />
Management approaches in Palau which focus on “ridge to reef”<br />
and “community to cabinet” principles. The first step in this process<br />
has involved actions aimed at establishing effective crosssectorial<br />
collaboration at the national level, and the creation of<br />
efficient inter-linkages and feed back loops between national and<br />
community priorities and actions. These include the review and<br />
design of the policy and legal settings to facilitate<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION<br />
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“horizontal” (inter-sectorial) and “vertical” (national-community governance)<br />
interactions and networking between stakeholders. It is<br />
envisaged that a National Apex Water Body will be established to<br />
carry out necessary institutional reforms and to reconcile both sectoral<br />
and national interests and priorities for water.<br />
These broader policy reforms are being complemented by a national<br />
IWRM demonstration project which focuses on sustainable water<br />
management using “ridge to reef” principles. This Global Environment<br />
Facility (GEF) funded initiative is aimed at restoring the<br />
Ngerikiil watershed to improve surface water quality. This demonstration<br />
project is designed to act as a catalyst for replication and<br />
scaling-up approaches to improve water resource management and<br />
to inform broader policy and legal reforms in Palau.<br />
National Water Information Systems: a Tool to Support Integrated<br />
Water Resources Management in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by<br />
Trevor Thompson, Marie-Claire St-Jacques, Adrian Trotman, Andreas<br />
Haiduk, Catherine Senecal and Chandra A. Madramootoo<br />
National Water Information Systems (NWIS) are powerful tools to<br />
contribute to the strengthening of Integrated Water Resources Management<br />
(IWRM) in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and to address the problems of<br />
compartmentalized data, lack of central storage, and limited access<br />
to data for decision-making in water management. This paper reviews<br />
the development process of the NWIS in two <strong>Caribbean</strong> countries,<br />
Jamaica and Grenada, outlines their main outcomes to date<br />
along with the challenges encountered and lessons learnt, and provides<br />
an overview of their potential for the wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> region.<br />
NWIS serve as the official repository for hydrologic, climate, land,<br />
watershed, infrastructure and water-related data. They are extremely<br />
powerful quantitative and qualitative tools which allow not<br />
only the archiving of data, but also display information in a very<br />
comprehensive and visual manner to give a snapshot of the water<br />
resources at any time and geographical scale. The Grenada NWIS<br />
has significantly expanded on the capabilities of the earlier Jamaican<br />
version through (i) the introduction of a user-friendly system<br />
administration interface that readily facilitates the inclusion of new<br />
parameters into the database and (ii) links to Google Earth imagery.<br />
Since their implementation, the systems have brought together data<br />
previously scattered across different agencies, providing timely information<br />
to decision-makers and planners freely and remotely<br />
through internet access. On a regional scale, the Grenada NWIS<br />
offers a starting point for the modernization and standardization of<br />
data management led by the <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> for Meteorology<br />
and Hydrology (CIMH).<br />
Parallel Session 4 - <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable<br />
Performance Contracting for Energy Services in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Hotel Industry by Bill Meade<br />
Despite high energy costs and associated utility bills, <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
hotels have not invested in energy efficiency beyond low-cost, rapid<br />
payback period options. As new technologies become available,<br />
and governments are introducing policies to reduce their dependence<br />
on imported oil and greenhouse gas emissions, the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
hotel industry is taking a harder look at investments in energy efficiency<br />
and renewable energy.<br />
At the same time, <strong>Caribbean</strong> hoteliers are facing financial challenges<br />
due to the soft leisure travel market. While investments in<br />
energy efficiency and renewable energy can yield attractive returns,<br />
there is skepticism of the advertised performance (e.g., energy<br />
savings) of new, imported technologies. Hoteliers are unlikely to<br />
pursue high capital cost and long payback period (greater than 2<br />
years) investments.<br />
Companies offering energy-efficiency related and other valueadded<br />
services under some form of performance contracting<br />
(ESCOs) offer <strong>Caribbean</strong> hoteliers an option for capitalizing on<br />
energy improvements (savings). The ESCO arranges the financing,<br />
and guarantees a level of performance, overcoming two major<br />
hurdles. This paper will review the opportunities and challenges<br />
facing ESCOs operating in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> hotel market. It will present<br />
the results of a ESCO industry survey conducted under the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> Hotel Energy Efficiency Action (CHENACT) Program.<br />
Hydropower development in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> - Lessons learned<br />
from projects in St. Vincent and Dominica by Sven Homscheid<br />
In 2009 and early 2010 CREDP studied three hydropower projects<br />
in St. Vincent (two rehabilitations of existing plants and one new<br />
development) and one hydropower project in Dominica (new development<br />
at an existing pipeline). For all three projects feasibility<br />
studies including environmental and social impact assessments<br />
were carried out. The paper describes the approach taken towards<br />
the development, the projects, challenges encountered, lessons<br />
learned and technical details of the projects. The logical sequence<br />
of steps of the project development are described, including related<br />
studies that were needed beforehand or simultaneous to the feasibility<br />
studies. The outcomes of the feasibility studies are presented<br />
and discussed, and the suggested approach for further implementation<br />
is outlined. In the case of the three hydropower projects in St.<br />
Vincent, the electricity utility is the developer while in the case of<br />
the project in Dominica the water utility is the developer. The different<br />
project evaluation criteria resulting from the different nature of<br />
investors are described. All projects are intended to be implemented<br />
and the different tendering approaches are discussed.<br />
Project financing was identified as the major barrier and solutions<br />
are offered in this paper to overcome this problem. The issue of<br />
preparing investment opportunities in the hydropower sector in<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> territories and the role of governments and other players<br />
will also be addressed.<br />
Appropriate Technologies and Systems in Response to Climate<br />
Change Small Scale Wind and Photovoltaics Feasibility<br />
by Anthony Chen and Anthony Hill<br />
Alternative sources of non-hydrocarbon energy were first given<br />
serious consideration during the fuel crisis of the late 70’s. However<br />
support for research in this area declined as soon as the cost<br />
of oil declined in the 80’s. Renewed interest in alternative sources<br />
has been sparked by the fuel crisis of 2008 and sustained by the<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
concerns of global warming. Alternative sources of energy are<br />
the major appropriate technologies and systems to respond to<br />
climate change. On the promises of these sources depends the<br />
much sought after global agreement to reduce GHG emissions to<br />
levels such that temperature rises would be limited to 1.5°C<br />
above pre-industrial levels. But these sources must compete<br />
economically with fossil fuel if the requisite investments are to be<br />
made in good time. The economic feasibility of two of the more<br />
readily available renewable energy sources, wind and photovoltaics,<br />
applied on a domestic scale to the situation in Jamaica will<br />
be explored. The methodology will involve the comparison of the<br />
present cost of producing energy using renewable energy<br />
sources compared with the cost of fossil fuel energy over the<br />
lifetime of the renewable energy source in terms of constant dollars.<br />
In areas of strong wind regimes, the use of wind is shown to<br />
be more economical than fossil fuel and photovoltaics. The prospects<br />
for photovoltaics are much improved when net metering is<br />
allowed.<br />
Trading Carbon Offsets - A <strong>Caribbean</strong> Tale by Chinyere<br />
Nwaogwugwu<br />
Carbon Trading is a relatively new instrument that can be used to<br />
encourage clean technologies in developing countries. Originating<br />
out of the determination to mitigate climate change world<br />
wide, the instrument has become a driving force for renewable<br />
energy development, design and usage. Developing nations<br />
such as India, Brazil and China are developing carbon emission<br />
offset projects in great numbers. This industry development has<br />
been a boon for these countries. However, currently, there are<br />
very few <strong>Caribbean</strong> entities involved in the field although those<br />
that have pioneered the instrument have met largely with success.<br />
The paper will begin with the history of carbon trading to present<br />
and will include the many ways that interested organizations can<br />
use the facility. The paper will highlight those in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
that have participated in the trading of carbon offsets and provide<br />
details on the projects developed and the mechanisms used. The<br />
challenges as well as the potential benefits for developers will be<br />
highlighted as well as the projects with the strongest potential in<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong> would be analyzed and discussed. A vision of a<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> that is clean and green driving core industries such as<br />
tourism and agriculture with carbon offset capital would also be<br />
outlined. Carbon trading has tremendous possibilities for the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> and can be the catalyst to reduce fossil fuel consumption<br />
and drive renewable energy and energy efficient technologies<br />
in the region. Although there are few <strong>Caribbean</strong> organizations<br />
involved in carbon trading, lessons have been learned that<br />
can be shared to develop the industry for a sustainable future.<br />
Building a Local Solar Panel: Issues and Experiences by<br />
Anthony Coleman, Rayon Smith and Darron Fraser<br />
One of the constraints of the wide scale implementation of solar<br />
systems is its set up cost. Two of the most costly components of<br />
a solar system are the solar panels and the batteries. Presently<br />
the cost of a 50 watt panel is approximately US$400 without the<br />
cost of shipping and other duties. The cost of the panels for domestic<br />
use can run into thousands of dollars.<br />
The project pursued looks at the experience of assembling a 50 watt<br />
panel locally, using imported solar cells and other local material. It<br />
documents the problems and success achieved with assembling<br />
such a panel. The behavior of the local panel, when compared with<br />
an imported panel under similar conditions, shows similar performance.<br />
The behaviour, at different temperatures and different levels of<br />
solar insolation, is the same for both panels. The panel is much<br />
cheaper than imported version. The assembly of the local panel<br />
costs 40% of the cost of the imported version. The assembly of a<br />
panel is relatively simple for persons with electrical knowledge and<br />
can form the basis of a local industry<br />
A Cost Analysis of Photovoltaic Technologies under Jamaica’s<br />
Climatic Conditions by Darlene Field and Claude McNamarah<br />
Since the oil price spike of 2008, at least ten of the governments<br />
within the Commonwealth <strong>Caribbean</strong> have drafted new energy plans<br />
and policies to increase the percentage of renewable energy within<br />
their countries’ energy mix and help reduce their dependence on<br />
imported fossil fuels. Because of the relatively high irradiance of the<br />
region it is generally hoped that photovoltaic technologies will be<br />
able to make a significant contribution to reducing electricity costs.<br />
But that can only be realised when photovoltaics have at least met<br />
grid parity.<br />
Manufacturers are implementing various techniques and materials to<br />
reduce the price per kilowatt-hour delivered from photovoltaics.<br />
However their quoted specifications are that of performance parameters<br />
measured under STC of 25 o C, 1.5 Air Mass and irradiance of<br />
1000W/m 2 . These conditions are not realised during operation of the<br />
modules and since efficiency is known to be especially susceptible<br />
to increased temperatures, the energy delivered from a module must<br />
be measured under local conditions to determine proximity to grid<br />
parity.<br />
We measured the energy delivered from eight PV technologies under<br />
conditions in Jamaica. The modules were mounted south facing<br />
with elevation equal to the latitude (18 o ) and data of voltage, insolation,<br />
back of module temperature and ambient temperature were<br />
measured over a 4 month period. Interpolating into historic data was<br />
used to determine the amount of energy each module would deliver<br />
given the climatic condition over an entire year. Hence the technology<br />
that performed best i.e. the one with lowest price per delivered<br />
kilowatt-hour was determined. The proximity to grid parity, with reasonable<br />
cost estimates of the balance of the system included, was<br />
ascertained. Several scenarios for obtaining grid parity and hence<br />
making it cost effective for the Jamaican consumer to invest in PV<br />
were created. Payback times were determined in each case.<br />
More than Dollars and Cents: Why Renewable Energy has been<br />
Slow to Take-off in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by David Ince and Harrie Vredenburg<br />
Renewable energy which includes solar, wind, hydro and geothermalhas<br />
for many years been considered as part of the answer to the<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
<strong>Caribbean</strong>’s sustainability problems. The potential of these technologies<br />
to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions and associated<br />
climate change impacts has been a significant driver. From<br />
an economic standpoint, use of indigenous renewable energy<br />
sources can reduce foreign exchange in many countries where<br />
petroleum products make up a sizeable proportion of countries’<br />
imports. In terms of energy security, a more diverse energy supply<br />
will reduce the overall vulnerability of the sector.<br />
There have been a number of initiatives by governments in the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> as well as regional organizations to promote the use of<br />
renewable energy. However, although there have been some<br />
isolated success stories, progress in implementing renewable<br />
energy projects has been limited. It is clear that access to capital<br />
is a barrier to development, but aspects of organizational and<br />
institutional structure also constitute impediments. These more<br />
tacit variables tend to be ignored or dismissed in designing energy<br />
programs or formulating policy.<br />
This paper considers some of these organizational and institutional<br />
challenges posed to developing renewable energy technologies<br />
in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. We investigate institutional aspects<br />
both from the perspective of the formal; which is defined by aspects<br />
such as legislation, regulation and written policies; and the<br />
informal created by norms, local culture and the impact of individual<br />
champions or entrepreneurs.<br />
In determining the best way for policy and organizational sector<br />
arrangements to be set up at regional and national levels, we<br />
apply aspects of institutional theory.<br />
The data for this study was collected via analysis of government<br />
and electricity utility documents, participant observation and exploratory<br />
semi- structured interviews with officials in <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
states.<br />
Feed-in-tariffs (FiT) – An attractive renewable energy policy<br />
support mechanism for the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Duane Rowe<br />
Feed-in-tariff schemes (FiTs) are applied extensively over the<br />
world – particularly in Europe – and have in general achieved<br />
significant success (most notable in Germany and Spain) –<br />
though the level of success, which depends on the particular<br />
design of the FiT and other exogenous factors, varies widely.<br />
A well designed FiT can provide an effective policy framework<br />
that delivers transparent and long term certainty to investors<br />
which, consequently, would spur investments in renewable electricity<br />
(RES-E) generation. In addition, practice has shown welldesigned<br />
FiTs to be superior to other renewable energy incentive<br />
schemes in terms of effectiveness and cost-efficiency. In other<br />
words, FiTs have been demonstrated to achieve larger deployment<br />
at lower costs.<br />
Based on the foregoing, the author is proposing that FiTs be seriously<br />
examined as an attractive policy incentive scheme for adaptation<br />
in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. In the presentation, the author will: establish<br />
the key objectives of any renewable energy incentive<br />
scheme; establish the key characteristics of successful FiTs and<br />
outline their comparative benefits to other RES-E support mechanisms;<br />
examine the key design features of FiTs; and show how the<br />
particular design of FiTs can affect their effectiveness. In delivering<br />
the presentation, the author will use case studies of five countries<br />
(including Germany and Spain) to present his arguments and will<br />
draw on his experience of establishing the qualitative design framework<br />
for the feed-in-tariff scheme that was recently instituted in Great<br />
Britain.<br />
Renewable Energy Development on Nevis - Lessons Learned by<br />
Ernie Stapleton<br />
The Nevis Island Administration (NIA) signed a Wind Resource Contract<br />
with Windwatt Inc., a locally established or incorporated company.<br />
In addition the Nevis Electricity Company (Nevlec) also signed<br />
a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). These agreements were executed<br />
in July 2009. The objectives are that the company will develop<br />
a wind farm with a capacity of 2.2 MW on government leased land<br />
and supply 1.1 MW of wind energy to the Nevlec grid. Currently eight<br />
(8) 275 KWh wind turbines are being constructed at the selected site<br />
on the island of Nevis with commissioning expected by July 2010.<br />
In April 2009 the NIA signed a Geothermal Resource Contract with<br />
WIP for the production of geothermal power for the island of Nevis.<br />
On the same date Nevlec also signed a PPA with WIP to supply 10<br />
MW power to the company. WIP has to prove that it can produce an<br />
economically developable resource by the end of December 2010.<br />
However because of several setbacks including securing finance,<br />
WIP requested an extension and was given until 30 June 2011 to<br />
produce electricity and to obtain the necessary concessions from the<br />
government. Hence the focus of the project now is to supply Nevis<br />
with 10 MW and St. Kitts with 30 MW thereafter.<br />
The threats to the islands from climate change, the uncertainty in the<br />
movement in the price of oil, the need for energy independence, energy<br />
security, and the need to diversify the economy and seek other<br />
economic/development opportunities are all factors which should<br />
cause all governments to remain focused and steadfast in the quest<br />
to develop and implement renewable energy projects and sustainable<br />
development in general. The paper will explore lessons learned from<br />
these initiatives.<br />
Policy achievements and perspectives for RE electricity generation<br />
in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Detlef Loy<br />
Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources has received<br />
growing attention in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> in recent years, due to the high<br />
dependency on oil imports, rising petroleum prices with subsequent<br />
consequences for electricity tariffs at consumer level and a continuously<br />
more competitive RE cost regime, in particular for technologies<br />
using wind and solar energy. This process has been accompanied in<br />
various countries by new national strategies and targets for the use of<br />
RE, including changes within the legal and regulatory framework that<br />
open the power generation market for new innovative players and<br />
investors.<br />
The presentation will report on how island states such as Jamaica,<br />
Dominica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia and Grenada<br />
have dealt so far with replacing the traditional fossil-fuel based elec-<br />
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tricity generation by RE based power production, using political<br />
mechanisms and various incentives to achieve such targets. It<br />
will further be highlighted and explained which barriers still set<br />
limitations to a faster and substantial expansion of RE electricity<br />
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and how political, financial, technical and administrative hurdles<br />
can be overcome, in particular in countries with small power<br />
markets and limited experiences with intermittent energy<br />
sources. The <strong>Caribbean</strong> examples will be compared with the<br />
success (and failure) of political measures and instruments that<br />
have been put in place in other developing and emerging countries,<br />
such as setting of quota systems, introducing long-term<br />
feed-in tariffs and using net-metering for small-scale auto-supply<br />
from RE sources.<br />
The presentation will further present perspectives on how the<br />
electricity supply in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> could be increasingly made<br />
independent from fossil fuels, while the importance of RE<br />
sources will continuously grow.<br />
Solar Cooling, 5 Years of <strong>Caribbean</strong> Project Development<br />
and Lessons Learned by Maikel Oerbekke<br />
The <strong>Caribbean</strong> region has been identified by SOLID GmbH, a<br />
Solar Technology Company, as one of the world’s most important<br />
markets for solar cooling and industrial process heating<br />
because of high energy prices and excellent year round solar<br />
yield. For the past 5 years SOLID with the help of local representation<br />
has been developing projects in Jamaica and the other<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> countries and has identified many projects with exceptional<br />
applications and payback time. In spite of that SOLID<br />
has not implemented a single project in the region.<br />
This presentation examines stumbling blocks to project implementation<br />
and identifies how other export markets for SOLID<br />
across the world overcame these stumbling blocks. The presentation<br />
will detail the emotional and investment climate in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>,<br />
the lack of supportive legislation and proper incentives<br />
needed to properly kick start the investment into renewable energy<br />
systems. The power of the politicians in the region to drive<br />
or stop RE development will be explored, by comparing different<br />
achievements in various countries. The presentation will analyse<br />
the need for the right type of financing and look at the role that<br />
international donor agencies play to create, for example, lighthouse<br />
projects and to stimulate the development and usage of<br />
energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions. Last but not<br />
least the presentation will analyse what will happen if the region<br />
does not adopt the proper usage of RE and keeps on being dependent<br />
on fossil fuels.<br />
Welectricity. Energy Efficiency, meets Social Networking :<br />
A new approach to household energy efficiency by Herbert A<br />
Samuel<br />
We present Welectricity, an online social network for household<br />
energy efficiency. Households consume a large proportion of<br />
total electricity in Latin America and the <strong>Caribbean</strong> – in some<br />
countries as much as 60 percent – and a growing body of research<br />
suggests that a significant proportion of the electricity<br />
consumed in households is due to behavior. It is also observed<br />
that despite remarkable improvements in the energy efficiency of the<br />
devices and appliances we use, a commensurate reduction in our<br />
energy consumption has not occurred. This apparent paradox is due<br />
to the rebound effect; a behavioral response to a reduction in the cost<br />
of an energy service due to efficiency improvements.<br />
Welectricity is a free, web-based application which harnesses the<br />
behavioral factors that influence the outcomes of energy conservation<br />
efforts in households. Users sign up online, create profiles that relate<br />
to their household energy consumption and can compare their own<br />
electricity consumption data with that of similar users, all within a customised<br />
social networking environment. By so doing, users are exposed<br />
to the energy conservation influence factors information, feedback,<br />
goal-setting and social proof, which together offset the rebound<br />
effect and promote positive energy conservation outcomes.<br />
St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Efficiency Study of Government<br />
Buildings by Leonard Deane<br />
St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) is a multi-island state comprising<br />
the main island of St. Vincent and seven smaller inhabited islands<br />
with about 30 uninhabited islets and cays constituting the Grenadines.<br />
SVG is heavily dependent on imported petroleum products for electricity<br />
generation, transportation, and other energy requirements. SVG<br />
has an energy mix with more than 96% petroleum base and about 3%<br />
hydro power. All islands except St. Vincent depend entirely on diesel<br />
generation for their electricity supply. The high cost of fossil fuels on<br />
the world market has resulted in high prices for electricity in SVG. The<br />
cost of this fuel is passed on to all electricity consumers in the form of<br />
a fuel surcharge. Based on this trend in electricity rates, Government/<br />
Public buildings consumed an estimated US $4M in electric energy<br />
per annum. In 2008, the energy bill soared to over US $5M.<br />
As a consequence, the Government spends large amounts of money<br />
on energy for buildings/offices to house its various agencies and ministries.<br />
These public institutions have a particular responsibility therefore<br />
to use the least amount of energy and reduce spending for energy<br />
to the lowest possible level.<br />
The Government has therefore embarked on a comprehensive energy<br />
study of the Country’s highest energy consuming Government buildings<br />
to effectively analyze the manner in which energy is used in its<br />
buildings/institutions and evaluate the cost effectiveness of implementing<br />
suitable energy saving and renewable energy technologies,<br />
along with improving end-user behaviour attitudes.<br />
To this end, the Government of SVG, with funding from the European<br />
Union’s Special Framework of Assistance (SFA) 2006, commissioned<br />
an Energy Efficiency Study of seventy-five public buildings throughout<br />
the State. The main purpose of this energy study, among other things,<br />
is to demonstrate the benefits of energy-saving technologies and<br />
practices in the Government buildings. The study will also examine<br />
the suitability of each building for incorporating energy supplies from<br />
renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic and thermal,<br />
and possibly small wind regimes.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Parallel Session 5 - Water Resources and<br />
Doubts about Droughts? Elements of a Suitable National<br />
Drought Policy for Trinidad and Tobago by Jason Alexander<br />
A historical review of the occurrences of droughts in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Region would yield country examples such as Haiti, Cuba<br />
and Jamaica (EM-DAT Database). However, for the period ending<br />
the last quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2010, Trinidad and<br />
Tobago and many other islands of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Basin (including<br />
Barbados, St. Lucia and Guyana) have been characterised with<br />
what appears to be serious drought-like conditions.<br />
Although Trinidad and Tobago has never had a drought of the<br />
magnitude to be considered a natural disaster, the above conditions<br />
now mandate the need for a National Drought Policy that<br />
forms part of the country’s overall disaster risk reduction strategy.<br />
This paper provides a historical overview of drought conditions in<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and examines the incidence of these and other<br />
natural disasters as they relate to Trinidad and Tobago. Additionally,<br />
a review of (1) the literature on the socio-economic impacts of<br />
droughts; (2) selected drought-prone country case studies; and (3)<br />
suitable elements of the national drought policies of a few countries<br />
is undertaken herein. The main objective of the paper is to<br />
use the aforementioned as a framework to inform the establishment<br />
of an appropriate National Drought Policy for the twinislands<br />
of Trinidad and Tobago.<br />
Phytoplankton as biological quality element in the monitoring<br />
program of Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba by Ángel R. Moreira González,<br />
Mabel Seisdedo Losa, Alain Muñoz Caravaca, Carlos M.<br />
Alonso Hernández, Augusto Comas González<br />
Data on phytoplankton composition, abundance and biomass in<br />
Cienfuegos Bay in Cuba were collected during 2009 at sixteen<br />
representative stations within the bay. Phytoplankton samples<br />
were collected every three months including samples from subsurface<br />
water and benthic macroalgal turfs. Physico-chemical data<br />
were also gathered and analysed with respect to the diversity and<br />
abundance of phytoplankton collected.<br />
In general, based on the analysis of plankton chlorophyll a concentration,<br />
dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton composition,<br />
eutrophication and harmful algal blooms appeared be of minimal<br />
significance within Cienfuegos Bay. However high chlorophyll a,<br />
toxic blooms and large biomass of epiphytic macroalgae were<br />
encountered within urban wastewater discharge zones especially<br />
during the late dry period and early rainy period, when the flushing<br />
potential was low and when water temperature started increasing<br />
in the ecosystem. Blooms of toxic dinoflagellates observed in<br />
these zones were linked to a small fish kill episode.<br />
Additionally, moderate abundance of potentially ciguatotoxic and<br />
ichthyotoxic epibenthic microalgae were registered on blooms of<br />
filamentous macroalgae. Twenty-six species known to be toxic<br />
and/or harmful belonging to the genera Gymnodinium, Alexandrium,<br />
Dinophysis, Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, Heterocapsa, Am-<br />
phidinium, Cochlodinium, Gonyaulax, Pseudo-nitzschia, Microcystis,<br />
Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Pseudoanabaena, Planktothrix and Lyngbya<br />
were identified in the bay. During the rainy season, higher chlorophyll<br />
a concentration in spatial coverage was registered, corresponding<br />
with a medium level of eutrophic conditions. In this period, an increase<br />
of phytoplankton species richness was observed and potentially toxic<br />
species were replaced by beneficial diatoms.<br />
Beach access rights and justice – a case for equity considerations<br />
in resource allocation by Anthony McKenzie<br />
The enjoyment of the beach and beach facilities is an integral part of<br />
the life of the inhabitants of a small island like Jamaica. The steady<br />
withdrawal of these facilities due to developmental activities can make<br />
an unwholesome contribution to social disaffection which could easily<br />
be expressed in anti social behavior.<br />
In many of the islands once under British control as is the case in<br />
Jamaica, private ownership of coastal lands extends to the high water<br />
mark. And while there is no legislative definition of a beach in Jamaican<br />
Law, by virtue of the Beach Control Act (1956), the foreshore and<br />
the floor of the sea is vested in the crown.<br />
In an effort to address to the various competing demands of bathing,<br />
fishing and resort development, the government of Jamaica embarked<br />
on a policy of issuing licenses to beach property owners. While the<br />
intention of this approach at the time was considered reasonable the<br />
experience over the last fifty (50) years has demonstrated that increasingly,<br />
large tracts of beach lands are being licensed for commercial<br />
use with less being made available for public access and use.<br />
A survey instrument administered to three hundred and twenty nine<br />
(329) beach goers at twenty four (24) public beaches across the island<br />
during the period November 2008 to April 2009 provides empirical<br />
data on beach access and availability. The information generation<br />
has provided the basis for the drafting of policy recommendations that<br />
should serve to balance public and private interests in beach resource<br />
allocation.<br />
Development of a Watershed Management Plan for the Demerara<br />
Sub-Watershed in Guyana by Paulette Bynoe and Jacob Opadeyi<br />
The need for Watershed Management Plans in Guyana is derived<br />
from two principal factors: global climate change threats to water security;<br />
and conflicting objectives of various land-uses which already<br />
exist within the watershed: for example, mining, tourism and logging.<br />
Thus, a Watershed Management Plan provides a comprehensive plan<br />
for protecting and improving the watershed conditions of the delineated<br />
area, while recognising the importance of involving stakeholders.<br />
The purpose of this paper is to present a Watershed Management<br />
Plan for a pilot study area in the Demerara Sub-Watershed in Guyana.<br />
The process of developing the Plan comprised several inter-related<br />
steps, including a situational analysis of the institutional framework for<br />
water resources and watershed management in Guyana; a computer<br />
aided assessment of the water quantity and water quality of Demerara<br />
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sub-watershed, and stakeholders’ engagement by means of<br />
interviews and workshops. Specifically, the paper will address<br />
the following components of the Plan:<br />
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• The Institutional Framework for Water Resources and Watershed<br />
Management in Guyana;<br />
• Current watershed conditions;<br />
• Watershed improvement goals and objectives;<br />
• Strategies, actions and priority areas to improve conditions<br />
in the watershed and;<br />
• A Watershed Management System.<br />
The paper will conclude with recommendations for creating the<br />
enabling framework to guarantee successful implementation of<br />
the Watershed Management Plan.<br />
Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Landuse on the<br />
Biophysical Characteristics of Demerara Sub-Watershed in<br />
Guyana by Jacob Opadeyi and Paulette Bynoe<br />
Land degradation in Guyana has been increasingly occurring<br />
and the potential exists for it to expand. Change in land use<br />
has been due to a rapid upsurge in economic activities over the<br />
last ten years, in particular the sectors of forestry, mining, agriculture<br />
with the expansion in state land leases for agriculture<br />
and commercial activities. Guyana’s principal vulnerabilities<br />
stem from the low-lying nature of its populated seacoast which<br />
makes it vulnerable to flooding from sea level rise, intense precipitation<br />
and breaches of the sea defences.<br />
This paper provides an assessment of the Demerara Subwatershed<br />
with specific reference to the physical and ecological<br />
setting of the watershed and the effects of land use practices<br />
and other human influences over time. The assessment of the<br />
Demerara sub-watershed and its basins was undertaken using<br />
the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model developed<br />
by the Agricultural Research Service and the Texas Agricultural<br />
Experiment Station, in Temple, Texas. In particular, the<br />
AVSWAT-2000 an ArcView extension with a graphical user<br />
interface for the SWAT was used. SWAT is a river basin, or<br />
watershed, scale model developed to predict the impact of land<br />
management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural<br />
chemical yields in large, complex watersheds with varying soils,<br />
land use, and management conditions over long periods. The<br />
model is physically based and computationally efficient, uses<br />
readily available inputs, and enables users to study long-term<br />
impacts.<br />
The following parameters for the sub-watershed were quantified:<br />
Water Percolation, Water Yield, Sediment Yield, Sediment<br />
Flow, Organic Nitrogen, Organic Phosphorus, and Nitrate Flow.<br />
The assessment of the water quantity and water quality of Demerara<br />
sub-watershed has produced some very interesting results<br />
as detailed in the paper. Whereas the majority of the watershed<br />
has very little human interaction, the significant sediment<br />
flow in some of the watershed should be of concern.<br />
The results of this assessment were used to develop a Watershed<br />
Management Plan for the Demerara sub watershed, management<br />
goals, targets and action plans.<br />
An investigation into the feasibility of using SWAT at the subbasin<br />
level for simulating hydrologic conditions in Jamaica by<br />
Johanna Richards and Chandra A. Madramootoo<br />
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (ArcSWAT 2005) was used in<br />
order to simulate the hydrological characteristics of the Rio-Nuevo<br />
sub-basin, located in the parish of St. Mary, Jamaica. Historical climatic<br />
data (precipitation and temperature) were obtained for the<br />
watershed, while streamflow data were obtained from the Rio<br />
Nuevo, which drains the watershed. The model was calibrated over<br />
the period 2002-2004, and validated from the period 2005-2007.<br />
Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficients of performance of 0.8<br />
and 0.5 were obtained for calibration and validation respectively for<br />
streamflow. It has been determined that SWAT can effectively be<br />
used to simulate surface water hydrology in this region, and there is<br />
much potential for further use of SWAT for both surface water and<br />
water quality modelling throughout the rest of Jamaica. This paper<br />
outlines the development of SWAT for the Rio Nuevo watershed,<br />
and describes the potential for use in the wider Jamaican context for<br />
use in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).<br />
The Development of the SPI and NDVI for 3 study sites in Jamaica,<br />
with an investigation into their use in understanding soil<br />
water during water stressed conditions in Jamaica by Johanna<br />
Richards, Chandra A. Madramootoo, Adrian Trotman<br />
Agricultural production is an important contributor to the Jamaican<br />
economy. However, drought is a serious issue in Jamaica, with the<br />
potential to cause millions of dollars in crop losses. In fact, there<br />
were crop losses amounting to 6 million USD in the 1999/2000<br />
drought. Therefore, drought index information is essential to the<br />
better planning for drought impacts and will allow for the introduction<br />
of mitigation measures by the agricultural sector. The objective of<br />
this paper is therefore to describe the suitability of both the Standardized<br />
Precipitation Index (SPI), as well as the Normalized Difference<br />
Vegetative Index (NDVI), in reflecting water stressed conditions<br />
for three agricultural areas in Jamaica. The SPI was developed for<br />
different time scales, and then correlated to monthly soil water. Depending<br />
on location, either the 1 or 3 month SPI was found to be<br />
more representative of soil water conditions. The NDVI however,<br />
does not provide a suitable representation of soil water for any of the<br />
areas studied. As such, this paper provides soil water values for<br />
different categories/values of the SPI, for use in future drought management<br />
within the island.<br />
Sustainable freshwater management and public perception: The<br />
case of Barbados by Kwame Emmanuel<br />
Barbados is a small, densely populated, upper-middle income country<br />
characterized as ‘absolute water scarce’. Mismanagement of the<br />
low freshwater availability has implications for the sustainable development<br />
of the country. Globally, water shortage crises are primarily<br />
influenced by social factors such as bad policies and poor govern-<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
ance at the macro (government) and micro (household/<br />
community) levels. Human ingenuity is therefore key to achieving<br />
sustainable freshwater management. This paper examines the<br />
public’s perception of freshwater availability and management by<br />
analysing household survey responses of two hundred households<br />
across five parishes. Social themes include, but are not<br />
limited to, disconnection of public perception, and differences in<br />
sex and perception. The paper also presents recommendations<br />
for sustainable freshwater management taking into consideration<br />
social adaptive capacity.<br />
Public awareness process through non-formal environmental<br />
education in coastal communities. Experiences from<br />
a demonstrative area in Cuba, as a part of GEF-IWCAM <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Regional Project by María E. Castellanos Gonzále,<br />
Ángel R. León Pérez, Clara E. Miranda Vera, Ángel Moreira<br />
González<br />
This paper showcases an informal environmental education approach<br />
for Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management<br />
(IWCAM) utilizing a Social Approach to Science and Technology,<br />
as a pathway to increase public awareness within the Castillo<br />
Coastal Community. This community is a demonstration area of<br />
the GEF-IWCAM <strong>Caribbean</strong> Regional Project, located in Cienfuegos,<br />
Cuba. The development of this work was based on a social<br />
network study and an integrated and participatory environmental<br />
diagnosis. One of the highlights under this environmental education<br />
initiative was the development of a Community <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Education Information Room (IREEC). From this room, a<br />
number of activities have been developed for various community<br />
institutions, but one of the most noteworthy has been the linkage<br />
with the Primary school “Paco Martell”. Children attending Paco<br />
Martell have been engaged in 5 orientation groups on environmental<br />
issues related to watersheds and coastal areas. The children’s<br />
uptake of scientific knowledge was evaluated in a community<br />
scientific exposition, the community in turn generating substantial<br />
social motivation for scientific knowledge. Overall this<br />
study highlights a number of lessons learnt and a suitable methodology<br />
to take science to the community which can be replicated<br />
in other IWCAM initiatives.<br />
The Impact of the Present Drought on NWC Water Supply<br />
Services to Kingston and St. Andrew by Mark Barnett<br />
Water is life, however between May 2009 and present Jamaica<br />
was starved of the precious commodity. There was a significant<br />
reduction in rainfall intensity island wide especially along the<br />
southern sections of eastern parishes (St. Thomas, Kingston, St.<br />
Andrew, St. Catherine and Clarendon). The National Water Commission<br />
(NWC), the state entity charged with the responsibility to<br />
provide water and sewerage services was seriously challenged to<br />
adequately supply customers daily with reliable potable water.<br />
To this end the NWC had to implement drastic measures such as<br />
supply restrictions to communities in order to ensure that the<br />
limited stored capacity was not completely depleted. Such austere<br />
measures had and continue to have serious social, health,<br />
financial and economic implications for the NWC but more importantly<br />
on Jamaica as a whole.<br />
This paper evaluates and discusses the impact of the drought experienced,<br />
and the lessons learnt in charting a path forward that could<br />
guide the process of securing the water supply needs of Kingston in<br />
particular, but more importantly the country on a whole. A discussion<br />
is also presented on an appropriate institutional arrangement, environmental<br />
and social implications, and the economic and financial<br />
feasibility of reusing treated wastewater effluent as a water resource.<br />
Protecting aquatic interfaces: riparian conservation,<br />
restoration and buffer width recommendations<br />
for rivers in Trinidad by Natalie Boodram<br />
Riparian zones are transitional areas between terrestrial and freshwater<br />
systems. They include riverbanks and shores of ponds and lakes.<br />
Along riverbanks, riparian zones extend from the water’s edge to the<br />
areas landward that either experience flooding or have elevated soil<br />
water levels. Riparian zones have high levels of plant productivity and<br />
biodiversity and are important habitats and corridors for animals. Riparian<br />
plant roots trap sediment and pollutants and take up nutrients<br />
from surface and groundwater filtering into the associated watercourse.<br />
In so doing, riparian plants buffer the water quality of adjacent<br />
watercourses. Riparian plant buffers are often created for water quality<br />
protection especially at sites used for recreation and water abstraction.<br />
Baseline data on riparian zone vegetation and environmental parameters<br />
were collected along 12 rivers in Trinidad, at sites selected to<br />
reflect the variations in rainfall, geomorphology and land use in Trinidad.<br />
Cluster analysis and Spearman rank correlations were used to<br />
delineate riparian vegetation groups and identify the most significant<br />
determinants of riparian vegetation groups. Sites clustered into the<br />
following broad vegetation groups: Northern Range Forest, Southern<br />
Forest, Agricultural Vegetation, Abandoned Estate/Secondary Vegetation,<br />
Weedy Vegetation and Bamboo Dominated Vegetation. The<br />
best predictors of riparian vegetation groups included anthropogenic<br />
variables like the degree of upland and riparian zone soil modification,<br />
fire, channel modification, distance from paved roads, land ownership<br />
and pollution. Sites within forests and abandoned agricultural estates<br />
were recommended for conservation. Sites with limited human disturbance<br />
especially limited fire disturbance were recommended for restoration.<br />
Overall, the study recommends a 30m riparian buffer width<br />
along rivers in Trinidad.<br />
EcoEconomics and Management Effectiveness of Marine Parks<br />
and Environs in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Richard M. Huber<br />
Coral reefs are sometimes referred to as “canaries of the sea” because<br />
of their early warning ability to forecast near-shore oceanic<br />
stress. Because of their biological diversity, they are also called<br />
“rainforests of the sea”. Coral reefs are vital to the well being of millions<br />
of people. Tropical marine and coral reef ecosystems, including<br />
mangroves and sea grasses, are vulnerable environmental resources<br />
that provide significant economic goods and services. The health of<br />
these resources is critical to human well-being. By accounting for<br />
coastal marine and coral reef ecosystem economic values in manage-<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
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ment decisions, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) can sustain<br />
their flow of goods and services in the interest of current and future<br />
generations. <strong>Caribbean</strong> Countries have requested technical assistance<br />
from the GS/OAS to achieve the commitments laid out in the<br />
WSSD Plan of Implementation and the CBD targets. http://<br />
www.oas.org/dsd/Events/english/08.03.10.htm<br />
ReefFix is a valuation of ecosystem services program to assess tourism,<br />
fisheries, and spatial analysis of ecosystem service values. Using<br />
economic ecosystem valuation, the ReefFix methodology was<br />
applied to 9 case study sites in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and followed up by a<br />
participatory workshop. http://www.oas.org/dsd/ IABIN/Component1/<br />
ReefFix/ReefFix.htm<br />
Two methodologies developed by the World Resources <strong>Institute</strong> for<br />
tourism and fisheries data and a third methodology using site-specific<br />
land cover data (using benefits transfer economic valuation studies)<br />
to assign estimates of ecosystem service values to each ecosystem<br />
type, e.g. coral reef, mangrove, or freshwater swamp were compiled<br />
for each of the 9 case study sites.<br />
Recommendations made by the marine park experts included:<br />
• Encourage a unified collaborative on-line <strong>Caribbean</strong>-wide database<br />
of ecosystem goods and services values and economic<br />
benefits derived from ecosystem services like the IABIN management<br />
effectiveness database that will help in reporting to<br />
CBD, the Millennium Development Goals, the World Parks Congress,<br />
and the Grenada Declaration.<br />
• Explore partnerships to help finance the policy reform, institutional<br />
arrangements, and sustainable financing agenda required<br />
to implement ICZM and create governance through comanagement.<br />
• Invest in creating sustainable alternative livelihoods and social<br />
protection for those affected by reallocation of use rights.<br />
• Expand biological corridors and biodiversity conservationoriented<br />
MPAs to meet “representative system” targets.<br />
• Scale up community-based resource reserves to mainstream<br />
biodiversity protection in the production landscape.<br />
Parallel Session 6 - <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
Pipe Service Age Effect on Water Quality in Drinking-Water<br />
Transmission and Distribution Systems by A. O. Al-Jasser & S.<br />
Mogren<br />
Chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant is required for<br />
maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission<br />
and distribution system. While flowing through pipes, the<br />
chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction<br />
with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm<br />
and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand.<br />
This varies with pipe parameters.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of<br />
pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty<br />
three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials<br />
were collected and tested for their chlorine first-order wall decay<br />
constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important<br />
factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of<br />
pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay<br />
ranged from 8% to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently<br />
installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants<br />
was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were<br />
reached.<br />
Development of the St. Lucia Recreational Water Quality Standards<br />
by Alexandra DuBoulay<br />
The importance of establishment of recreational water quality standards<br />
is against the backdrop of increasing threats to the coastal<br />
environment largely through land-based sources of marine pollution.<br />
The threat from pollution has significant implications not only to the<br />
health and well-being of the citizens of Saint Lucia but serves to<br />
degrade the tourism product, which is the primary economic driver of<br />
the country. Based on the findings and consultative process in this<br />
study it was recommended that ‘Guidelines’ be developed that<br />
should be translated into a more ‘prescriptive’ Standard. The development<br />
of the guidelines for recreational water quality for St. Lucia<br />
involved various components including public sensitization activities,<br />
technical consultations, field visits, meetings with resource personnel,<br />
public and institutional perception surveys and literature reviews.<br />
To inform the development of the guideline, local stakeholder input<br />
was solicited. This was done on two levels: (1) through national<br />
consultations when a series of four events were hosted in which<br />
participants were sensitized on the initiative, who in turn offered<br />
suggestions on what the components of the guidelines should<br />
include, and (2) through island-wide surveys of individuals and businesses/institutions<br />
to obtain inputs on perceptions associated with<br />
the definition, use and management of recreational waters. A monitoring<br />
framework is also proposed as part of the guidelines. The<br />
guideline presented in this study is intended to be used as the basis<br />
for the actual development of the standard. It is recommended that<br />
the process be channelled through the national standards-setting<br />
body, the St. Lucia Bureau of Standards. It is recommended that the<br />
legislative provisions of relevant front-line agencies incorporate references<br />
to the recreational water quality standard so as to expand<br />
institutional support to ensure compliance to the standard. The<br />
guideline document developed by CEHI can be used to ensure that<br />
recreational water in St. Lucia meets the desired quality.<br />
Connections between Land Use Changes and Water Quality in a<br />
Subtropical Urban Coastal Watershed in Florida, USA by Gurpal<br />
S. Toor<br />
Eutrophication is a broad term used to describe enhanced phytoplankton<br />
growth in water bodies that receive excess nutrients such<br />
as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from various land uses in a watershed.<br />
In the US and elsewhere, eutrophication is one of the<br />
greatest threats to the coastal economies and health of the estuaries.<br />
Further, the impact of land use changes on water quality especially<br />
in coastal tropical and subtropical areas is of immense interest.<br />
This interest stems from dependence of coastal economies on open<br />
water for fisheries and recreational purposes. In rapidly developing<br />
coastal urban communities such as those in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and Florida,<br />
solutions that are protective of water quality while allowing future<br />
development are urgently needed. Unfortunately, most land use<br />
modification decisions lack scientific rigor which further complicates<br />
the impact of such changes on water quality of receiving water<br />
bodies.<br />
Recent research has suggested that controls on both N and P transport<br />
from land to water might be needed to control eutrophication in<br />
freshwater-marine continuum. Therefore, the inputs of N and P are<br />
greater in human dominated land uses (agricultural and urban) as<br />
compared to relatively undeveloped land areas such as natural forests.<br />
The nutrient sources can be divided into “point sources” such<br />
as wastewater and industrial effluents and “non-point sources” such<br />
as runoff and leaching from urban and agricultural areas. Non-point<br />
source pollution is dominant in most of the watersheds in the US and<br />
elsewhere. Urban storm water runoff is the major contributor of<br />
nutrients to coastal water bodies in developed and rapidly developing<br />
regions.<br />
Florida is one of the rapidly developing states in the US and has<br />
serious water quality problems such as eutrophication of coastal<br />
waters. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of anthropogenic<br />
activities on water quality of coastal waters. This presentation<br />
will discuss how the land use changes in an urban coastal area, the<br />
Alafia River Watershed (drainage area: 1085 km 2 ) that drains into<br />
the Tampa Bay estuary, has impacted the water quality. This watershed<br />
represents a typical urbanizing watershed in the region with a<br />
diverse mix of urban, agricultural, and mixed land uses. The presentation<br />
will specifically address how the different land uses have<br />
impacted losses of various organic and inorganic forms of N and P<br />
from 1991 to 2009.<br />
The presentation will conclude with an optimized water quality monitoring<br />
approach and synthesis of best management practices that<br />
rapidly urbanizing communities in Florida and <strong>Caribbean</strong> countries<br />
can use to assess the impacts of land use changes on water quality<br />
and protect their valuable water resources.<br />
Assessing exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Martin Forde and Eric Dewailly<br />
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have become widespread in<br />
the environment and are now widely recognized as a global contamination<br />
problem. Although mapping of the scope and scale of POPs<br />
contamination has begun in most developed countries and is ongoing,<br />
to date, there has been a lack of information concerning the<br />
sources, fates, and effects of these highly toxic, bio-accumulative,<br />
persistent chemicals within the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region.<br />
This lack of information is particularly troubling since it is well known<br />
that many POP chemicals have been extensively used within this<br />
region for agriculture and vector control purposes over several decades.<br />
Since the half-lives of many POPs can be measured in decades,<br />
it is plausible that significant POP chemical concentrations<br />
may still be present in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> environment which continue to<br />
serve as major causes of contamination to the region’s food and<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
38<br />
water supplies. There is thus a pressing need to monitor over<br />
several years the concentrations of POPs in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> population<br />
and local food chains.<br />
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Starting in 2007, using funding obtained under the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Eco-<br />
<strong>Health</strong> Program (CEHP)—a four-year CAD$1.6 million grant to<br />
develop a research and capacity building program—a research<br />
project entitled Human Monitoring of Exposure to Persistent<br />
Organic Pollutants (POPs), Pesticides, Metals and Zoonoses was<br />
initiated. The goals of the study are primarily threefold: (1) determine<br />
the body burden of POPs, heavy metals (mercury, lead) and<br />
specific zoonoses in maternal blood among citizens of those living<br />
in each CARICOM member state; (2) allow and facilitate all CARI-<br />
COM <strong>Caribbean</strong> states to gain and develop the capacity and capability<br />
to determine human exposure to these pollutants and<br />
organisms; and (3) enhance the expertise of laboratory technicians<br />
within each CARICOM island and the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region in general.<br />
A key outcome objective of this study is to provide policy makers<br />
within the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region with baseline data that are needed in<br />
order to develop appropriate safety guidelines and effective monitoring<br />
programs relative to management of heavy metals, pesticides,<br />
and POPs within the region.<br />
This research is the first to undertake a systematic approach<br />
geared at determining levels of human exposure to POPs (and<br />
related contaminants) in the CARICOM region. As such, the study<br />
addressed key priorities for the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region as outlined by the<br />
UNEP in its report from the UNEP Regional Workshop on the Reduction/Elimination<br />
and Management of Pesticides in the Context<br />
of the Stockholm Convention on POPs and the Basel Convention<br />
on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes<br />
and their disposal. In particular, it contributes to strengthening human<br />
resources in the region, building laboratory capacity, and increasing<br />
public, industry and governmental awareness, participation<br />
and risk communication in the region. It also fills a gap in current<br />
research and will be of significant value for both policy-making<br />
and for raising public awareness about this important issue in the<br />
region. It will also help raise awareness of the Stockholm Convention<br />
among health professionals.<br />
Infrastructure Rehabilitation in the U.S. Virgin Islands by May<br />
Cornwall<br />
The United States Virgin Islands is a group of islands in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
that are an insular area of the United States. The total land<br />
area of the territory is 133.73 square miles (346.4 km 2 ). As of the<br />
2000 census, the population was 108,612.<br />
Prior to the 1970’s, wastewater was collected in the major cities of<br />
Christiansted (C’sted) and Frederiksted (F’sted) on St. Croix and<br />
Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas and discharged to the ocean with<br />
little or no treatment. During the 1970’s a massive program was<br />
completed under the Clean Water Act to bring secondary treatment<br />
and discharge to long ocean outfalls to the major population centers<br />
of the two main islands of St. Croix and St. Thomas. While the<br />
system has worked well, extremely high levels of hydrogen sulfide<br />
gas have caused major deterioration in the sewer lines, manholes<br />
and pumping stations. In 2006, maintenance of the sewer system<br />
was placed in the hands of a new Waste Management Authority.<br />
Since that time, Hoyle, Tanner & Associates, Inc., has been working<br />
closely as a third arm of the Authority to oversee O&M training,<br />
cleaning, televising and evaluating the lines, prioritizing and developing<br />
rehabilitation and replacement techniques, holding workshops<br />
with mainland U.S.A. contractors and overseeing the repairs.<br />
This presentation will deal with the unique problems experienced by<br />
the Authority and their engineer due to the nature of the high strength<br />
wastewater, the remoteness and extreme topography of these volcanic<br />
islands, the economy which depends heavily on tourism and<br />
thus clean beaches and water, the difficulties of meeting EPA’s National<br />
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requirements<br />
which were not developed with small islands in mind, the lack of specialized<br />
local engineers and contractors with rehabilitation equipment<br />
and know how and of course the high costs resulting from all of the<br />
above.<br />
This presentation will explain how the WMA and their engineer have<br />
worked closely using both local resources and bringing in the<br />
mainland expertise to develop an asset management program, categorize<br />
and rate problem areas, and use trenchless technology to<br />
bring their 1970 wastewater system into the 21 st century and<br />
preserve the pristine beaches and coral seas well into the future.<br />
HosPilot - Intelligent Energy Efficiency Control in Hospitals by<br />
Nebojsa Kieskovic<br />
HosPilot is a project which is focused on energy efficiency in hospitals.<br />
It is initiated by EU (contract no. 238933) and it involves 11<br />
partners (of which 3 hospitals) from 5 European countries<br />
(Netherlands, Spain, Finland, France and Monaco).<br />
The main goal of the project is to develop a methodology for creating<br />
energy efficient hospitals. The HosPilot methodology will be able to<br />
provide a hardware description for an energy efficient system for any<br />
hospital, based on specific requirements of that hospital. This will be<br />
a unique methodology, which considers energy efficient installations<br />
in all the domains (lighting, HVAC, ICT…) and it will be made combining<br />
the expert knowledge of all the partners in the project. It will<br />
also define the best method for auditing a hospital, in order to obtain<br />
the most relevant data, for the methodology to be applied to this particular<br />
hospital. The methodology will be proven by creating 3 pilot<br />
sites in the partner hospitals and monitoring those pilots in the period<br />
of one year. In this process, the methodology will be improved further.<br />
Also, it will be safeguarded that the HosPilot methodology is<br />
applicable everywhere in Europe. Applied to any hospital it will give<br />
results based on the particular needs of this hospital.<br />
At the moment, the HosPilot project is in the middle of its realization.<br />
It has generated significant results, which will be presented in this<br />
paper. The most important results that will be presented are:<br />
• State of the art analysis regarding the current situation of the<br />
hospitals in Europe, in terms of energy management and consumption,<br />
based on the main technological areas: lighting, heating,<br />
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)<br />
• Analysis of the audits conducted in six European hospitals<br />
• A unique list of all the room types that can be found in a hospital,<br />
summarized with all the requirements regarding lighting,<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
ventilation, temperature, etc inherent to those room types.<br />
• HosPilot methodology - what the methodology is, how it is<br />
implemented, what technical solutions it proposes and questionnaire<br />
for auditing hospitals<br />
• Description of the pilot sites and their requirements<br />
• The purpose of the project and its intended impact<br />
Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Jamaica by<br />
the Ministry of <strong>Health</strong> by Nilsia Johnson, Leonard Smith, William<br />
Broughton and Homero Silva<br />
An assessment of the complete status of wastewater treatment<br />
plants (WWTPs), effluent quality and the impact of effluent on the<br />
environment is difficult to make with current data. Therefore it is not<br />
possible to fully determine the compliance by the Government of<br />
Jamaica with the Protocol concerning Pollution from Land-Based<br />
sources and Activities in the Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Region (LBS Protocol)<br />
of the Cartagena Convention. The Government of Jamaica<br />
ratified the Cartagena Convention on 1987.<br />
This study aimed to assess the nation’s sewage treatment systems<br />
and their impact on the environment. The objectives were to assess<br />
the efficiency and the effluent water quality of Jamaica’s WWTPs;<br />
Assess the environmental and health impacts of effluents on water<br />
bodies; Assess the level of compliance with the Protocol concerning<br />
Pollution from Land-Based sources and Activities in the Wider<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> Region; build the capacity and quality assurance systems<br />
of the Laboratory; and to identify constraints to effective<br />
wastewater treatment and recommend measures for improvement<br />
in the short, medium and long-term.<br />
Regional workshops were conducted to determine the number of<br />
WWTPs. This included discussing the inspection form, schedule of<br />
sampling, methodology and to obtain the GPS coordinates of the<br />
Influent and Effluent of the plant. One sampling exercise was conducted<br />
over a three-month period for each plant, and equipment<br />
and supplies were acquired. Samples were collected for testing of<br />
the effluent and receiving water bodies where applicable for the<br />
following parameters: Faecal Coliform, Biochemical Oxygen Demand<br />
(BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nutrients (Total<br />
Nitrate and Total Phosphorus), Oil and Grease and Total Suspended<br />
Solids (TSS). These results were compared with existing<br />
government standards. The compiled data collected was placed on<br />
a national data base.<br />
Preliminary results revealed that there are some wastewater plants<br />
that do not meet the standards. However more information will be<br />
gathered to ensure the consistency of the performance of the<br />
plants.<br />
Analysis of the Nutritional Content of Duckweed and the Quality<br />
of Water that Supports its Growth by Marlyn Ramjeet-Samad<br />
In recent years a commonly occurring aquatic plant, "duckweed"<br />
Lemna sp., has become prominent, because of its ability to concentrate<br />
minerals on heavily polluted water such as that arising from<br />
sewage treatment facilities, intensive animal or crop processing or<br />
production industries. However, it has also attracted the attention of<br />
scientists because of its apparent high potential as a feed resource<br />
for aquaculture and livestock (Skillicorn et al., 1993; Leng, et al.,<br />
1994). Duckweed grows on water with relatively high levels of N, P<br />
and K. It concentrates the minerals and synthesizes protein and<br />
therefore, duckweed can clearly supply the protein needs of aquaculture.<br />
Within recent times and in response to changing environmental<br />
conditions duckweed has been identified as a possible feed source<br />
for aquaculture. This system is being promoted through “increasing<br />
productivity of small farmers by integrating duckweed production<br />
with fish farming”. This project described collectively as Integrated<br />
Farming Systems (IFS), utilizes animal waste to produce biogas via<br />
a bio-digester and the effluent would be used to fertilize duckweed<br />
ponds and the duckweed can then be used to feed aquaculture,<br />
particularly tilapia, poultry and pigs.<br />
When conditions are ideal, in terms of water temperature, pH, incident<br />
light and nutrient concentrations they compete in terms of biomass<br />
production with the most vigorous photosynthetic terrestrial<br />
plants doubling their biomass in between 16 hours and 2 days, depending<br />
on conditions. Baseline data collected from the local environment<br />
reveals that duckweed tissue is 97.5% water and 2.5 % dry<br />
matter, growing well under an average pH of 7.58. The primary<br />
macro nutrients (N, P, K), followed by the secondary macro nutrients<br />
(Mg and Ca) occurred in greater abundance over the micronutrients<br />
and other metals found in the duckweed tissue, indicating the<br />
nutritive quality of duckweed. Also an evaluation of the water quality<br />
that supported the growth of the duckweed discussed above followed<br />
a similar pattern of distribution of minerals namely; primary<br />
macronutrients were in greater abundance, followed by the secondary<br />
macronutrients. This therefore indicated that water quality does<br />
have an influence on the nutritive content of duckweed’s tissue.<br />
It therefore implies that duckweed farming will have a two-fold impact<br />
on environmental sustainability since it reduces the impact<br />
from polluted water by accumulating vital minerals and converting it<br />
to usable forms and secondly by aiding in food security by providing<br />
a cheaper alternative food source for aquaculture and other animals.<br />
The actual application of the duckweed as a food source is<br />
widely promoted in many countries. Therefore, in order to reduced<br />
environmental pollution and enhance food security the duckweed<br />
initiative should be supported.<br />
Proper Well Construction Techniques and Well Field Management<br />
in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and Central America: From Water Supply<br />
Investigations to Analysis and Design by Sandy Nettles<br />
Ocean Earth Technologies (OET) has been involved in a multitude<br />
of hydrogeologic investigations and well field design projects<br />
throughout the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and Central America. Recently it has<br />
become apparent that water supply shortages and increasing populations,<br />
combined with inefficient well field operation and production<br />
well design, are resulting in serious concerns regarding water supply<br />
throughout the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. Our extensive experience in optimizing<br />
specific wells to maximize their efficiency and longevity in<br />
unique environments has resulted in the successful rehabilitation<br />
and/or design of new water supply systems. OET typically incorporates<br />
geophysical mapping into our full-scale hydrogeologic evalua-<br />
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tions. Our standard geophysical test utilizes Multi-Electrode Electrical<br />
Resistivity (MER). This technology allows for a rapid and<br />
accurate characterization of aquifer systems, including but not<br />
limited to mapping the depth of the water table, the geologic configuration<br />
of the aquifer materials, and the presence of fresh/salt<br />
water interfaces. The results of the mapping have been incorporated<br />
into computer groundwater models and are also used to<br />
properly design aquifer performance tests and aid in well construction<br />
specifications.<br />
This paper will present several short case studies throughout the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> and Central America where OET has successfully designed<br />
and implemented more efficient water supply systems. The<br />
case studies will include geologic mapping techniques, site characterization<br />
approaches, aquifer performance test specifications, well<br />
construction specifications, and well field design and management<br />
protocols. The case studies will address specific issues that are of<br />
concern in the <strong>Caribbean</strong>, such as salt water intrusion, maximizing<br />
the efficiency of wells in low yield environments, and extending the<br />
life of a given water supply well. Our goal is to provide innovative<br />
alternatives to both water supply investigations and well design/<br />
construction that will prove beneficial to the dynamic and challenging<br />
groundwater systems in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and Central America.<br />
Integrated Eco-<strong>Health</strong> Assessment in the Americas: A Hemispheric<br />
Research Partnership to Evaluate and Strengthen<br />
<strong>Health</strong> and <strong>Environmental</strong> Impact Assessment Laws and Policies<br />
by Shermaine Clauzel<br />
Most countries and institutions in the Americas do not yet have<br />
access to appropriate methods, or laws to assess and address the<br />
health and environment impacts of trade or economic development<br />
policies in an integrated way. Existing capacity to carry out such<br />
assessments, or even to understand and customise the relevant<br />
methodologies, is still extremely weak and progress has been uneven.<br />
The Eco-health Assessment hemispheric research initiative seeks<br />
to build on, monitor and analyse existing experiences with integrated<br />
health and ecological impact assessment in the Americas<br />
laws and policies and develop a new tool – integrated health and<br />
ecological impact assessment law. The research will be used to<br />
ultimately improve the protection of eco-health objectives and priorities<br />
in the Americas integration process. The project has established<br />
a collaborative relationship between project partners from<br />
different disciplines and regions of the Americas, to build expertise,<br />
awareness and capacity in the design and enforcement of health<br />
and environment impact assessment research methods, laws and<br />
policies.<br />
The <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) was engaged<br />
to undertake the assessment of three <strong>Caribbean</strong> case studies<br />
in order to typify the approaches used in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region<br />
for the conduct of <strong>Environmental</strong> Impact Assessments (EIAs).<br />
CEHI investigated the EIA process applied to a bauxite mining<br />
operation in Guyana, an electricity-generating plant in Barbados<br />
and a tourism (hotel/marina/golf course) development in St. Lucia.<br />
The results of the study indicated that although health issues were<br />
implied in the social impact aspects of the various processes employed,<br />
health was not explicitly identified; and that whereas representatives<br />
from the Ministry of <strong>Health</strong> were involved in most EIAs,<br />
they were not necessarily core members of a body charged with<br />
evaluating development proposals or preparing the terms of reference<br />
for the EIA.<br />
It was found that there were sometimes gaps in the legislation and<br />
policies that could account for the possible eclipse of health issues in<br />
the EIA process. Even where these were clearly outlined, institutional<br />
resources and enforcement were weak and lacking. Some of the<br />
preliminary recommendations from the review of the case studies so<br />
far points to a need for awareness, education and advocacy; formalising<br />
the mechanisms for engaging the competent health authority to<br />
have inputs in the preparation of the TOR for the EIA, evaluation of<br />
the EIA and monitoring of development projects. There was also a<br />
need identified for the review of existing legislation and policies and<br />
some attempt to harmonise them among the countries, going forward.<br />
Mainstreaming Saint Lucia’s National Plan of Action through a<br />
North West Coast Water Quality Demonstration Project by<br />
LaVerne Walker and Alexandra du Boulay<br />
Saint Lucia’s coastal waters, like those of most of the countries within<br />
the Wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> Region are under increasing threat from a number<br />
of land-based pollutants. Specifically, improper sewage treatment<br />
and disposal, as well as sedimentation, have been identified as<br />
the biggest threats to the integrity of the island’s coastal waters and<br />
habitats.<br />
The existence of Draft Recreational Water Quality Standards is a<br />
step by the Government of Saint Lucia towards the full implementation<br />
of the Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution (LBS) Protocol<br />
and the island’s National Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine<br />
Environment from Land-Based Pollutants. However, it is recognized<br />
that in order to adequately address the pollution of the island’s<br />
coastal and marine environment, it is necessary that an Integrated<br />
Watershed and Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) approach is<br />
adopted.<br />
In light of the foregoing, the Government of Saint Lucia in collaboration<br />
with the private sector is implementing a project that seeks to<br />
improve recreational water quality along the island’s North-West<br />
Coast, a densely populated area and an important recreational area<br />
for both locals and tourist alike, through the implementation and demonstration<br />
of best practices for pollutant discharge reduction.<br />
The presentation outlines the approach and methodology that is to be<br />
adopted under the project to move towards achieving the limits outlined<br />
in the Draft Recreational Water Quality Standards and by extension,<br />
Class I Waters as defined in the LBS Protocol.<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Parallel Session 7– Climate Change and<br />
Appropriate Technology (Negril Room)<br />
Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emission Reduction: a review<br />
of Guyana’s Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) by<br />
Denise Simmons and Paulette Bynoe<br />
Climate change is recognized universally as a major threat that is<br />
likely to have dire consequences to natural, social, economic and<br />
human capital, given recently predicted impacts on water resources,<br />
ecosystems and coasts, food supplies and health. According<br />
to the Stern Review (2006) the economic costs of climate<br />
change impacts are between 5 and 20 per cent of global GDP, and<br />
possibly much higher. Thus, there is international agreement that<br />
nations of the World must now aim to stabilise levels of atmospheric<br />
greenhouse gases at 445-490 parts per million CO2e or<br />
less in an effort to avoid any catastrophe.<br />
One of the most effective ways of stabilising greenhouse gas levels<br />
is the implementation of mitigation measures with regard to<br />
energy supply and use which could account for 60 to 80 per cent<br />
of GHG reductions. It is a measure that should be considered non<br />
-negotiable by developed, emerging, and developing countries.<br />
Guyana is heavily reliant on importation of petroleum products<br />
which accounts for about 70% of primary energy supply. In fact the<br />
country imports approximately 10,400 barrels per day, with petroleum<br />
imports for 2008 representing about 44% of Guyana’s official<br />
GDP. To a lesser extent, bagasse, fuelwood and solar power also<br />
provide the energy supply required. Notwithstanding this, Guyana’s<br />
CO2 emissions are low: an estimate of CO2 emissions done<br />
for the reference year 1994 for Guyana’s Initial National Communication<br />
revealed that CO2 emissions are 1446 Gg. Given the vast<br />
extent of the Guyana’s forest resources, the country is considered<br />
a net sink country. As a front-runner in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> Community<br />
(Caricom), Guyana in 2009, launched its Low Carbon Development<br />
Strategy (LCDS) that sets out the national position on how<br />
such a platform for partnership can be created, and affirms its<br />
commitment to play its part. It further seeks to provide insights on<br />
how to stimulate the creation of a low-deforestation, low-carbon,<br />
climate-resilient economy.<br />
This paper is aimed at reviewing Guyana’s LCDS in light of the<br />
vital role of energy supply and use in the fight against climate<br />
change. In particular, it will clearly analyse the role envisaged for<br />
renewables (given that about 70 per cent of Guyana’s energy supply<br />
is sourced from fossil fuels), and importantly, energy efficiency<br />
as an aspect of mitigation. Possible gaps will be discussed and<br />
policy recommendations will be provided.<br />
Promotion of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) in <strong>Caribbean</strong> Small<br />
Island Developing States by Christopher Cox<br />
The <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) has been<br />
collaborating with the United Nations Environment Programme<br />
(UNEP) since 2005 in the promotion of Rainwater Harvesting<br />
(RWH) across the <strong>Caribbean</strong> as part of a global effort aimed at<br />
promoting water security across all ranges of use from household to<br />
agricultural to commercial and industrial applications. The use of RWH<br />
as a water augmentation measure is considered a key adaptation strategy<br />
to address the impacts of climate change where experts are forecasting<br />
that the precipitation regime in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> will shift towards<br />
less annual rainfall accumulation, with an increase in the frequency of<br />
extreme events, notably droughts and hurricanes. This will have significant<br />
implications in the context of watershed and aquifer recharge<br />
which will impact water withdrawals to maintain demand. Already,<br />
many <strong>Caribbean</strong> countries face challenges in meeting peak demands<br />
under normal conditions, but as the 2009-2010 drought demonstrated,<br />
water management and water security must be given high priority attention.<br />
This paper intends to highlight the work carried out under the<br />
cooperative efforts between UNEP and CEHI with contributions from<br />
local and regional agency partners in promoting RWH. It will focus on<br />
achievements in Grenada and Antigua & Barbuda as pilot countries in<br />
the formulation of a RWH National Programme of Action (Grenada),<br />
development of a <strong>Caribbean</strong> Regional RWH Programme, the installation<br />
of best-practice demonstrations for RWH within building infrastructure,<br />
the application of geographic information system (GIS)-assisted<br />
mapping of water availability as guidance for investment in RWH, the<br />
application of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) techniques using rainwater<br />
runoff, and the production of public education material including<br />
a Handbook on RWH for the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. The outputs from the initiative<br />
will contribute to the body of knowledge on the practice to assist and<br />
drive policy towards incorporation of RWH within national integrated<br />
water resources management policies and plans.<br />
Climate changes in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> and implications on renewable<br />
energy resources for the region by Jorge Gonzalez<br />
Assessment of renewable energy resources such as surface solar<br />
radiation and wind current has great relevance in the development of<br />
local and regional energy policies.<br />
This paper examines the variability and availability of these resources<br />
as a function of possible climate changes for the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region.<br />
Global climate changes have been reported in the last decades, causing<br />
changes in the atmospheric dynamics, which affects the net solar<br />
radiation balance at the surface and the wind strength and direction.<br />
For this investigation, the future climate changes for the <strong>Caribbean</strong> are<br />
predicted using the parallel climate model (PCM) and it is coupled with<br />
the regional atmospheric modelling system to simulate the solar and<br />
wind energy spatial patterns changes for the specific case of the island<br />
of Puerto Rico. Numerical results from PCM indicate that the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
basin from 2041 to 2055 will experience a slight decrease in the<br />
net surface solar radiation (with respect to the years 1996–2010),<br />
which is more pronounced in the western <strong>Caribbean</strong> sea. Results also<br />
indicate that the easterly winds have a tendency to increase in its magnitude,<br />
especially from the years 2070 to 2098. The regional model<br />
showed that important areas to collect solar energy are located in the<br />
eastern side of Puerto Rico, while the more intense wind speed is<br />
placed around the coast. A future climate change is expected in the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> that will result in higher energy demands, but both renewable<br />
energy sources will have enough intensity to be used in the future<br />
as alternative energy resources to mitigate future climate changes.<br />
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FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Are our laws and institutions ready for climate change? by<br />
Judy Daniel<br />
As pressure mounts on the developed world to curb greenhouse<br />
gases, the contribution of developing countries to climate change<br />
is being assessed. The reality is that just 20 percent of the world’s<br />
contributors account for about 90 percent of global emissions.<br />
Negotiations at last December’s United Nations Climate Change<br />
Conference in Copenhagen resulted in the Copenhagen Accord,<br />
an interim international agreement that includes $30 billion in<br />
financing by wealthy nations to help developing nations such as<br />
ours curb their emissions over the next three years (with a goal of<br />
increasing funding up to $100 billion by 2020).<br />
Of interest also is that the US is poised to introduce Cap-and<br />
Trade legislation, a pertinent aspect which allows their facilities to<br />
meet up to 15% of their emissions limits by purchasing credits on<br />
the international emission trading market. With the right planning<br />
small island <strong>Caribbean</strong> states could position themselves to obtain<br />
the assistance needed to adapt to climate change without compromising<br />
our national development. At the local and regional<br />
level climate change policy still falls within the remit of environmental<br />
and natural resources management agencies while for<br />
wealthy nations because of the significance of energy to their<br />
national economies it is undoubtedly a “make or break” economic<br />
issue that is housed in robust central agencies.<br />
Climate change as a phenomenon promises to negatively impact<br />
all of our resources and national development. Yet our laws and<br />
institutions remain set in a pre-climate era perhaps awaiting a jolt<br />
of reality and sense of remorse at how we could have availed<br />
ourselves of resources to stem these impacts. We must reform<br />
our thinking. Climate change is an enormous and complex national<br />
development issue with which we must treat through an<br />
appropriate institutional framework that is equipped to negotiate<br />
our climate future, mindful of our main objective - to secure our<br />
economic future. Given what’s at stake, are our environmental<br />
management agencies the best institutional venues for leading<br />
climate change issues? At a minimum should they be the sole<br />
venue? Most importantly, what are the plausible alternatives?<br />
The challenge of climate change requires a permanent change in<br />
the way our societies work and necessarily the way our laws and<br />
institutions are set out. This paper examines why we must act<br />
now, and proposes how the laws and institutions of <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
small islands can be designed to function in the wake of climate<br />
change and how we should now move forward.<br />
Sustaining the development of industry in Trinidad and Tobago:<br />
Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Green Manufacturing<br />
by Marc Sandy<br />
Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) possesses considerable proved reserves<br />
of crude oil and natural gas, which have traditionally allowed<br />
access to energy for industrial use at low costs, relative to<br />
the rest of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region. However, the future growth and<br />
sustainability of T&T’s manufacturing sector will depend critically<br />
on its ability to move towards more sustainable methods of production.<br />
This paper will articulate positions that seek to clearly define the<br />
role, elements and parameters around which policy frameworks may<br />
be developed for renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste reduction<br />
and recycling in the Trinidad and Tobago manufacturing sector. It<br />
will also elaborate on the efforts being made, both in the public and<br />
private sector, to ‘Green’ our industries, for the benefit of the environment,<br />
the business sector and the wider national community. Though<br />
developed for the T&T local context, the backdrop to this paper is<br />
regional sustainable development. Conclusions will therefore be<br />
drawn as to how the country can then go further to participate in energy<br />
integration and deeper regional trade agreements, to enhance<br />
the sustainable growth of the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. It is instructive to note the<br />
environment within which the sector exists at present and, by extension,<br />
the emphasis as far as policy, legislation and implementation are<br />
concerned. Firstly, the legislative environment does not directly encourage<br />
or incentivize manufacturers to become more energy efficient.<br />
Secondly, there are inherent problems in the way in which policies<br />
are implemented locally, when one considers the infrastructural<br />
bottlenecks that have kept T&T’s cost of doing business high and<br />
stymied its competitiveness.<br />
Thirdly and in particular, the low cost of fossil fuel energy in T&T has<br />
led to a relatively languid approach to renewable energy development<br />
and industrial utilization, and the country lags behind many of its <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
counterparts.<br />
The overall objective of this paper is therefore to build a vision that<br />
sees Trinidad and Tobago in sync with the regional thrust towards<br />
energy efficiency, waste minimization and environmentally sustainable<br />
manufacturing. The realization of this vision, it is hoped, will placed<br />
the wider <strong>Caribbean</strong> on solid ground as we endeavour to surge beyond<br />
our development challenges.<br />
Our Planet : Using innovation to highlight the need to use and<br />
manage natural resources efficiently in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Pablo<br />
Rosenthal and Sarah Adams<br />
Our Planet will be an innovative educational/information centre for the<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> region which will raise public awareness on the efficient<br />
use, management and conservation of natural resources and protection<br />
of biodiversity. The centre will use high technologies in an interactive<br />
environment to engage visitors so that they "live" the impacts of a<br />
changing climate and poorly managed natural resources and understand<br />
the solutions which are presented to them.<br />
Beginning with a hologram of a leading environmental figure welcoming<br />
visitors to the centre and a hologram of the world illustrating the<br />
predicted changing climate, the global context will be presented followed<br />
by its impacts, specifically in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region. Visitors will<br />
be led through an immersive environment to experience first hand the<br />
impacts of a changing climate (extreme weather events, rising waters,<br />
loss of biodiversity), will take part in interactive displays to measure<br />
their carbon footprint and discover solutions (renewable energies,<br />
energy efficiency, water and waste management, recycling, protection<br />
of biodiversity) which they can implement.<br />
Our Planet will be the first high technology centre of this kind in the<br />
world and will start receiving visitors in St Lucia from the beginning of<br />
2011. Our Planet will also be working closely with the government of<br />
St Lucia and other local stakeholders to ensure that the centre is involved<br />
in the island’s educational programmes as the high technology<br />
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approach is particularly targeted towards engaging young people<br />
with a view to changing behaviour and influencing future<br />
generations. Our Planet is proud to be partnering with other<br />
regional institutions such as <strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong><br />
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<strong>Institute</strong> (CEHI) and regional programmes like CREDP<br />
(<strong>Caribbean</strong> Renewable Energy Development Programme implemented<br />
by CARICOM Secretariat and funded by the German<br />
Government) to provide advisory services to local businesses<br />
and individuals on responsible resource use and management.<br />
Our Planet will also be working with the OECS Secretariat,<br />
CREDP and CARILEC to reach out and support initiatives<br />
throughout the entire <strong>Caribbean</strong> region. Our Planet will organise<br />
regional expert workshops to exchange experience and build<br />
partnerships and will be providing support to the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
Community (CARICOM) to set up an energy stakeholder platform<br />
which will work on the design and implementation of a regional<br />
sustainable energy roadmap. In addition, a number of<br />
local businesses in St Lucia across a wide range of sectors<br />
(tourism, food and beverages, energy service providers, etc.)<br />
have already expressed their wish to commit sponsorship funding<br />
to Our Planet.<br />
Our Planet is an environmental social enterprise and offers a<br />
model where the results are truly triple bottom line: environmentally,<br />
socially and economically sustainable. Entrance fees<br />
charged to visitors will cover operating costs and be used to<br />
fund local and regional initiatives such as training/education<br />
programmes, drafting of environmental guidelines, setting up<br />
revolving funds, promotion of renewable energies and energy<br />
efficiency, private sector initiatives, etc. As awareness of the<br />
importance of combating climate change and pressure on resources<br />
increase, particularly for island states, this represents<br />
an opportunity for such an enterprise to make an even greater<br />
contribution.<br />
Water Variability and Climate Change Related Response<br />
Measures in Tuvalu by Pisi Seleganiu and Catherine Moulogo<br />
Tuvalu has little access to groundwater. What is available is<br />
brackish and polluted. As such Tuvalu is reliant on household<br />
rainwater harvesting. During dry periods, communities often<br />
experience water shortages resulting in problems with health,<br />
hygiene and sanitation. On the capital island of Funafuti, water<br />
storage has been increased by 10,000 litres per household, and<br />
a desalination plant introduced. Despite these measures, water<br />
shortages are still prevalent. In addition to groundwater being<br />
polluted, poorly constructed septic tanks contribute to pollution<br />
in the lagoons and coastal areas. This pollution is dangerous to<br />
the health of the community and contributes to the deterioration<br />
of local marine ecosystems. This coral is particularly important<br />
as it is Tuvalu’s natural defence against coastal erosion and sea<br />
level rise as well as being a source of naturally occurring sand.<br />
From the 2005 IWP (International Waters Project), dry sanitation<br />
technology (composting toilets) was identified as a potential<br />
solution to both issues. The GEF IWRM Tuvalu demonstration<br />
project is introducing compost toilets in Tuvalu with the view to<br />
changing a nation’s sanitation. A minimum of forty will be placed<br />
in volunteer homes, supported by awareness campaigns, champions<br />
and targeted engagement strategies. The aim of this demonstration<br />
is an independent uptake of composting toilets by the community.<br />
A challenge facing the introduction of composting toilets is the community’s<br />
initial reluctance to accept the dry sanitation technology as<br />
clean and hygienic. Nevertheless, as a result of awareness raising<br />
activities, attitudes are changing; increased numbers of families are<br />
requesting composting toilets. A major step forward in positive awareness<br />
is the 91% of recent study participants who consider composting<br />
toilets “a good idea”. The term “composting toilets” confused the community<br />
and fed negative misconceptions. To create a positive association,<br />
“Falevatie” is now the term used locally for toilets constructed by<br />
the IWRM initiative; this is an abbreviation of “a toilet which saves<br />
water and is good for you and the environment”. Composting toilets<br />
have a vast potential for replication in other Small Island Developing<br />
States. Not only are they financially sound - both cost effective and<br />
efficient; the technology reduces water demand by 30% (in most<br />
households), increasing the communities and individuals water use<br />
efficiency, increasing sustainability and climate change resilience.<br />
Moreover, composting toilets are especially important on coral atolls<br />
where land quality and size is not sufficient to allow traditional management<br />
of sewage and sludge.<br />
An Approach to Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)<br />
in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Natalie Boodram<br />
Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) is the production and<br />
use of goods and services that respond to basic needs and contribute<br />
to a better quality of life, while minimizing the use of natural resources,<br />
toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over<br />
the entire life cycle of goods and services (Oslo Symposium, 1984).<br />
SCP is a holistic framework which emphasizes process modification<br />
and actions within the product lifecycle to minimize environmental<br />
impacts rather than coping with environmental impacts post production.<br />
SCP also emphasizes the modification of consumer behaviour<br />
patterns. SCP is an important concept for <strong>Caribbean</strong> communities<br />
given the region’s fragile ecosystems and a heavy reliance on and<br />
potential degradation to natural resources e.g. for agriculture and<br />
tourism. Additionally SCP is important in the reduction of environmental<br />
impacts of imported goods e.g. proper product waste disposal.<br />
This presentation outlines an approach to SCP in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> region.<br />
It highlights key SCP principles, and presents SCP as a holistic<br />
lens or framework for the reduction of the <strong>Caribbean</strong> carbon and environmental<br />
footprint. The current status of SCP in the region will be<br />
showcased within the context of regional and international initiatives.<br />
Case studies from the tourism and agriculture sector will be presented.<br />
The presentation will also highlight available regional and<br />
international information resources for the business sector, government<br />
agencies and all parties interested in implementing and furthering<br />
SCP in the region.<br />
“Communication” – The Missing “C” in Community-based Coping<br />
with Climate Change in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> by Maria Protz<br />
It is now widely recognized that Climate Change (CC) will have severe<br />
impacts on small island developing states (SIDS) such as ours in<br />
the <strong>Caribbean</strong>. What is less recognized, however, is that this adaptation<br />
process will demand intensive social learning among a wide<br />
variety of stakeholders. Unfortunately, what is even less appreciated<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
is the role that Communication for Development (ComDev) plays<br />
in facilitating social learning experiences and in helping to identify<br />
viable adaptation options. Despite the significant contribution it can<br />
make to CC adaptation, ComDev is rarely planned for, budgeted<br />
and mainstreamed within sustainable development efforts. It is the<br />
missing “C” from the equation. ComDev practitioners are seldom<br />
part of research and project management teams and communication<br />
is too often thought of as ‘public relations’ or ‘general public<br />
awareness.’ In the face of the urgent need for CC adaptation however,<br />
the region cannot afford to overlook the value-added that<br />
ComDev can bring to the table.<br />
Fortunately, through the global Communication for Sustainable<br />
Development Initiative (CSDI), the <strong>Caribbean</strong> is benefitting from<br />
the practical application of ComDev to local adaptation and preparedness<br />
measures. This paper will provide an overview of how the<br />
CSDI-<strong>Caribbean</strong> programme is using ComDev to facilitate food<br />
security and CC adaptation measures in Jamaica, St. Lucia and<br />
Dominica.<br />
Cellulosic Ethanol Technology as Waste Management tool –<br />
the Belize Potential by Ruben Contreras-Lisperguer and Kevin de<br />
Cuba<br />
Waste is an indigenous energy rich source that can be converted<br />
into power or transport fuels critically important to build resilience in<br />
an age of global energy crises and volatile energy supply and<br />
costs. Furthermore, the proper use and conversion of waste to<br />
generate energy is a suitable alternative to its dumping at saturated<br />
landfills, mitigating climate change, creating new jobs, and addressing<br />
land use management challenges, especially in the agricultural<br />
and forestry sectors. Therefore, finding an optimal solution for<br />
waste collection, treatment and disposal in small developing states<br />
is increasingly an important paradigm in sustainability. This applied<br />
research concludes that production of cellulosic ethanol (CE) derived<br />
from agricultural and forestry residues and municipal solid<br />
waste (MSW) in the near future will become a suitable waste management<br />
tool and transport fuel production alternative to supply the<br />
domestic market in Belize with potential use as an export commodity.<br />
Solar Powered Automated Greenhouse Irrigation System Installation<br />
- Lessons Learned by Kevin Harris<br />
Food and nutrition security has become a focal point for a number<br />
of small <strong>Caribbean</strong> states including Jamaica. The Ministry of Agriculture<br />
and Fisheries has been actively promoting a return to Agriculture<br />
using technological aids to improve efficiency. The integration<br />
of greenhouse design, rainwater harvesting techniques and<br />
solar powered automated irrigation is one way for sustainable production<br />
of high quality produce to meet the demands of the market.<br />
This presentation specifically examines the effects of the integrated<br />
technologies (solar, greenhouse, rainwater harvesting) in mitigating<br />
key risks affecting the agro sector including increasing production<br />
costs, flood and drought damage, and low quality assurance. The<br />
presentation focuses on Pepper production – in a Food and Agriculture<br />
Organization (FAO) sponsored Solar Misting project at the<br />
Rural Agriculture Development Association (RADA) Nursery in<br />
Lucea, Hanover, Jamaica.<br />
Solar Irrigation provides a viable opportunity to match peak watering<br />
demands (between 7:30 am and 3:00 pm) with peak energy production<br />
(sunrise to sunset). This minimises the need for large battery<br />
banks for energy storage. Automated, self-sustained systems provide<br />
clean, cheap and dependable solutions and contribute to cost containment<br />
and standardisation of the production process. Using the<br />
solar irrigation system the delivery of water through high-pressure<br />
misters is automated. The electricity to power the timer, pump and<br />
valves is provided by an 80W solar panel. It also maintains a fully<br />
charged battery to provide backup energy if required.<br />
The system comes on 3 times daily and provides an option for misting<br />
three zones within the house, which contains twelve 20ft tables.<br />
This zone option allows the saving of water in the event that the<br />
house is only partially stocked with seedlings during the sowing process.<br />
The high-pressure anti-leak misters expel very fine droplets (130<br />
microns), preventing droplets dislodging the seeds in the trays prior<br />
to germination. The roof is guttered for rainwater harvesting to fill a<br />
1000-gallon tank thereby diversifying the water supply.<br />
What is the ‘Green Paradox’ and what it could mean for the <strong>Caribbean</strong>?<br />
by Benjamin Jargstorf,<br />
Hans-Werner Sinn is a German economist. In his recent book, “Das<br />
grüne Paradoxon“ (The Green Paradox), he touches on a sore point.<br />
Climate change is a new challenge for mankind. Sinn analyses the<br />
climate-policy measures in Germany, Europe and other regions of the<br />
world to examine the extent to which they are meeting this challenge.<br />
He does not question the goals of climate polices but shows that the<br />
instruments of these policies are ineffective and to a large extent<br />
counter-productive because they disregard important economic<br />
mechanisms. With this approach Sinn closes a gap between the<br />
scientific and societal discourse on the climate issue.<br />
The paper discusses the key arguments which form the Green Paradox,<br />
namely:<br />
1. Human beings are making the earth increasingly warmer;<br />
2. Germany and other European countries spend lots of money for<br />
Green electricity and still achieve little with this support because<br />
Europe already has an emissions market that has determined<br />
the amounts of emissions;<br />
3. Giving the tank priority over the plate creates poverty and unrest<br />
in the world;<br />
4. European climate policies have accelerated climate change<br />
because they have given the resource owners cause to extract<br />
their fossil fuels faster in anticipation of a further worsening of<br />
their sales options by policy-makers;<br />
5. Only a universal, worldwide emissions trading system and a<br />
source tax on the capital gains of the resource owners are suitable<br />
for effecting a postponement of resource extraction and for<br />
slowing down climate change;<br />
and checks the validity of each argument and its possible impacts on<br />
the current discussion of climate change mitigation.<br />
The second part of the paper analyses what medium- and long-term<br />
effects the Green Paradox could have on the countries in the <strong>Caribbean</strong><br />
and if a policy change for climate mitigation measures worldwide<br />
and in the <strong>Caribbean</strong> is needed.<br />
45<br />
A<br />
B<br />
S<br />
T<br />
R<br />
A<br />
C<br />
T<br />
S<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
46 CEF-5 2010 Programme Time Table<br />
Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday<br />
7:30 Registration<br />
9:00 Formal Opening of<br />
10:00 Exhibition Setup Technical Sessions<br />
(Plenary)<br />
Early Registration<br />
- Conference<br />
Secretariat<br />
Plenary Session<br />
Parallel Sessions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5<br />
begin<br />
1. ReCaribe Meeting: Waste Management<br />
2. Centers for Disease Control<br />
(CDC)/ Water Safety Planning<br />
3. Integrated Watershed and<br />
Coastal Areas Management<br />
(IWCAM) (Closed session)<br />
4. <strong>Caribbean</strong> Sustainable Energy<br />
Forum<br />
5. Water Resources and Coastal<br />
Zone Management<br />
10:30 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break<br />
Parallel Sessions 1, 3, & 4 continue<br />
Parallel Sessions 6 & 7 begin<br />
6. <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> and Water<br />
Quality<br />
7. Climate Change and Appropriate<br />
Technology<br />
Field Trips and<br />
Sightseeing Tours<br />
11:00 Plenary Session continues<br />
Parallel Sessions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5<br />
continue<br />
12:30 Lunch Lunch Lunch<br />
Closing of Exhibition<br />
Parallel Sessions 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7 continue<br />
14:00 Plenary Session continues<br />
Parallel Sessions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5<br />
continue<br />
Parallel Sessions 3, 6 & 7 continue<br />
15:30 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break<br />
16:00 OAS Plenary Parallel Sessions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5<br />
continue<br />
17:30<br />
Parallel Sessions 3, 6 & 7 continue<br />
18:00 Opening Ceremony<br />
and Exhibition<br />
Opening<br />
19:30 Welcome Reception<br />
Post-session event:<br />
Open Forum<br />
Post-session event:<br />
UNEP CAR/RCU Movie Night<br />
CEF-5 Banquet and Awards Ceremony<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Map of Conference & Exhibition Area<br />
47<br />
C<br />
O<br />
N<br />
F<br />
E<br />
R<br />
E<br />
N<br />
C<br />
E<br />
A<br />
R<br />
E<br />
A<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
48<br />
<strong>Caribbean</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>Institute</strong><br />
P.O. Box 1111<br />
The Morne, Castries, Saint Lucia<br />
Tel: 758 452-2501; Fax: 758 453-2721<br />
Email: cehi@candw.lc<br />
Website: www.cehi.org.lc<br />
FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION