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36 A B S T R A C T S ment decisions, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) can sustain their flow of goods and services in the interest of current and future generations. Caribbean Countries have requested technical assistance from the GS/OAS to achieve the commitments laid out in the WSSD Plan of Implementation and the CBD targets. http:// www.oas.org/dsd/Events/english/08.03.10.htm ReefFix is a valuation of ecosystem services program to assess tourism, fisheries, and spatial analysis of ecosystem service values. Using economic ecosystem valuation, the ReefFix methodology was applied to 9 case study sites in the Caribbean and followed up by a participatory workshop. http://www.oas.org/dsd/ IABIN/Component1/ ReefFix/ReefFix.htm Two methodologies developed by the World Resources Institute for tourism and fisheries data and a third methodology using site-specific land cover data (using benefits transfer economic valuation studies) to assign estimates of ecosystem service values to each ecosystem type, e.g. coral reef, mangrove, or freshwater swamp were compiled for each of the 9 case study sites. Recommendations made by the marine park experts included: • Encourage a unified collaborative on-line Caribbean-wide database of ecosystem goods and services values and economic benefits derived from ecosystem services like the IABIN management effectiveness database that will help in reporting to CBD, the Millennium Development Goals, the World Parks Congress, and the Grenada Declaration. • Explore partnerships to help finance the policy reform, institutional arrangements, and sustainable financing agenda required to implement ICZM and create governance through comanagement. • Invest in creating sustainable alternative livelihoods and social protection for those affected by reallocation of use rights. • Expand biological corridors and biodiversity conservationoriented MPAs to meet “representative system” targets. • Scale up community-based resource reserves to mainstream biodiversity protection in the production landscape. Parallel Session 6 - Environmental Health Pipe Service Age Effect on Water Quality in Drinking-Water Transmission and Distribution Systems by A. O. Al-Jasser & S. Mogren Chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant is required for maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission and distribution system. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand. This varies with pipe parameters. FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first-order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay ranged from 8% to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were reached. Development of the St. Lucia Recreational Water Quality Standards by Alexandra DuBoulay The importance of establishment of recreational water quality standards is against the backdrop of increasing threats to the coastal environment largely through land-based sources of marine pollution. The threat from pollution has significant implications not only to the health and well-being of the citizens of Saint Lucia but serves to degrade the tourism product, which is the primary economic driver of the country. Based on the findings and consultative process in this study it was recommended that ‘Guidelines’ be developed that should be translated into a more ‘prescriptive’ Standard. The development of the guidelines for recreational water quality for St. Lucia involved various components including public sensitization activities, technical consultations, field visits, meetings with resource personnel, public and institutional perception surveys and literature reviews. To inform the development of the guideline, local stakeholder input was solicited. This was done on two levels: (1) through national consultations when a series of four events were hosted in which participants were sensitized on the initiative, who in turn offered suggestions on what the components of the guidelines should include, and (2) through island-wide surveys of individuals and businesses/institutions to obtain inputs on perceptions associated with the definition, use and management of recreational waters. A monitoring framework is also proposed as part of the guidelines. The guideline presented in this study is intended to be used as the basis for the actual development of the standard. It is recommended that the process be channelled through the national standards-setting body, the St. Lucia Bureau of Standards. It is recommended that the legislative provisions of relevant front-line agencies incorporate references to the recreational water quality standard so as to expand institutional support to ensure compliance to the standard. The guideline document developed by CEHI can be used to ensure that recreational water in St. Lucia meets the desired quality. Connections between Land Use Changes and Water Quality in a Subtropical Urban Coastal Watershed in Florida, USA by Gurpal S. Toor Eutrophication is a broad term used to describe enhanced phytoplankton growth in water bodies that receive excess nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from various land uses in a watershed. In the US and elsewhere, eutrophication is one of the greatest threats to the coastal economies and health of the estuaries. Further, the impact of land use changes on water quality especially in coastal tropical and subtropical areas is of immense interest. This interest stems from dependence of coastal economies on open water for fisheries and recreational purposes. In rapidly developing coastal urban communities such as those in the Caribbean and Florida, solutions that are protective of water quality while allowing future development are urgently needed. Unfortunately, most land use modification decisions lack scientific rigor which further complicates the impact of such changes on water quality of receiving water bodies. Recent research has suggested that controls on both N and P transport from land to water might be needed to control eutrophication in freshwater-marine continuum. Therefore, the inputs of N and P are greater in human dominated land uses (agricultural and urban) as compared to relatively undeveloped land areas such as natural forests. The nutrient sources can be divided into “point sources” such as wastewater and industrial effluents and “non-point sources” such as runoff and leaching from urban and agricultural areas. Non-point source pollution is dominant in most of the watersheds in the US and elsewhere. Urban storm water runoff is the major contributor of nutrients to coastal water bodies in developed and rapidly developing regions. Florida is one of the rapidly developing states in the US and has serious water quality problems such as eutrophication of coastal waters. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality of coastal waters. This presentation will discuss how the land use changes in an urban coastal area, the Alafia River Watershed (drainage area: 1085 km 2 ) that drains into the Tampa Bay estuary, has impacted the water quality. This watershed represents a typical urbanizing watershed in the region with a diverse mix of urban, agricultural, and mixed land uses. The presentation will specifically address how the different land uses have impacted losses of various organic and inorganic forms of N and P from 1991 to 2009. The presentation will conclude with an optimized water quality monitoring approach and synthesis of best management practices that rapidly urbanizing communities in Florida and Caribbean countries can use to assess the impacts of land use changes on water quality and protect their valuable water resources. Assessing exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Caribbean by Martin Forde and Eric Dewailly Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have become widespread in the environment and are now widely recognized as a global contamination problem. Although mapping of the scope and scale of POPs contamination has begun in most developed countries and is ongoing, to date, there has been a lack of information concerning the sources, fates, and effects of these highly toxic, bio-accumulative, persistent chemicals within the Caribbean region. This lack of information is particularly troubling since it is well known that many POP chemicals have been extensively used within this region for agriculture and vector control purposes over several decades. Since the half-lives of many POPs can be measured in decades, it is plausible that significant POP chemical concentrations may still be present in the Caribbean environment which continue to serve as major causes of contamination to the region’s food and 37 A B S T R A C T S FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM AND EXHIBITION
Page 1 and 2: FIFTH BIENNIAL CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMEN
Page 3 and 4: Contents Background Messages • Me
Page 5 and 6: 5 Message from Hon. Dr. Horace Chan
Page 7 and 8: 7 Message from Patricia Aquing Exec
Page 9 and 10: United States Centers for Disease C
Page 11 and 12: 11 CARICOM Energy Programme Joint M
Page 13 and 14: List of Organizers and Sponsors Col
Page 15 and 16: Monday, June 21 st 10:00 - 16:00 Ar
Page 17 and 18: Quality (Falmouth Room) Parallel Se
Page 19 and 20: 12.00 - 12.30 Randy Brown: ReCaribe
Page 21 and 22: Abstracts of Technical Presentation
Page 23 and 24: ottles are discarded yearly in Geor
Page 25 and 26: Selikor has implemented this manage
Page 27 and 28: the importance of the vision of IWC
Page 29 and 30: concerns of global warming. Alterna
Page 31 and 32: Caribbean’s sustainability proble
Page 33 and 34: Parallel Session 5 - Water Resource
Page 35: ance at the macro (government) and
Page 39 and 40: ventilation, temperature, etc inher
Page 41 and 42: Parallel Session 7- Climate Change
Page 43 and 44: Are our laws and institutions ready
Page 45 and 46: is the role that Communication for
Page 47 and 48: Map of Conference & Exhibition Area

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