Prediction of batch heat transfer coefficients for pseudoplastic fluids ...

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12 sheaF stress at whieh nem-NewtoRian behavi@r eo~e~ees. Fer PQl~etkyle~e the iRitia.l ~ear stress is 2000 dynes/e~2 at 120~C ana 500 ~ynes/em2 at 230 e O (145). Tke 'P!!>wer law was ehesen a.s the equatiol'l u.sed to represe~t the rhe@legieal data beeause: 1. It has bee~ ShOWB to accurately represemt the raeol®gieal ~ata 0~ the majority af pseuGo ]?lastie fluids il:! the shear rate raRge elll.- cOUBtered im industrial processes. 2. It is general in that it reduces to NewtoRts rheologieal law fer n = 1.0. 3 .. It CaR be used to apIDr0xirt1ately represent otaer types of flow behavior, sueh as ~ixotropy amd viscoelasticity. 4 .. It is a very easy relationship to work 'tdth matliter'ltatieally.
13 RHEOLOGIC_~ INVESTIGATION OFPO~~R LAW FLUIDS There are many e~ereial visGGmeters available ~or the aatermimatiGn o~ Newtonian viscosity but very ~ew are available for the quantitative determination o~ shear stress and shear rate (97). There are two basie types o~ viscometers l...rhich GaE. be used to determine these quantities; a eapillary tube viseometer and a r0tating cylinder viscometer. The ca~illary tube viscometer has a ~ew serious disadvantages. The pressure drop corrections are very time cons~~ng and a great deal of tiMe is spent in Gleaning and assembl~g the apparatus (121). The Rotational Viscometer Since the rotational viscometer vTaS used in this study its use is described in More detail. The exact procedure followed and the experimental results are iRcluded 1m Appemdix A .. The rotational viscometer is very easy to clean and assemble. The data are easily taken and only one correction, a constant eorreefion, must be made. Moreover, a model with a 200 fold shea~-rate range (Bro0~ield S~e~o-Lectrie) is commercially available, and was used in this study. Tae rotational viscometer is basically a eylin~ical fluid container called the eup ana a cyliRarieal b~b whieh is immersed eoneentrieally ~ the cup @f fluid. ~ s®me models the cup
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: PREDICTION OF BATCH HEAT TRANSFER C
Page 5 and 6: while the latter has five to seven
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The auther ex~ress
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Introducticm
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES page 2-1 FlGW Behav
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BATCH HEAT T
Page 15 and 16: 3 as pseudoplasticso Pseudoplastic
Page 17 and 18: 5 ~n addition to studying the effec
Page 19 and 20: 7 A B SLOPE = /'n- .( 10 ~y FIG 2-1
Page 21 and 22: 15.5, 183, 185).. Most of their eff
Page 23: va:ry withl. the slaear I'Rte.. 11.
Page 27 and 28: IS In(s) (2-8 (2-9 where Re is the
Page 29 and 30: '7 ft~ easier method of calibrating
Page 31 and 32: 19 of' thixotropic breakdown l'Ji t
Page 33 and 34: 21 complicated by a variable viscos
Page 35 and 36: 2J Schultz-GrQnow (174) used a dime
Page 37 and 38: 2S The results shm-red that equatio
Page 39 and 40: Su.bstituti011 of equati 2-22 gives
Page 41 and 42: 29 In both Newtonian and non-Newton
Page 43 and 44: 31 for viscous pseudoplas tics at 1
Page 45 and 46: 33 (2-29 when both the distances ar
Page 47 and 48: JS Thermometers or thermocouples ar
Page 49 and 50: .37 2: a in in heat cQ@tent of the
Page 51 and 52: J9 cooling mediu..:m side, the heat
Page 53 and 54: 41 ports a value of 3/4-.. He then
Page 55 and 56: 43 find the effects of one or two o
Page 57 and 58: 45 The group to the left of the equ
Page 59 and 60: 47 the highest heat tra...nsfer coe
Page 61 and 62: 49 A pitched blade turbine gave coe
Page 63 and 64: SI done on the correlation of heat
Page 65 and 66: 5J evaluated at the wall temperatur
Page 67 and 68: ss to (2-46 where ill is the consis
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER .2 DEVELOPMENT OF CORRELATI
Page 71 and 72: momentum" mass" and energy may be ~
Page 73 and 74: 61 Vr;> Jt.- ,,"Ii'\... ..", ::: (V
Page 75 and 76:
63 Substitution of these dimensionl
Page 77 and 78:
l/(R + 1) and was able t@ elim.iE.a
Page 79 and 80:
67 All of the variables and differe
Page 81 and 82:
69 The average heat transfer coeffi
Page 83 and 84:
N"v = C Iv''' (;';~-"')&'i'~ (%t-n,
Page 85 and 86:
73 Semi-Empirical Correlation i ..,
Page 87 and 88:
75 7I1C1?/lfOCOUPLc .JuNe T/ON IMBE
Page 89 and 90:
77 _I"---- / SCALE I ~~, .5 j t /Z.
Page 91 and 92:
also cop~ected to the pipes leading
Page 93 and 94:
81 Ve8sel :J all th:l c]me 8 8 .) '
Page 95 and 96:
83 potentiometer for varing the mot
Page 97 and 98:
85 MATERIAL 7:0 STAIIJLESS STEEL /
Page 99 and 100:
11 Wa.ll (Mi€1dl~) Same as #5 81
Page 101 and 102:
89 shea.r ra.tes, tl?1ey a.re unaff
Page 103:
and if' lO"V'l$' a sm.all amount of
Page 106 and 107:
94- was about 40-45 ndmutes .. Tke
Page 108 and 109:
96 vThere N is in rev./sec .. and S
Page 110 and 111:
88 ql\fETI A = 6 T \--T -s L/kw (1+
Page 112 and 113:
I {)D The generalized Reynolds n~mb
Page 114 and 115:
02. CHAPTER !2. RESUI,TS Many heat
Page 116 and 117:
01 TABLE 5-2 sutn~U{Y OF ADDITIONAL
Page 118 and 119:
108 the batch than the other ticJO
Page 120 and 121:
108 optimum impeller heights were u
Page 122 and 123:
10 I r "'" , •• ,'., "",' """",
Page 124 and 125:
112 correlations for the prediction
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 5 - 4 Correlation Constants A
Page 128 and 129:
1/6 Table 5-5 and 5-6. A measure of
Page 130 and 131:
TABLE S - 6 IMPELLER Correlation Co
Page 132 and 133:
120 greater than 2.0. In this case
Page 134 and 135:
12.2
Page 136 and 137:
TABLE 5 - 9 CORRELATION E t (a/n +1
Page 138 and 139:
TABLE 5 - 10 IMPELLER Correlation C
Page 140 and 141:
TABLE 5 - 11 CORRELATION G (1.30/61
Page 142 and 143:
1.30 of the substantial improvement
Page 144 and 145:
1.3 2. The probable error in the ca
Page 146 and 147:
134 .,;' : :: :::: : ~ !~. , " . .'
Page 148 and 149:
T." ••••••• ,_ .....
Page 150 and 151:
38 the cooling of nitration liquors
Page 152 and 153:
140 The average deviation of the me
Page 154 and 155:
42 tween 0.25 and 0.58. L~~l had re
Page 156 and 157:
144 transfer coefficients to non-Ne
Page 158 and 159:
16 of fit and it may t...herefore b
Page 160 and 161:
148 'tvas insufficient data to eval
Page 162 and 163:
50 A ::: Apr ... B ::: C p ::: CPr
Page 164 and 165:
52. Q ::. Average heat transfer rat
Page 166 and 167:
Xc = Function of Reynolds nL:l.m.be
Page 168 and 169:
IS6 G REE:>{ ALPHABET 0 ::: Value o
Page 170 and 171:
158 coefficient. Thus, for the wate
Page 172 and 173:
160 , ., I .. : I :. '. • • !.
Page 174 and 175:
162 I , . I . "I '1 I i I 1 I 1· '
Page 176 and 177:
64 ncr --~iIluto e torque of the in
Page 178 and 179:
166 rive different temperatures; ab
Page 180 and 181:
168 TABLE A-4. SLOPE OF "LOG SHEAR
Page 182 and 183:
TABLE 11.-5 RHEOLOGICAL DATA FOR CA
Page 184 and 185:
TABLE A-5 (eollt. ) /12 o . 24;;& C
Page 186 and 187:
'11 The flow behavior index and flu
Page 188 and 189:
i .f.C ·F s o 6 1 6 I
Page 190 and 191:
· . . . " , · . :::11" ': "'" ~ .
Page 192 and 193:
180 Tke thermal e€l1'!ciluetlvity
Page 194 and 195:
182 Heat capacity data for 100% gly
Page 196 and 197:
IB4- wkiek ex~resses the aensity e
Page 198 and 199:
186 Ts - Torque X :: Peree~t 0~ ful
Page 200 and 201:
Phase I Calcu13tiJ~ of Slope of !oG
Page 202 and 203:
3 REAL). N. ti •• D 4 cN=N E'I'
Page 204 and 205:
~~-- ~---- --~--~ ~~~--------------
Page 206 and 207:
Phase IV Correlation of Flow Behavi
Page 208 and 209:
96 HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR WA'fER US
Page 210 and 211:
DATA /98 Batch \'ieight '" 94 •.
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zoo Run Center Dia!!1ec;er Ri'M Are
Page 214 and 215:
DATA 20l. WATER - TUHBINSS Batch We
Page 216 and 217:
204- HEAT T'rtANSFEH DATA USED IN C
Page 218 and 219:
DATA ANCHor;: 206 Batch :'Ieight =
Page 220 and 221:
2.08 Run Diameter RP!'1 Area Dynamo
Page 222 and 223:
DAT_': 210 "i'ADDI,ES 9:5.7'10 GLYC
Page 224 and 225:
212 DATA PADDLES 0.15 PEHC:::N'r CA
Page 226 and 227:
211- D!~ 'I'l\. PA-:JDLES 0.20 PERC
Page 228 and 229:
~;:. 'I'A 3.16 P.;'DDLES 0.24 PEHCE
Page 230 and 231:
2/8 DATA PROPELL:SH3 0.15 P:~RCEN'l
Page 232 and 233:
DATA DISK & VANE 'l'URBINE \'iATER
Page 234 and 235:
2.22 DATA Tu.'i:SINES 0.15 PERCENT
Page 236 and 237:
CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND PR
Page 238 and 239:
________________ ~parent viscosity
Page 240 and 241:
------------------------ -_._------
Page 242 and 243:
~--~, ~ ---- ---- -----------~-----
Page 244 and 245:
232 NOMEliCLATURE FOR BEAT TRANSFER
Page 246 and 247:
2.34- CALCULATED RSSULTS WATER Run
Page 248 and 249:
2,36 Run Center Diameter h NNu Npo
Page 250 and 251:
2.38 CALCULAT'ED ~E~:UL'rS ?!ATER P
Page 252 and 253:
CALCULA'rED 1-{E8iiLlJ. 1 S \.;!\.'
Page 254 and 255:
CALC:_:LA'i'ED _12:-)ULTS 24c. ANCH
Page 256 and 257:
CALCULATEDR3SULTS PADDLE - CENTER H
Page 258 and 259:
CALCULATED HESULTS 216 PADDLES - CE
Page 260 and 261:
248 CALCULATED RESULTS PADDLES - CE
Page 262 and 263:
CALCULATED RE:>ULTS 2. So PADDLf~S
Page 264 and 265:
PADDLES - CALCULATED RE6ULTS CENTSH
Page 267 and 268:
255 CALCULATED !tESULTS PROPELLERS
Page 269 and 270:
CALCULA'rED RELmL'l'S PROPELLr~RS -
Page 271 and 272:
CALCULATED HESULTS DISK AND VANE ;r
Page 273 and 274:
DISK AND VAI'E .rU~1BINES CALCULATE
Page 275 and 276:
DISK AND VANE '.i.'UR13HiES - CEl'i
Page 277 and 278:
26S RESULT,:; U:3ED FOR REGRESSION
Page 279 and 280:
of a least squares line can be calc
Page 281 and 282:
269 (0-9 where y "" log NNu xl = lo
Page 283 and 284:
-------------- -.Basi.c "Progr.a.rr
Page 285 and 286:
-----------~---------- -~----------
Page 287 and 288:
--~-------------- ------ ~~ -------
Page 289 and 290:
Modi fi cati onB-foT' ev:alnatj ng-
Page 291 and 292:
constants forco~~~latjQn F --------
Page 293 and 294:
.------~.~~-- ---------------------
Page 295 and 296:
28.J ENGLISH ALPHABET . - ¢,'"'~-=
Page 297 and 298:
References 2.8S 1. ') L. 3. Lt- •
Page 299 and 300:
287 56. 57. 58. C:;o ./ / . 60. 61.
Page 301 and 302:
289 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 12L~
Page 303 and 304:
176. 177. 178. 179. 1(30. 181. 182.
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Prediction of batch heat transfer coefficients for pseudoplastic fluids ...

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