Managing Traffic Incidents - University of Queensland

that land uses are fixed, both in location and
magnitude. However, it may be relevant to consider
the relationship between 'land-use' and
'transport' for three reasons (5):
– Land-use activities and the interactions between
them generate the demands for transport;
– These activities and interactions are influenced
by the availability of transport; and
– The linkages between transport and activities
may be important to the appraisal of transport
strategies - especially when trying to
consider whether the transport system is providing
the kind of accessibilities that people
and businesses require, rather than simply
providing mobility.
It may be feasible to explore these issues without
adopting land-use models. Different land
use inputs can be employed to explore the sensitivity
of transport models to land-use, while
the impacts on land-use of different transport
strategies can be assessed, based on the outputs
of transport models. However, where these relationships
are complex the use of a formal
modelling approach may be required.
'Land-use/transport interaction models' represent
the influences of transport upon different
groups of economic agents (individuals and
household, firms and other productive organisations,
and national and local government) by
modelling some or all of the markets (property,
labour, and goods and services) through which
they interact. As their name indicates, they
model both the transport and land-use systems,
though physical land-use is generally less important
than the behaviours of residents and
firms.
The economic interactions between activities,
such as flows of workers to workplaces or of
services to consumers, are obviously related to
transport demands. Land-use/transport interaction
models can be classified into the following
two broad groups according to their treatment
of these interactions:
– Group 1 consists of modes where the economic
interactions between activities are
used in predicting where land-uses will lo-
The emphasis UK placed Multi-Modal on the participation of stake-
Transport models work Studies
on the assumption
holders and the community in the development
of the studies.
As the table below shows, there are a number
of Consultation Models that have been
adopted in transport planning.
Participation is fundamentally different to
consultation in that it allows participants to
have a direct influence in the development and
outcomes of the studies.
It could be argued that studies would deliver
the best results if the highest practical degree
of participation were achieved throughout the
study process from identification of transport
objectives and possible options to be assessed.
This would help ensure that all reasonable options
were considered and would maximise the
chances that the preferred transport strategy
would succeed and be accepted given the potential
level of ownership from stakeholders
and the community.
To achieve this requires a fully integrated
and responsive approach from the study management
and study consultants to the consultation/participation
process. The outcomes of the
study (including consultation/participation
process) need to be disseminated at timely intervals
throughout the study process. It is also
important that as many local people and organisations
as possible know about the studies
and that the consultation/participation process
encourages a healthy and lively debate as well
as some excitement about the studies. This is
best achieved if the teams undertaking the
studies fully value the contributions that can
be made from stakeholders and communities,
and crucially that these groups can have a direct
influence on the outcome of the studies.
Transport Modelling/Assessment Tools
Four groups of tools or procedures that have
been used in the studies are:
– Transport or a land-use/transport interaction
models;
– Environmental impact assessment procedures;
– Cost/benefit analysis procedures; and
– Geographic information systems.
One of the main features of the studies is the
use of strategic land use/transport models.
Greater community/stakeholder involvement
Non Participation Manipulation? Information Tokenism? Collaboration Empowerment
12 DECEMBER 2001
Decide – Announce
– Defend
Public Relations
Marketing
Public Information Consultation Participation Coproduction