Electronics Spectra - SMS Lucknow

an ece publication 

VOL. I 2010 

spectra 

electronics 

Claytronics CAM Green Laser MEMS 

ASIC 

SED 

virtually redefined 

Sixth Sense Technology 

Bio-Metrices 

securing future 

Project 

DTMF Controlled Robot 

Counselling Arena 

IES 

CAT 2011 

GATE 2011 

Campus Interview 

Retina based 

Security System 

E lectronics Unborn 

Deptt. of electronics & Communication Engg. 

SMS-IT, Lucknow

DEPARTMENT OF 

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION 

Electronics and Communication Engineering is one of the most upcoming area of Research & Engineering 

among all other branches of engineering. As of today, Electronics and Communication Engineers are 

working in all spheres of modern industry. The goal of this course is to impart all around technical education 

to the students to fulfill requirements of new challenges of industries as well as to find new ways to solve the 

practical problems of our daily life. 

The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering was established in the year 2008 in SMS 

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LUCKNOW. The department has well equipped Labs as : 

Electronic Workshop & PCB Lab 

Electronics circuit Lab 

Digital Electronics lab 

Measurement Lab 

Integrated Circuit Lab 

Advanced Communication lab 

Microprocessor Lab 

Control System Lab 

Micro-wave & Research Lab 

Design & Simulation Lab 

The department has prominent Faculty members having a vast experience in their field. 

Industrial visits and practical projects are also encouraged by the department in various sectors. Students 

are also taken out to industries for practical understanding of the new technologies. Recently we had an 

Industrial Tour to NEDA, Lucknow and a Seminar on Embedded Technology.

SMS Institute of Technology, L ucknow 

Department of Electronics & Co mmunication 

MESSAGE 

Dear Students, 

This gives me immense pleasure to say few words for the intellectual initiative 

taken by the students of Electronics & Communication Engineering, in bringing out 

the first issue of “Electronics Spectra”. 

I am confident that the initiative will not only bring laurels to the student community 

but will also open new vista for further innovations. 

Sustaining the professional impeccability of a new age “Technology Magazine” is a 

daunting challenge and we must be armed to face it. 

The passage of time will ensure the acceptability of the contributions of the writers. 

The critical feedback of the readers shall build a continuous improvement system that will lead the Electronics 

Spectra towards excellence. 

Wishing Electronics Spectra a grand success in the future. 

With best wishes!! 

Sharad Singh 

Chief Executive Officer 

SMS Group of Institutions, Lucknow 

I am pleased to know that the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 

of SMS Institute of Technology, Lucknow is bringing out its first issue of 

"Electronics Spectra" . I extend my best wishes on the occasion of the publication of the 

first issue of the technical magazine. 

I hope this magazine will be a treasure for those associated with Electronics & 

Communication Engineering and will help in providing a platform for sharing experiences 

& learning in this area. 

I once again congratulate the Electronics & Communication Engineering Department 

and the entire team on this endeavour and wish the Technical Magazine all success. 

Dr. G.D. Singh 

Director 

SMS Institute of Technology, Lucknow 

It is a matter of great pleasure to know that Electronics and Communication Engineering 

Department of SMS Institute of Technology Lucknow is releasing its first Departmental 

Magazine - “Electronics Spectra” in the month of October 2010, with participation 

of students and faculty members. It would definitely provide a platform to 

enhance the talent of students as well as faculty members and create good academic 

environment. 

I trust this will prove a very successful endeavour in future to evolve a team of 

intellectuals who will share their views with such magazine for the growth of Institute 

and development of nation as a whole. 

I congratulate to Mr. Rahul Mishra, HOD, EC, faculty members and team of students, who are contributing 

in the publication of first Departmental Magazine and wishing for its long way success. 

Prof. B.R. Singh 

Associate Director 

SMS Group of Institutions, Lucknow 

3 Electronics Spectra, 2010



It’s a matter of delight to know about the 'Electronics Spectra' a magazine by department 

of Electronics & Communication Engineering. As the magazine is going to 

be a profound source of information and knowledge in the field of electronics and 

communication, I expect from the readers to enjoy it to its fullest. 

The moves like this generate a positive and creative current in the campus and I 

appreciate the enthusiasm shown by the students in making it to happen. 

At last, I congratulate Mr. Rahul Mishra, chief editor of the magazine for his constructive 

initiation. I would also like to congratulate the students for their vibrant and dynamic endeavours. 

I wish the magazine a grand success with best compliments. 

Dr. Dharmendra Singh 

Dean Academic 


Dear students, 

Every achievement is rooted deep in hard work, determination and dedication. The 

best of learning's get tested through the journey of life. In that sense we all are studen ts 

of life. At the end I would like to share with you a success formula- 

"Desire + Stability = Resolution + Hard work = Success" 

I am sure each one of you is capable of contributing to the bright future. Best 

wishes to all my student friends. 

R S Bajpai 

Reader, EN Department, 


It is our great pleasure that Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, 

SMS Institute of Technology has taken a step forward to start a compiled 

informative magazine named "ELECTRONICS SPECTRA". This will provide a platform 

to the students, faculty members as well as professionals to express their knowledge. 

I congratulate Mr. Rahul Mishra, Chief Editor of the magazine on behalf 

of Computer Science & Engineering Department for his initiative. 

I wish a grand success, to growth and utility of the magazine. 

Sudhakar Tripathi 

HOD 

Computer Science & Engineering Department 

SMS Institute of Technology,Lucknow 



Contents 


5 Sixth sense technology 

7 Biometrics 

11 Retina based security system 

13 Claytronics : Turning dream into real 

16 CAM: Memory faster than RAM 

20 Application specific integrated circuit 

22 Smart dust 

24 Genetic algorithms 

26 Junctionless transistor 

27 Green laser 

29 IPTV: The future TV 

31 MEMS 

34 NN Power Planner 

36 Plasmonics 

39 Ground Penetrating Radar 

40 Surface-conduction electron-emitter 

display 

Regular Columns 

10 GATE - The way of success 

18 Indian Engineering Services (IES) 

28 Campus interview 

33 Electronics unborn 

38 Common Admission Test (CAT) 

43 Tech-Buzz-Arena 

44 Project : Mobile phone operated 

robot 

46 Campus interview paper 

41 E -Waste 



Month : October Year : 2010 

Volume : 1 

“Electronics Spectra” 

CHIEF EDITOR 

Mr. Rahul Mishra 

EDITORIAL BOARD 

Faculty 

Mr. Nikhil Jaiswal 

Ms. Neha Srivastava 

Mr. Kamran Akhtar 

Mr. Rakesh Seth 

Ms. Sadaf Rizvi 

Students 

Mr. Sudhanshu Shekhar Singh 

Mr. Jaikar Sahai 

Mr. Ashutosh Vikram Singh 

Mr. Gaurav Mishra 

SPECIAL THANKS TO : 

Mr. Saurabh Shukla (Lecturer) 

Mr. S.S. Rawat (DTP-cum-S.O.A.) 

Mr. Mahesh Kr. Yadav (DTP) 

Mr. Prabhat Singh (LI) 

Mr. Aman Srivastava 

Mr. Kislaya Srivastava 

Mr. Prashant Mathur 

Ms. Ritu Gupta 

Mr. Parama Hans 

Mr. Arvind Kr. Chaubey 

From the Editor’s Desk....... 


It brings me a lot of pleasure in bringing 

up the first Edition of Electronics 

Spectra , the departmental magazine 

of Electronics & Communi cation 

Engineering. The magazine consist of 

articles and columns related t o Projects, 

Future of electronics, Career counseling 

and various horizons of the field of electronics and 

communication engineering. 

The magazine is an outcome of students audent efforts as 

well as sincere guidance of th e faculty of the Department. 

As an editor, I am pleased to see the quality of the article s 

submitted by the students and I expect this movement 

will help them in developing their research and presentation 

skills. 

I also feel that the magazine will provide proper guidance 

and information about the Covered field to the readers . 

At last, I congratulate the students for their efforts and 

endeavours. I am also thankful to the Management of the 

Institution for providing me s uch an atmosphere and their 

continuous support. 

With Best Wishes 

Rahul Mishra 

Chief Editor & 

HOD of ECE 

mail us at 

electronics.spectra@gmail.com 



Sixth sense technology 


Arvind, Param Hans & Ritesh 

EC -III year 

INTRODDUCTION 

MANY of us might have heard 

about the sixth sense in Hollywood 

movies, but ever thought that 

you will be able to use it as a technology? 

If you are from those who just 

believe that there are only five senses 

then I must say you are wrong. Because, 

those five senses are provided 

by nature. Now technology is going 

to provide you an additional s ense 

named as sixth sense. It’s an exciting 

new research from MIT students 

which have been experimented successfully, 

and soon we will find it in 

the market as a wearable gestural interface. 

Ever since computers began to be 

a part of mankind, their evolution has 

been taking place at break nec k 

speed. And now we are about to 

witness the power of computing and 

on demand information just like the 

Sci-fi thrillers of Hollywood have portrayed 

for many years. Sixth S ense 

Technology is one such recent invention 

which aims to blend in the boundaries 

between the virtual and the real 

world. The mastermind behind t his 

futuristic technology is Pranav Mistry, 

a designer whiz kid. 

WHAT IS SIXTH SENSE 

TECHNOLOGY? 

Pranav Mistry, a student at th e 

Media Lab of Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology (MIT), has developed 

a gestural interface device which enables 

enrichment of the physical world 

with knowledge that is digital and allows 

a person to use natural motions 

to act together with this information 

so received. This device, tent atively 

named as the Sixth Sense, is a wearable 

machine that assists unexplored 

interactions between the real and the 

virtual sphere of data. It consists of 

certain commonly available com ponents, 

which are intrinsic to its functioning. 

These include a camer a, a 

portable battery-powered projection 

system coupled with a mirror a nd a 

cell phone. All these componen ts 

communicate to the cell phone, which 

acts as the communication 

and computation 

device. The entire hardware 

apparatus is encompassed 

in a pendantshaped 

mobile wearable 

device. Basically the camera 

recognises individuals, 

images, pictures, gestures 

one makes with 

their hands and the projector 

assists in projecting 

any information on whatever 

type of surface is 

present in front of the 

person. The usage of the 

mirror is significant as the 

projector angles pointing 

downwards from the neck. To br ing 

out variations on a much higher plane, 

in the demo video which was broadcasted 

to showcase the prototype to 

the world, Mistry uses coloured caps 

on his fingers so that it becomes simpler 

for the software to diffe rentiate 

between the fingers, demanding various 

applications. The software program 

analyses the video data caught 

by the camera and also tracks down 

the locations of the coloured markers 

by utilising single computer vision techniques. 

One can have any number of 

hand gestures and movements as long 

as they are all reasonably ide ntified 

and differentiated for the sys tem to 

interpret it, preferably through unique 

and varied fiducials. This is possible only 

because the ‘Sixth Sense’ device supports 

multi-touch and multi-user interaction. 

DEVELOPMENTAL 

STAGES 

The idea behind this technolog y 

is to simplify day-to-day tasks and integrate 

them with the virtual world. 

This technology was born with the 

simple modification of a ball mouse into 

a motion sensing device. The a xial 

rollers found in the ball mouse were 

used to replicate the gestures made 

with hand on the computer. The 

much-loved sticky notes were a lso 

implemented with this, one exception 

being that our scribble work on them 

would be directly synchronized with 

the computer or a scheduling device 

which can also be organized ef fortlessly. 

With the virtual interaction in place, 

the next obvious step was to bring in 

instant information to the user. Sixth 

sense technology is set to red efine 

the way information can be searched 

for. The information could be accessed 

by merely placing the object of interest 

on the interactive plane w ithout 

even having to GOOGLE it! So t o 

check your flight schedule, all that you 

have to do is place your ticket on the 

interactive surface and watch in awe 

as you are flooded with the details. 

DEVICE SET UP 

The Sixth sense device is a complete 

surprise package when it comes 

to its functionality and hardware. Just 

as the device simplifies human craving 

for information, it simplifies the way 

you interact with it. You don’ t have 

to be a rocket scientist to be absolutely 

at ease operating it. T he device 

has a portable camera, projector 

and few color markers stuck onto the 

fingers for gesture tracking. 

The big plus of this device is that 

you need not to carry a monitor display 

with you wherever you go. 

Rather you can magically turn any surface 

of your choice into a vir tual 

screen and start interacting with the 




projected information. The dev ice is 

a network enabled module which allows 

you to access the internet, cruise 

through maps when you are stuck in 

a tour, check your mails and a lso 

doubles up as your virtual mob ile 

phone. 

HOW IT WORKS 

The technology in itself is nothing 

more than the combination of s ome 

stunning technologies, but the idea 

of combining those technologie s is 

really great. The technology is mainly 

based on hand gesture recognit ion, 

image capturing, processing, and manipulation, 

etc. The camera is used 

to recognize and track user’s hand 

gestures and physical objects using 

computer-vision based techniqu es, 

while the projector is used to project 

visual information on walls or on any 

physical thing around us. Other hardware 

includes mirror and colored caps 

to be used for fingers 

The software of the technology 

uses stream, which is captured by the 

camera, and also tracks the location 

This device, which can only be 

found in Think Geek, is a kind of mobile 

phone charger that can power up 

your phones via induction. It also 

works easy enough. You only have to 

slide your phone into the included receiver 

case and watch as your phones 

get juiced up. Once your phone is completely 

charged, this Air Volt Wireless 

Phone Charger will automatically turn 

off. 

Here are the features of this 

AirVolt Wireless Phone Charger: 

* Compatible with I Phone 3G/3G. 

* Works via induction - Tesla would 

be so proud of us. 

* Dimensions: 5.5 x 4.5 

(14 x 11.5cm). 

* A/C Power: 100-240VAC, 50/ 

60Hz, .5A (Input); 9VDC, 1A 

(Output) 

* Includes: charging tray, receiver, 

A/C power supply, instruction. 

of the tips of the fingers to recognize 

the gestures. This process is done 

using some techniques of compu ter 

vision. 

SIXTH SENSE VS 

MICROSOFT DIGITAL 

SURFACE 

The other recent development 

which introduced the multi-tou ch 

functionality and gesture inte rpretation 

technology is the Microsoft Surface 

from the computer technol ogy 

giants, the Microsoft Corporation. But 

Pranav Mistry’s invention wins hands 

down with respect to the Micro soft 

Surface because of its down to earth 

price, portability, and mass popularity. 

Pranav Mistry and his mentor P attie 

Maes got rave reviews for their presentations 

in the Ted conferences held 

at India and USA respectively. Moreover 

the Microsoft Surface is aimed at 

the commercial market with only a few 

ready to experiment with it considering 

the huge investment involved. 

Thus Sixth Sense Technology is 

Air volt wireless phone charger 

A revolutionary charger for your 

mobile phones 

* Charger similar to other phones. 

Although not officially licensed by 

Apple Inc., the AirVolt Wireless Phone 

Charger is worth about $49.99. 

 

Udit Narayan 

EC - II year 

one fuss free device which is set to 

bless mankind with an extra sense in 

spite of the individual’s spiritual status. 

So let us all gear up to explore 

the world around us Virtually the video. 

SIXTH SENSE 

APPLICATIONS 

The sixth sense also implement s 

map which let the user to display the 

map on any physical surface and find 

his destination by just using his gestures. 

The device is cool enough that 

it can display current time on your 

wrist as well as recognize people by 

projecting information related to 

them.The important thing is that the 

device is a mobile device. Means, it is 

so light that we can take it w ith us 

where ever we want to. It is as small 

as a cell phone and is so simple to use. 

AVAILABILITY 

it would come as cheap as $350 

in its compact and stylish pen dant 

avatar. Just put together your own 

sixth sense device and experience the 

power of the digital world on the go. 

 

Digital photo frame 

Now in this era, electronics h as 

launched a digital photo frame to make 

the living rooms more attractive with 

special memories. It comprises of a 

wide 8 inch screen which makes it perfect 

for users to view. 

Also it looks glossy & stylish . It 

helps the viewer to 

view full screen images. 

It is equipped 

with multiple options 

such as storage folders, 

image 

b r o w s i n g , 

multi slide 

show, image pause/zoom, 

digital clock, calendar and alarm. These 

all options make it multipurpose and 

reasonable. It also gives user the convenience 

of changing images from a 

distance. The remote control with the 

frame facilitates easy image transition. 

The picture clarity is superb as it has 

the resolution of 800 x 600. I t also 

consists of 2GB internal capac ity so 

that it can store sample images & create 

an album for everlasting m emories. 

Using the inbuilt USB po rt, we 

can directly transmit photos o f the 

digital camera to the photo frame. 

 



Biometrics 

HUMAN body is a precious and 

unique gift to all of us. Have you 

ever imagine that our human bo dy 

can be used as a security lock or to 

identify someone. But now, at this 

time, this dream has turned in to a 

vast era of technology. This real part 

of life is known as Biometrics .Biometrics 

is all about using this unique feature 

of human body for security purpose 

or for other applications. for Biometrics 

refers to use of unique physiological 

characteristics to identify an 

individual. While it is mainly concerned 

with security, it also has some another 

useful applications. 

INTRODUCTION 

Biometrics is defined as the science 

and technology of measuring and analyzing 

biological data. In information 

technology, biometrics refers to technologies 

that measure and analyze human 

body characteristics such as DNA, 

fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, 

voice patterns, facial pattern s and 

hand measurements, for authentication 

purposes. A number of biometric 

traits have been developed and are 

used to authenticate the perso n's 

identity. The idea is to use the special 

characteristics of a person to identify 

him. By using special characteristics we 

mean the using the features such as 

face, iris, fingerprint, signature etc. 

WHY BIOMETRICS? 

The biometrics techniques are 

preferred over traditional pas swords 

and PIN based methods for vari ous 

reasons such as: The person t o be 

identified is required to be physically 


Preeti Singh 

EC - II year 

present at the time-of-identif ication. 

Identification based on biometric techniques 

obviates the need to remember 

a password or carry a toke n. A 

biometric system is essentially a pattern 

recognition system which makes 

a personal identification by determining 

the authenticity of a specific physiological 

or behavioral charact eristic 

possessed by the user. 

TYPES OF BIOMETRICS 

SYSTEM 

Based on the application, Biometrics 

system can be broadly classified 

into two categories that are: 

IDENTIFICATION 

SYSTEM 

Category of applications in which 

Biometrics can be used to determine 




a person's identity even witho ut his 

knowledge or consent. For example, 

scanning a crowd with a camera and 

using face recognition technol ogy, 

one can determine matches against a 

known database. 

VERIFICATION SYSTEM 

These are application in which Biometrics 

can be used to verify a 

person's identity. For example, one can 

grant physical access to a secure area 

in a building by using finger scans or 

can grant access to a bank acc ount 

at an ATM by using retinal scan. 

HOW IT WORKS? 

Biometrics Security systems in - 

volves comparison of a registered or 

enrolled biometric sample (Previously 

recorded sample or identifier) against 

a newly captured biometric sam ple 

(captured at the time of log in). Biometrics 

authentication (verification) is 

a three step process which inv olve 

Capture, Process, Enroll followed by 

a Verification or Identification process. 

During Capture process, Sample or raw 

biometric is captured by a sen sing 

device such as a fingerprint s canner 

or video camera. The second ph ase 

of processing is to extract the distinguishing 

characteristics from the raw 

biometric sample and convert it into 

a processed biometric identifier record 

(sometimes called biometric sample or 

biometric template). Next phase does 

the process of enrollment. Her e the 

processed sample (a mathematic al 

representation of the biometric - not 

the original biometric sample) is stored 

/ registered in a storage medium for 

future comparison during an authentication. 

In many commercial applications, 

there is a need to stor e the 

processed biometric sample only. The 

original biometric sample cann ot be 

reconstructed from this identifier. 

PARAMETERS 

The importance or usefulness o f 

any biometrics system used, is assessed 

on basis of various parameters 

which are as follows: 

1. Universal: Every person must possess 

the characteristic/attribute. 

The attribute must be one that 

is universal and seldom. 

2. Invariance of properties: They 

should be constant over a long 

period of time. The attribute 

should not be subject to signi ficant 

differences based on age 

either episodic or chronic disease. 

3. Measurability: The properties 

should be suitable for capture 

without waiting time and must be 

easy to gather the attribute data 

passively. 

4. Singularity: Each expression of 

the attribute must be unique t o 

the individual. The characteristics 

should have sufficient unique 

properties to distinguish one person 

from any other. Height, 

weight, hair and eye color are all 

attributes that are unique assuming 

a particularly precise measure, 

but do not offer enough points 

of differentiation to be useful for 

more than categorizing. 

5. Acceptance: The capturing 

should be possible in a way ac - 

ceptable to a large percentage of 

the population. Excluded are particularly 

invasive technologies, i.e. 

technologies which requires a part 

of the human body to be taken 

or which (apparently) impair the 

human body. 

6. Reducibility: The captured data 

should be capable of being reduced 

to a file which is easy to 

handle. 

7. Reliability and tamper-resistance: 

The attribute should be 

impractical to mask or manipulate. 

The process should ensure high 

reliability and reproducibility. 

8. Privacy: The process should not 

violate the privacy of the person. 

9. Comparable: Should be able to 

reduce the attribute to a stat e 

that makes it digitally comparable 

to others. The less probabilis tic 

the matching involved, the more 

authoritative the identification. 

10. Inimitable: The attribute must 

be irreproducible by other means. 

The less reproducible the attribute, 

the more likely it will be 

authoritative. 

MEASURES OF A 

BIOMETRIC SYSTEM 

‣ FAR or FMR - It is an acronym 

for False accept rate or false match 

rate. It is defined as the pr obability 

that the system incorrectly 

matches the input pattern to a 

non-matching template in the 

database. It measures the percent 

of invalid inputs which a re 

incorrectly accepted. 

‣ FRR or FNMR - It is an acronym 

for false reject rate or false nonmatch 

rate the probability tha t 

the system fails to detect a match 

between the input pattern and 

a matching template in the database. 

It measures the percent of 

valid inputs which are incorrectly 

rejected. 

‣ ROC - It is an acronym for relative 

operating characteristic. The 

ROC plot is a visual characterization 

of the trade-off between the 

FAR and the FRR. In general, the 

matching algorithm performs a 

decision based on a threshold 

which determines how close to a 

template the input needs to be 

considered a match. If the 

threshold is reduced, there will be 

less false non-matches but more 

false accepts. Correspondingly, a 

higher threshold will reduce the 

FAR but increase the FRR. A common 

variation is the Detection 

Error Trade-off (DET), which i s 

obtained using normal deviate 

scales on both axes. This more 

linear graph illuminates the differences 

for higher performances 

(rarer errors). 

‣ EER or CER - It is an acronym 

for the Equal Error Rate or crossover 

Error Rate. It is defined as 

the rate at which both accept and 

reject errors are equal. The value 

of the EER can be easily obtained 

from the ROC curve. The EER is a 

quick way to compare the accuracy 

of devices with different ROC 

curves. In general, the device 

with the lowest EER is most ac - 

curate. Obtained from the ROC 

plot by taking the point where 

FAR and FRR have the same value. 

The lower the EER, the more 

accurate the system is considered 

to be. 

‣ FTE or FER - It is an acronym for 

the Failure to Enroll Rate. It is defined 

as the rate at which at - 

tempts to create a template from 

an input is unsuccessful. This is 

most commonly caused by low 




Kind of Biometric Technique Applications 

Iris 

Information security access co ntrol, Physical access control , ATMs etc. 

Fingerprint 

Access control, attendance Facility, physical access control etc. 

Voice 

Mobile phones, Telephone banking and other automated call ce ntre 

Face 

Physical access control. Ident ification of individual and se arching 

population 

Hand 

Physical access control, time and attendance facility 

Retina 

Access control for high security agencies, Physical access c ontrol 

quality inputs. 

‣ FTC - It is an acronym for failure 

to capture rate. It is defined as 

the probability that the syste m 

fails to detect a biometric in put 

when presented correctly. 

‣ Template Capacity - the maximum 

number of sets of data which 

can be stored in the system 

SOME IMPORTANT 

BIOMETRICS 

TECHNIQUES 

Face Recognition is a biometric 

technique for automatic identification 

or verification of a person from a digital 

image or a video frame from a video 

source. One of the ways to do this is 

by comparing selected facial features 

from the image and a facial database. 

Face Recognition System is typ ically 

used in security systems and c an be 

compared to other biometrics such as 

fingerprint or eye iris recognition systems. 

Iris Recognition is another biometric 

authentication method t hat 

uses pattern recognition techn iques 

based on high-resolution images of the 

irises of an individual's eyes. Converted 

into digital templates, these images 

provide mathematical representations 

of the iris that yield unambiguous positive 

identification of an individual. Iris 

recognition technology has bec ome 

popular in security applicatio ns because 

of its ease of use, accuracy, and 

safety. Its most common use is controlling 

access to high-security areas. 

Iris recognition technology is currently 

used at physical access points demanding 

high security, such as airports, 

government buildings, and research 

laboratories. 

Voice Recognition or Speaker 

Recognition is a biometric process 

of of validating a user's claimed identity 

using characteristics ext racted 

from their voices. Thus voice recognition 

can be an effective technique in 

user authentication and identification. 

Smart Cards are digital security 

pocket-sized cards with embedd ed 

integrated circuits which can process 

data. Thus smart cards can be used 

for identification, authentication, and 

data storage. It can also be used as a 

medium to provide a means of effecting 

business transactions in a flexible, 

secure, standard way with mini mal 

human intervention. Smart card can 

provide strong authentication for 

single sign-on or enterprise single signon 

to computers, laptops, data with 

encryption, enterprise resource planning 

platforms such as SAP, etc... 

Encryption Systems on the 

other hand, use an encryption technique 

for transforming information (referred 

to as plaintext) using an algorithm 

(called cipher) to make it unreadable 

to anyone except those possessing 

special knowledge, usually referred 

to as a key. The result of the 

process is encrypted informati on (in 

cryptography, referred to as c ipher 

text). Encryption Systems can be 

used to protect data in transi t, for 

example data being transferred via 

networks (e.g. the Internet, e -commerce), 

mobile telephones, wir eless 

microphones, wireless intercom systems, 

Bluetooth devices and ba nk 

automatic teller machines ATMs. Encryption 

has been used by mili taries 

and governments to facilitate secret 

communication. Encryption is n ow 

commonly used in protecting information 

within many kinds of civilian systems. 

Security Tokens (or sometimes 

a hardware token, hard token, authentication 

token, USB token, cryptographic 

token, or key fob) are biometric 

devices which eases authentication 

for authorized user of computer 

services. These tokens are also known 

as Software Tokens. Security t okens 

are used to prove one's identity electronically 

(as in the case of a customer 

trying to access their bank account). 

The token is used in addition to or in 

place of a password to prove that the 

customer is who they claim to be. The 

token acts like an electronic key to 

access something. 

MULTIMODAL 

BIOMETRICS SYSTEM 

A Multimodal biometrics system 

consists of various biometric techniques 

embedded into it. It is fusion 

of various biometric techniques which 

provide us a better way to sta y secure. 

It utilizes more than one physiological 

or behavioral characteristic for 

enrollment, verification, or identification. 

In applications of higher priority 

such as border entry/exit, access control, 

civil identification, an d network 

security, multi-modal biometri c systems 

is highly recommended. 

APPLICATIONS 

Biometrics is mainly concerned with 

security purpose. Since every human 

body has unique Identification, so it 

may be used as a unbreakable p ass 

key to access. The main applications 

of biometrics are entry control, ATMs, 

Internet banking, Networking etc. It 

also provides time and attenda nce 

facility for a company. 

 



GATE - The way of success 


Amit Mishra 

EC - III year 

INTRODUCTION 

The graduate aptitude test in engineering 

(GATE) is an all India examination 

conducted by Indian institutes 

of technology and the Indian institute 

of science, Bangalore on behalf of the 

national coordinating board GA TE, 

Department of education ministry of 

human resources development 

(MHRD) government of India. 

Many students may not be 

aware that there are several i nstitutions 

in this country, offering specialized 

post-graduate programmes in 

various disciplines, attractive scholarships, 

assistant-ship for post graduate 

course in engineering technolo gy at 

engineering collages / institutes in the 

country are available to those who 

qualify through GATE. The candidate 

is required to find the proced ure of 

final selection and award of s cholarship 

/ assistant-ship from the respective 

institutions to which the candidate 

seeks admission. GATE qualified 

candidates will also be eligible for the 

junior research fellowship in CSIR laboratories. 

WHAT IS GATE 

The graduate aptitude test in engineering 

(GATE) is an all India examination 

administrated and condu cted 

by different zones across the country 

by the GATE committee comprisi ng 

faculty from Indian institute of science, 

Bangalore collages / ins titutes 

specifying GATE and seven Indian institutes 

of technology on beha lf of 

national coordinating board GA TE. 

Department of education, min istry 

of human resources development 

(MHRD), government of India. 

OBJECTIVE 

The objective of GATE is to identify 

meritorious and motivated candidates 

for admission in post graduate 

programmes in engineering tech nology, 

architecture and applied sciences 

at the national level, to serv e as 

benchmark for normalization of the 

under-graduate engineering edu cation 

in the country. 

WHY GATE? 

M.Tech degree leads to a specialization 

and furthering of interest in a 

certain area which may lead to Ph.D/ 

M.Tech degree is best for those wishing 

to apply for faculty / res earch 

positions in educational insti tutes / 

R & D centers. 

EXAMINATION DETAIL 

The examination is a single paper 

of 3 hours duration. 

‣ You have to choose the subject 

and study as per the syllabus mentioned 

in the GATE brochure. 

‣ Results of qualified candidate in 

GATE will all India rank and indicate 

percentile score: for example- 

a percentile score of 9 9 

means you are in top 1% category 

of the candidates who appeared 

for GATE. 

‣ Percentile cut-off depends num - 

bers of the candidates appearing 

in the exam. 

‣ GATE scores are valid for 1 year. 

You may reappear in the GATE 

exam if you are not satisfied with 

the earlier and the new score will 

be used for admission purposes. 

AFTER EXAM 

‣ After declaration of GATE results, 

student must apply to individual 

institutes to get their application 

forms. 

‣ Institutes advertise M-Tech admission 

in leading newspapers from 

April till end July. However some 

institutes do not advertise an d 

therefore students have to get 

the forms themselves. 

‣ In the applications forms you have 

to mention your GATE score 

along with others details. 

‣ The concerned institute may conduct 

written test or interview for 

the purpose of admission. 

‣ If your GATE score is 90+ percentile 

you can try for IIT’S, if between 

80 to90 then can apply 

for top NIT’S otherwise you can 

look for appropriate institutes. 

SCHOLARSHIP 

During the pursuit of M-Tech, you 

are paid a scholarship of Rs 1 2000- 

16000 per month by the Government 

of India, according to your in stitute. 

This amount of scholarship is paid for 

the entire 18 months M-TECH period. 

The score card of the qualified 

candidates will given per centile 

score for that discipline and the performance 

index. The percentile score 

in each discipline is calculated as follows 

: 

N 

r 

 

c 

1 

N 

nc 

The performance index can be calculated 

as- 

Where, M= marks obtained by a 

candidate in a paper 

A=average marks in the paper 

S=standard deviation in the paper 

K 1 

& K 2 

=constants which are same 

for all disciplines 

ELECTRONICS AND 

COMMUNICATION 

ENGINEERING SYLLABUS 

General aptitude (GA) 

o Verbal ability o Numerical ability 

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 

It consists of linear algebra, calculus, 

differential equations, c omplex 

variables, probability, matrix and transform 

theory. 

(and whatever you have studied 

in 1 st , 2 nd ,3 rd sem.) 

CORE SUBJECTS 

Networks, analog & digital electronics, 

signals and systems, control systems, 

communication (analog & digital) 

& electromagnetic. 

IMPORTANT DATES 

Availability of GATE forms- September 

last week. 

Last date for submitting of forms- 

October last week. 

Examination date-2 nd Sunday of 

February. 

Result-Till last of March. 

Useful sites (for previcious papers & 

further enquiries):- 

1-Gateforum.com 2-fresherworld.com 

3-Onestopgate.com 

NOTE : GATE 2011 form is available in 

Union Bank of India. Last date for 

submission of form is 30 th October, 

2010. 



Retina based security system 


Jaikar Sahai 

EC - III year 

Retina scanning is mainly used for places that a high level 

of security, for instance power plants, military installations 

& other secure government sites. 

RETINA scanning is a form of security 

where people are identi - 

fied by a scan that analyse the blood 

vessels at the back of the eye. Retina 

scan security usually involves a lowintensity 

light source & optic al coupler, 

which can read the blood vessels 

with accuracy. 

Retina scanning is one of the most 

accurate biometric security measures 

available because the retina patterns 

are difficult to fake & even t he retinas 

of a dead person do not ch ange 

soon after they have died… 

HOW DOES RETINA 

SCANNING WORK? 

Retina scanning technology involves 

the use of a small green light 

to record the retina patterns of a person 

& ensure that they match up with 

the patterns of those people who are 

allowed access. This green light contains 

a low-intensity light source. The 

user needs to keep their head still & 

keep their eyes focused on the green 

light for about 10 seconds. If they 

wear glasses, they must remove them 

before focusing on the light. During 

this time, the retina scanner will read 

the patterns of the retina. 

HOW DOES RETINA 

SCANNING DIFFER 

FROM IRIS SCANNING? 

A retina scanner is similar to an IRIS 

scanner, as both uses eyes as a form 

of identification for security purpose. 

However, retina scanning looks at the 

patterns of the retina for identity purpose 

& IRIS for identification (i.e. the 

visible colored part of the eye). There 

is also a difference in the way the IRIS 

or retina is read. In retina scanning, a 

green light reads the blood vessel at 

the back of the eye. IRIS scanning, a 

video image is taken of eye to produce 

a record. A camera affirms the 

identity of the person. 

BENEFITS OF RETINA 

SCANNING IN 

SECURITY 

Retina scanners for security h ave 

many benefits that have been widely 

used by top-end security place s. As 

yet, they have not been widely used 

in offices or places that do not require 

a high level of security. However, there 

are some benefits of using retina scan 

security in an office environment. Here 

are some of them:- 

i. Retina scans are very difficult to 

fake. 

ii. Retina scans provide a unique way 

of identifying people. 

iii. Retina scans eliminate the nee d 

for identification cards or ot her 

portable identification method s 

that may be stolen, lost are given 

to other people. 

iv. Retina scans provide a high level 

of security. 

v. A deal person can’t be used to 

obtain access to a place through 

their retina (unlike finger pr int 

scanning). 

DISADVANTAGES OF 

RETINA SCANNING 

Unfortunately, there are also a few 

disadvantages to retina scanning. Many 

cases, people feel that the disadvantages 

of retina scanning outweigh any 

benefits. It is also the why retina scan 

technology has mainly been used for 

high-risk security places, where it is 

believed the extra security pr ovided 

by the retina scanner is needed. Here 

are some of the disadvantages:- 

i. It can be quite expensive to i n- 

stall. 

ii. It can be considered as invasion 

of privacy as a retina may indicate 

an health problem. 

iii. It is considered intrusive. 

iv. It can’t be convenient. 

DECIDING WHETHER TO 

USE RETINA SCANNING 

IN YOUR OFFICE 

Making the decisions on whether 

or not to use retina scanning is a difficult 

one & one that should not be 

taken lightly. Before installing retina 

scanning technology, you shoul d 

spend some time considering the advantages 

& disadvantages of re tina 

scanning for your company. The main 

advantage is the high security that 

retina scanning provides. 

The main disadvantages are the 

privacy & intrusiveness issues that 

employees may have. Consider b oth 

of these aspects in light of your company. 

Does your company need such 

a high level of security? Will another 

security measures be adequate for 

your needs? How will your employees 




feel about retina scanning sec urity 

measures being used? Consider these 

factors carefully before your decision. 

WHERE IS RETINA 

SCANNING USED? 

Retina scanning is mainly used for 

places that require a high level of security, 

for instance power plants, military 

installations & other secure government 

sites. Retina scan computer 

access is sometimes used for computers 

that have top-level security informations. 

A number of other com panies 

are starting to use the t echnology, 

including banks (this pla ce the 

technology in ATMs) & prisons. 

THE FUTURE OF RETINA 

SCANNING 

The future impact of retina scanning 

is likely to be felt mostly in the 

medical field, rather than the security 

field. Retina scanning can hel p doctors 

diagnose a number of diseases & 

may help many diseases be diagnosed 

much earlier than they otherwi se 

would be. Scientists are currently researching 

ways in which retina scanning 

can help medical professionals & 

there is likely to be some breakthrough 

in the future. There is also talk of having 

nationwide screening services. 

In term of security, there will also 

be improvement in retina scan technology. 

These improvements are likely 

to achieve a quicker reading t ime if 

the retina & making the retina scanner 

more user-friendly. Retina scanning 

will probably start to be used by a 

wider range of companies & corporation 

that do not necessary have high 

security needs. However, this will probably 

bring up issues of privac y & 

intrussiveness and as retina scan security 

becomes more prevalent. 

 

Hyper threading technology in core processors 

Modern processors can handle only 

one instruction from one program at 

any given point of time. Each instruction 

that is sent to the proce ssor is 

called a thread. 

Today's Intel Hyper-Threading 

Technology (Intel HT Technolog y) 

delivers thread-level parallelism on each 

processor, resulting in more efficient 

use of processor resources, hi gher 

processing output and improved performance 

on multi-threaded software. 

An Intel processor and chipset 

combined with an OS and BIOS supporting 

Intel HT Technology allows us 

to: 

‣ Run demanding applications simultaneously 

while maintaining system 

responsiveness to the opti - 

mum. 

‣ Keep systems more secure, efficient, 

and manageable while minimizing 

impact on productivity. 

‣ Provide room for future business 

growth and new solution capabilities. 

The figure 1 above tells us about 

the usage of different cores o f the 

processor that take up multipl e 

threads or instructions at one go and 

operate upon them producing th e 

required output. This is a pro minent 

feature of Intel Core-i3 processor. 

The figure 2 tells us about th e 

usage of the same 4 cores of t he 

single processor but this time each 

core can access multiple threads, thus 

having an advantage over the C orei3 

processor. A typical feature of Corei5 

& i7 processors. 

TURBO BOOST 

TECHNOLOGY 

The new Intel's Turbo Boost Technology 

covers all our problems related 

to Fast System Booting, Processing & 

Termination. This new technical complexity 

developed by Electroni cs & 

Micro processing Engineers at the Intel 

Corporations, has revolutionized the 

modern Tech Era and has helped a 

lot with Speedy and Reliable 

Multitasking Processing. 

TDP- THERMAL DESIGN 

POWER 

Thermal Design Power merely indicates 

the power limit or percentage 

usage of core(s) of a processo r that 

are currently into operational state in 

form of bars as shown above. 

By the figure, it's quite clear that 

in the Previous Generations of Processing 

the Active Cores had n o advantage 

of having the Processi ng 

Power Sharing from the Idle Co res. 

But in the Core-i5 &i7 process ors, if 

Aman Srivastava 

EC - III year 

the Active Cores are operating then 

the Idle Cores provide a Shari ng of 

the Processing Power to them resulting 

in ULTRA HIGH SPEED COMPUTA- 

TION, QUANTIZATION, PROCESSING 

AND LOTS MORE!! 

ADVANTAGES 

The major advantage of Hyper 

threading moulded or amalgamat ed 

with the Turbo Boost Technolog y is 

that the performance of the sy stem 

increases to about five to ten times 

yet with a negligible increase in the 

power or energy consumption due to 

the use of Nanotechnology that allows 

the fabricators to hang over with 

millions of transistors on just a 45nm 

chip. Rest is the fact that takes care 

of the performance that at Nanoscale, 

the behaviour of the materials abruptly 

changes and thus at the stake of 

Maximum Performance and Energy 

Efficiency along with the Mini mum 

Heat Dissipation the new Core processors 

are not just Faster, t hey are 

Smarter too!! 



Claytronics : Turning dream into real 


Sudhanshu Singh 

EC - III year 

Transmission and reception of sound energy by telephone was followed by a revolution in electronics 

and its digitalization. Pictures along with sound were then transported successfully from 

one place to another along with miniaturization of electronics. Such developments inspire scientists 

and engineers to think about human teleportation. Teleportation is the transfer of matter 

from one place to another instantaneously, either by paranormal means or through technological 

artifice. Matter teleportation, however, is still a day dream, but along these lines researcher have 

come up with a new science called Claytronics. The idea is to create a small robot of a few 

millimeters which can organise itself into a shape that is determined remotely. 

Claytronics is an emerging field of engineering, drawing on nano technology and computer engineering. 

Claytronics or programmable matter refers to an assembly of tiny components called 

claytronic atoms or catoms, which could assume the form of any object, depending on the 

programs controlling the Claytronics. This term also refers to the art of making clay caricatures of 

public figures, begun in 1996 by an Indian Charuvi Agrawal. 

CLAYTRONICS is a concept that 

combines nanotechnology and 

modular programmable robotics to create 

what is also called programmable 

matter, programmable grit, dyn amic 

physical rendering or synthetic reality. 

Very small components, called 

claytronic atoms or catoms, have the 

ability to move and morph into shapes 

controlled by a communication network. 

Claytronics is a form a progra m- 

mable matter that takes the concept 

of modular robots to a new extreme. 

One of the primary goals of Claytronics 

is to form the basis for a new media 

type, pario. Pario, a logical extension 

of audio and video is a media type used 

to reproduce moving 3D objects in 

the real world. 

Claytronics is a name for an instance 

of programmable matter whose p rimary 

function is to organize itself into 

the shape of an object and render its 

outer surface to match the visual appearance 

of that object. Clayt ronics 

is made up of individual components, 

called catoms—for Claytronic atoms— 

that can move in three dimensions (in 

relation to other catoms), adhere to 

other catoms to maintain a 3D shape, 

and compute state information (with 

possible assistance from other catoms 

in the ensemble). Each catom is a selfcontained 

unit with a CPU, an energy 

store, a network device, a video output 

device, one or more sensor s, a 

means of locomotion, and a mec hanism 

for adhering to other catoms. 

A Claytronics system forms a shape 

through the interaction of the individual 

catoms. For example, suppose 

we wish to synthesize a physic al 

“copy” of a person. The catoms would 

first localize themselves with respect 

to the ensemble. Once localized, they 

would form an hierarical network in a 

distributed fashion. The hiera rical 

structure is necessary to deal with 

the scale of the ensemble; it helps to 

improve locality and to facili tate the 

planning and coordination tasks. The 

goal (in this case, mimicking a human 

form) would then be specified abstractly, 

perhaps as a series of “snapshots”. 

or as a collection of virtual deforming 

“forces”, and then broadcast 

to the catoms. Compilation of the 

specification into local actions would 

then provide each catom with a local 

plan for achieving the desired 

global shape. At this 

point, the Catoms would 

start to move around each 

other using forces generated 

on-board, either 

magnetically or electrostatically, 

and adhere to 

each other using, for example, 

a nanofiber-adhesive 

mechanism. Finally, 

the catoms on the surface 

would display an image, 

rendering the color and 

texture characteristics of 

the source object. If the 

source object begins to move, a 

concise description of the movements 

would be broadcast allow ing 

the catoms to update their pos itions 

by moving around each other. T he 

end result is the global effec t of a 

single coordinated system. 

The core concepts in Claytronics 

are hardly new; from science f iction 

to realized reconfigurable rob ots to 

proposed modular robots, scien tists 

and writers have contemplated the 

automatic synthesis of 3D objects. 

However, technology has finall y 

reached a point where we can for the 

first time realistically build a system 

guided by design principles which will 

allow it to ultimately scale to millions 

of sub-millimeter catoms. The resulting 

ensemble can be viewed as either 

a form of programmable matter suited 

for implementing pario or as a swarm 

Fig. 1 




of modular Robots. 

SCALING AND DESIGN 

PRINCIPLES 

A fundamental requirement of 

Claytronics is that the system must 

scale to very large numbers of interacting 

catoms. We have the fol lowing 

four design principles: 

1. Each catom should be self-contained, 

in the sense of posses s- 

ing everything necessary for performing 

its own computation, 

communication, sensing, actuation, 

locomotion, and adhesion. 

2. To support efficient routing o f 

power and avoid excessive heat 

dissipation, no static power 

3. The coordination of the catoms 

should be performed via local control. 

In particular, no computation 

external to the ensemble should 

be necessary for individual catom 

execution. 

4. For economic viability, 

manufacturability, and reliability, 

catoms should contain no moving 

parts. 

HARDWARE 

At the macro-scale, catoms 

have a diameter > 1cm and weigh 

many tens of grams. In light o f the 

design principles stated above , the 

only viable force that can be used to 

move and adhere catoms is magnetic; 

which sets a lower limit on th e size 

and weight of a catom as the m agnets 

have considerable weight and volume. 

Furthermore, the circuitr y 

needed for the high currents n ecessary 

to switch the magnets increases 

the weight. At this scale, it may not 

be possible to adhere to the “no static 

power” design principle. Our current 

prototype, as shown in Figure 2, is a 

system composed of catoms that only 

operate in two dimensions. In this 

case gravity holds the individual catoms 

to a surface and we do not hav e to 

deal with the adhesion problem. 

Much of the weight and size in a 

macro-scale catom comes from packaging, 

e.g., chip packages, pins, wires, 

PCBs, etc.. 

In fact, in our planer prototy pe 

currently under construction we estimate 

that more than 20% of the 

weight is packaging and more t han 

77% goes to the magnets and th eir 

support circuits. This is partly because 

we are hand-assembling the catoms. 

Our next version will use machine assembly 

which will allow us to shrink 

the packaging, resulting in an estimated 

savings of twofold in we ight 

and fivefold in volume. 

Micro-scale catoms have diameters 

between 1mm and 1cm and weightless 

than 1 gram. Almost all packaging 

is eliminated and the catom is co n- 

structed by bonding VLSI dies directly 

to MEMS-based sensor and actuation 

dies. 

THE SIDE AND TOP 

VIEWS OF A 

PARTIALLY 

ASSEMBLED PLANAR 

PROTOTYPE CATOM 

The forces necessary to move a 

catom are now sufficiently small that 

electrostatic forces become an option. 

Fig. 2 

Macro-scale catoms would requi re 

electric field strengths in excess of the 

dielectric breakdown of air. Programmable 

nanofiber adhesives (PNA), can 

be combined with electrostatic actuation 

to attach catoms without using 

any static power. PNA is the next step 

in bio-mimetic adhesives which mainly 

use vander waals effects similar to that 

of the Gecko. The active components 

for micro-scale catoms are within the 

realm of current engineering practices 

using micro and nanoscale fabrication 

techniques. The container coul d be 

manufactured by casting a sphe rical 

transparent polymer film and sputtering 

indium-tin-oxide (ITO) ele ctrode 

patches on the film. The patch es of 

ITO would be used both to conn ect 

catoms for distributing power as well 

as used to create capacitive coupling 

between catoms in order to con trol 

their movement. 

The next discontinuity occurs 

when catoms are manufactured u s- 

ing nanotechnology, e.g., as in chemically 

assembled electronic nano-technology. 

In this regime, the catoms are 

small enough, e.g., < 10 microns in 

diameter, that they are aerosol. While 

this is currently beyond the state-ofthe-art 

in manufacturing further scaling 

of lithographic features in VLSI , 

and advances in MEMS capabilities combined 

with advances in Nano-technology 

will enable the integrate d construction 

of such catoms. 

In addition to capabilities, the different 

regimes (macro, micro, and 

nano) have significantly different economics. 

Macro-scale catoms require the assembly 

of multiple parts into a single 

unit. We expect that this will make 

the realization of life-size s ynthetic 

reality prohibitive due to the cost per 

catom. The micro-scale catoms may 

also require assembly, but with many 

fewer parts, e.g., no boards and the 

elimination of magnets in favor of electrostatics. 

At this scale the entire 

catom will be constructed using a parallel 

process, e.g., photolithography. 

Just as VLSI-based computers are 

commonplace (as opposed to vacuum 

tube based computers), in this regime, 

catoms are inexpensive enough 

that synthetic reality, though expensive, 

becomes viable. For exam ple, 

assume a 2mm catom controlled by 

3mm of silicon. If half the cost is in 

the silicon, then, to construc t a human 

sized form with an average depth 

of 10 catoms would require app roximately 

1.25x10.7 catoms or less than 

one million dollars. In the nano regime 

they will become sufficiently inexpensive 

that synthetic reality co uld be 

used not only for applications such as 

telepario, but could be as ubiquitous 

as embedded processors are today. 

SOFTWARE 

The essence of claytronics—a massively 

distributed system composed of 

numerous resource-limited catoms— 




raises significant software issues: specifying 

functionality, managing 

concurrency, handling failure robustly, 

dealing with uncertain informa tion, 

and controlling resource usage. The 

software used to control clayt ronics 

must also scale to millions of catoms. 

Thus, current software enginee ring 

practices, even as applied to distributed 

systems, may not be suita ble. 

We are just beginning to explore the 

software design principles needed. 

I have broken down the software 

issues into three main categor ies: 

specification, compilation, and runtime 

support. 

Our goal is to specify the glo bal 

behavior of the system in a direct and 

descriptive manner. The simple st 

model we are investigating with respect 

to specification is what we call 

the Wood Sculpting model. In t his 

model, a static goal shape is specified. 

We are investigating two alternative 

compilation methodologies, bot h of 

which fit into the general category of 

single-program-multiple data (SPMD) 

programming models. In the first, we 

are compiling the specification into a 

planning problem. In this approach we 

are inspired by work done in communicating 

soccer robots and in the context 

of reconfigurable robots, by the 

constraint-based control framework in 

The wimax technology 

Wimax is a telecommunication 

technology that provide data over long 

distances to full mobile cellu lar type 

access. The word "wimax" means 

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave 

Access. It is based on the wireless 

MAN (IEEE 802.16) standar d. 

Wimax is a highly scalable, long-range 

system, covering many km using licensed 

spectrum to connect internet 

from an ISP to an end user. 

The speed of Wimax devices are 

10 mb/s at 10 km distance. There is 

no uniform global licensed spe ctrum 

for wimax although three licen sed 

spectrum profiles are being used generally 

- 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. 

Wimax Wireless Network 

Wimax system have to parts : 

Wimax Tower : A Wimax tower 

can provide coverage to a very large 

area as 3000 m2 (8000 km2). 

Wimax Receiver : The receiver 

and antenna could be a small box are 

PCMCIA card or they could be b uilt 

into a laptop the way wifi acc ess is 

which a high-level description such as 

a particular gait which is translated to 

a distributed, constraint-base d controller. 

Our second approach is based 

on emergent behavior. Prior work by 

seems particularly appropriate in this 

latter approach with respect t o 

claytronics. 

At the highest level of abstraction 

a shape is specified in terms of Origami 

folding directives. Through a process 

of planning, these folding dir ectives 

are translated into low-level programs 

for autonomous agents; achieving the 

shape by local communication a nd 

deformation only. 

Underlying the user-level software 

is a distributed runtime system. This 

system needs to shield the user from 

the details of using and managing the 

massive number of catoms. Our initial 

steps in this direction use em ergent 

behavior to determine a catoms location 

and orientation with resp ect to 

all catoms as well as to build a hierarchical 

network for communicati on 

between catoms. Efficient localization 

is achieved by having the catoms determine 

their relative location and orientation 

in a distributed fashion. Then 

as regions of localized catoms join up 

they unify their coordinate sy stems. 

Once catoms are localized we form a 

hierarchical communication network, 

today. 

The Wimax can provide wireless 

services in two forms : 

‣ The Wimax uses a lower frequency 

range - 2 GHz to 11 GHz 

similar as wifi. Lower wave length 

transmissions are not as easily disrupted 

by physical obstructions - 

they are better able to diffract or 

bend, around obstacles. 

‣ There is line - of - sight service, 

where a fix dish antenna point s 

straight at the Wimax tower from 

a pole. The connection is stro n- 

ger and more stable, so its ab le 

to send a lot of data with fewer 

errors. 

Coverage and speed 

Wimax operates on the same general 

principle as wifi. It sends data from 

one computer to another using radio 

signals. The wimax connection can 

transmit upto 70 mb/second. 

The range of Wimax is 50 km radius. 

The increased range is d ue to 

the frequencies used and the p ower 

again using simple local programs on 

each catom. A tree is formed in parallel 

by having nodes join with their 

neighbors until all the nodes are in a 

single tree. This simple algorithm produces 

a surprisingly efficient tree from 

which can then be further optimized. 

FUTURE OF 

CLAYTRONICS 

Claytronics is one instance of programmable 

matter, a system whi ch 

can be used to realize 3D dyna mic 

objects in the physical world. 

While our original motivation was 

to create the technology neces sary 

to realize pario and synthetic reality, it 

should also serve as the basis for a 

large scale modular robotic system. At 

this point we have constructed a 

planer version of claytronics that obeys 

our design principles. 

We are using the planer prototype 

in combination with our simulator to 

begin the design of 3D claytro nics 

which will allow us to experiment with 

hardware and software solutions that 

realize full-scale programmable matter, 

e.g., a system of millions of catoms 

which appear to act as a single entity, 

in spite of being composed of millions 

of individually acting units. 

 

Sadhana Gautam 

EC - II year 

of the transmitter. 

IEEE 802.16 specifications 

Range - 30 mile (50 km) radious 

from base station. 

Speed - 70 megabits per second. 

Line - of - sight not needed b e- 

tween user and base station. 

Frequency bands 2 to 11 GHz and 

10 to 60 GHz. 

Applications 

‣ Metropolitan area network (MAN) 

that allows areas of cities to be 

connected. 

‣ The Wimax protocol is designed 

to accommodate several different 

methods of data transmission, 

one of which is voice over 

Internet Protocol (VOIP). VOIP 

always people to make local, long 

distance and even internationa l 

calls through a broad band 

internet connection, bypassing 

phone companies entirely. 

 



CAM: Memory faster than RAM 

CAMS (CONTENT 

ADDRESSABLE 

MEMORIES) 

In their most trivial form, work in a 

way opposite to conventional 

memory. Effectively a cam is a searching 

tool that looks for the data in question 

within a database. A CAM commonly 

work as hardware search engines 

in routers and switches to accelerate 

forwarding of packet on the 

destination root.CAM i.e. Cont ent- 

Addressable Memory stores data in a 

similar fashion to a conventional RAM. 

However, “reading” the CAM involves 

providing input data to be mat ched, 

then searching the CAM for a m atch 

so that the address of the match can 

be provided to output. Typical applications 

of CAM are networking, 

telecom (e.g., ATM cells), and consumer. 

CAM ARCHITECTURE 

Writing to a CAM is exactly li ke 

writing to a conventional RAM. However, 

the “read” operation is actually 

a search of the CAM for a match to 

an input “tag.” In addition to storage 

cells, the CAM requires on e or 

more comparators Architectures can 

also include an input address bus. Another 

common scheme involves writing 

to consecutive locations of the CAM 

as new data is added. The outp uts 

are a MATCH signal and either an encoded 

N-bit value or a one-hot -encoded 

bus with one match bit corresponding 

to each CAM cell. 

The multi-cycle CAM architecture 

tries to find a match to the input data 

word by simply sequencing thro ugh 

all memory locations – reading the 

contents of each location, comparing 

the contents to the input valu e, and 

stopping when a match is found . At 

that point, MATCH and MATCH_VALID 

are asserted. If no match is f ound, 

MATCH is not asserted, but 

MATCH_VALID is asserted after all 

addresses are compared. MATCH_ 

VALID indicates the end of the read 

cycle. In other words, MATCH_VALID 

asserted and MATCH not asserted indicate 

that all the addresses have 

been compared during a read operation 

and no matches were found . 

When a match is found, the address 

of the matching data is provid ed as 

an output and the MATCH signal is asserted. 

It is possible that multiple locations 

might contain matching data, 

but no checking is done for this. Storage 

for the multi-cycle CAM ca n be 

either in distributed RAM (registers) 

or block RAM. In the single-cycle CAM 

architecture, there is a comparator for 

each storage Location. If there are N 

CAM locations, the output is a single 

N-bit MATCH signal, which represents 

the one-hot encoding of the comparator 

results at each location. A ‘1’ indicates 

a match and a ‘0’ represents no 

match. Note that a match at an y location 

triggers assertion of the MATCH 

signal; no checking is done vis-à-vis 

multiple addresses, which cont ain 

matching data. The storage cells are 

implemented as distributed registers. 

For the Actel, single-cycle CAM generators, 

you can choose to hav e a 

single MATCH output, which is the 

logical OR of all of the MATCH bit. 

FUNCTIONS OF CAMS 

In order to get a true understanding 

of the functionality cam ,you need 

to dig a little deeper into the domain 

these works .if you look at either the 

OSI reference model or the TCP /IP 

stack ,you will find that the lowers 

three layers are the ones that are 

concern with the packet delive ry to 

its peer, while all other layers are more 

concerned with the content, its presentation 

and formatting another importance 

task that needs to be performed 

by these upper layers i s to 

ensure delivery of the packet to its 

correct recipient . 

This is done in two ways1-usin g 


Param Hans 

EC - III year 

MAC (media access control)address2- 

using IP address 

TYPES OF CAMS 

Fundamentally, CAMs are of two 

types: binary and ternary. As it indicates, 

a binary CAM has two bit states, 

while a ternary CAMs has 1, 0 and a 

third state called “don’t care .” So 

search-hit on a binary CAM could be 

an exact match or a parital ma tch. 

Currently ternary CAMs are de-facto 

in the industry. These bring the possibility 

of multiple match in a look up 

table. All the access list (ACI) tables 

for packet forwarding use a po pular 

address resolution algorithm called the 

longest prefix match where the addresses 

are placed in the CAM based 

on certain priorities and the CAM by 

itself has a priority encoder that helps 

in resolving the winning address. 

WORKING OF CAMS 

Let us see how a CAM works in 

hardware. A CAM can be either binary 

or ternary. 

Binary CAM cell: CAM logic will 

simply have the storage circuitary and 

comparator logic to provide the match 

information for the searches p erformed. 

In this case a XOR gat e is 

used to compare between the stored 

data and the searched data. 

Ternary CAM cell: A ternary CAM, 

as the name indicates, has thr ee 

states 0, 1, ‘X’. A don’t-care condition 

exist in a ternary CAM to mask 

off certain bits of partial match. In the 

context two sets of data world appear 

fo a single entry in the table. One 

referring to the data to be looked up 

for and the the other referring to the 

mask that is to be applied on every 

bit during look up. The conven tion 

used with respect to the mask in this 

context is “A’1’ refers to data masked 

and a ‘0’ refers to data not b eing 

masked”. The possibility of masking off 

of certain bits of the data opens up a 

wide range of applications were partial 

match is necessary for in stance, 

at the edge of a router, where the 

router only worries about the destination 

network address and not the 

host ID. 




IMPLEMENTATION AND 

PERFORMANCE/ 

UTILIZATION 

The implementation is mostly behavioral, 

but key blocks are i mplemented 

structurally to target features 

of Actel devices. Both archite ctures 

are implemented in VHDL. Gener ics 

allow setting the number of address 

bits, the memory depth and wid th, 

and the degree of parallelism. To make 

the simulation easier to follo w, the 

data written to a given address is the 

address itself. Four writes occur 

APPLICATIONS OF CAM 

1-implemation of ARP-when a new 

host gets associated with a ne twork 

the foremost thing that the ne twork 

processor does is to update it s network 

database with the MAC and IP 

address of the new host.This u pdate 

taken place in CAM table. 

2-signature recognition-with t he 

performance and speeds that current 

technologies are achieving in communication, 

the performance of C AM is 

extremely important. One of the foremost 

applications that the Int ernet 

needs is data protection. With new 

ways coming in vogue to hack an end 

point, the need for protection from 

such attacks, be it through a virus or 

a spam, is necessary. If such a process 

can be achieved in hardware, it 

New Lithium metal phosphate batteries 

made with wax and soap 

Nowadays, lithium - ion batteries 

are so popular in everything from cellular 

phones to automobiles is their 

relatively quick charge times, reasonable, 

capacity, and resistance to fatigue. 

Unfortunately, Li-ion 

batteries are still somewhat expansive 

as their manufacturing 

process reduces a good 

amount of energy and some 

of their usual metal companies 

such as cobalt and nickel, are 

not entirely inexpensive. 

Researches at the Pacific 

Northwest National Laboratory 

(PNNL) with the help from the 

U.S. Department of Energy are 

working on developing Li-ion 

batteries which can perform at 

similar levels but cost much less 

to produces the cost reduction 

will come from a change 

in both production methods and materials 

used. Rather than the typical 

lithium metal oxide construction, the 

PNNL team looked to replace the oxide 

and expensive cobalt and n ickel 

with a phosphate and maganese or 

iron. 

The simpler process involves nothing 

much more than parafin wax, soap 

and heat. They began by mixing the 

lithium, phosphate and maganes e 

together with melted wax and soap. 

Parafin wax is made of long an d 

mostly inert molecule chains w hich 

Faraj Ahmad 

EC - II year 

helped direct the crystal growth, while 

the soap, as a surfactant, hel ped 

spread the important constitue nts 

evenly. Next, raised the temperature 

of the mixture 400 degree celsius, the 

wax and shop evaporated away from 

the mixture, living tiny lithi um 

maganese phosphate (LMP) crystals 

of approximately 50 by 2000 nanometers. 

For comparision, a human hair is 

about 50,000 to 60,000 nanomet ers 

in diameter. They further rais ed the 

temperature to bond the crysta l together 

and form a plate of cat hode 

material. 

 

improves the throughput drasti cally. 

CAMs can help in such a cause by 

maintaining a signature data base and 

an associate processor can scan the 

packets for such signatures and drop 

packets if necessary; such a functionality 

would add immense value to the 

content moved across the Inter net 

WAY FORWARD 

CAMs, as seen above, are becoming 

an important tool in the communications 

arena and any research towards 

further improving their value by 

enhancing their throughput or reducing 

the cost would add to the advantage. 

 

Lasers keep mini 

Helicopter hovering 

for hours 

Abhishek Kr. Sharma 

EC - II year 

INTRODUCTION 

Seattle research and development 

company Laser Motive have succeeded 

in keeping a model helicopter 

hovering for six hours, powered only 

by the energy of a laser. 

Laser Measuring Instruments- 

METTLER TOLEDO measurement sensors 

to calculate length, widt h & 

height . 

In this type of Aeroplane there is 

no pilot because there is limited flying 

time. The operation time can b e increased 

if it is provided with fuel or 

batteries. Unmanned vehicles used by 

the military are strong and he avier 

than ultralights. 

The laser power model 

helicopter's weight is only 22grams. 

HOW IT WORKS 

The beam which will not damage 

eye track of the helicopter is illuminated 

by the photovoltaic cell s that 

generate electricity visible. The photo 

voltaic cells convert 50% of the laser 

power to electricity which provide few 

watts around the helicopter which is 

enough to keep the helicopter rotors 

spinning. 

APPLICATIONS 

Its application include delive ring 

emergency power in disaster situation 

and military use in remote rural communities. 

 



Indian Engineering Services (IES) 


Saurabh Sharma 

EC - III year 

Indian Engineering Services (IES) 

constitutes of engineers that work 

under the government of India to 

manage a large segment of publ ic 

sector economy which constitutes of 

Railroads, Public works, Power , 

Telecommunications,etc. 

A combined competitive examination 

is conducted by the Union Public 

Services Commission (UPSC) for recruitment 

to the Indian Engine ering 

Services. The examination constitutes 

of a written examination followed by 

an interview for personality test. 

The recruitment of qualified candidates 

are made under the following 

categories: 

ELECTRONICS AND 

COMMUNICATION 

ENGINEERING 

The service offers to electron ics 

and communication engineeriner- 

(i) Indian Railway Service of Signal 

Engineers. 

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service. 

(iii) Indian Ordinance Factories Service. 

(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service. 

(v) Assistant Executive Engine er (in 

Ministry of Defence). 

(vi) Engineer in Wireless Planning and 

Coordination Wing/Monitoring 

Organisation. 

(vii) Assistant Naval Stores officer (in 

Indian Navy). 

(viii) Survey of India Service. 

(I) ELIGIBILITY 

CONDITIONS 

(i) Age limits: 

21-30 years as on 1.8.2011(FOR 

2011 EXAM). (Upper age limit relaxable 

for SCs/Sts, OBCs and certain other 

categories as specified in the Notice). 

(II) EDUCATIONAL 

QUALIFICATIONS: 

Degree in Engineering or equivalent 

in any discipline, M.Sc Degree or 

its equivalent with Wireless Communication, 

Electronics, Radio Physics or 

Radio Engineering as a special subject 

also acceptable for certain posts. (See 

Notice in the Employment News). 

HOW TO APPLY 

Application form: 

• The application form is common 

for all their examinations which will 

be processed on computerized 

machines. 

• The application packet contains, 

the Application form, information 

brochure, an acknowledgment 

card, and an envelope for sending 

the Application. 

• The Application is available at designated 

Head Post Offices/Post 

Offices throughout the country. 

The form should be purchased 

from the designated Post Offices 

only. 

• This form can be used only once 

and for only one examination. 

• A photocopy/reproduction/unauthorized 

printed copy of the form 

is not allowed. 

• Acknowledgment cards with a 

postage stamp of Rs. 6/- should 

accompany the application form. 

• The name of examination, should 

be written on the envelope. 

Written Examination 

• The application packet will co n- 

tain the detailed instruction for filling 

the application form. 

EXAMINATION PATTERN 

The entrance for Indian Engineering 

Service comprises of a Written 

Exam (Section I and II) and an 

Interview. The details follow: 

• One Engineering Discipline should 

be chosen from the following categories: 

o Civil Engineering 

o Mechanical Engineering 

o Electrical Engineering 

o Electronics and communication 

Engineering 

• The written examination will comprise 

two sections: 

o Section I - objective types 

o 

questions 

Section II – conventional 

(essay) type question papers. 

• Both Sections will cover the entire 

syllabus of the relevant engineering 

subject. 

INTERVIEW 

Interview for Personality test of 

selected candidates: 200 mark. 

GENERAL (BUT 

IMPORTANT) 

INSTRUCTIONS 

• All Question Papers must be Answered 

in English. Question Pa - 

pers will be set in English only. 

• Candidates must write the papers 

themselves. ·They will not be allowed 

a scribe to write the an - 

Category Section Subject Duration Max Marks 

Civil / Mechanical / Section I – Objective Paper General Ability Test: 2 hours 200 

Electrical / Electronic and 

Telecommunication 

Engineering 

Part A – General English 

Part B – General Studies 

Paper I 2 hours 200 

Paper II 2 hours 200 

Section II – Conventional Pape r Paper I 3 hours 200 

Paper II 3 hours 200 

Total 1000 




swer for them under “any circumstances”. 

• Points (upto 5%) may be deducted 

from the total points of a 

candidate if his/her handwriting is 

not easily legible. 

• Put in a serious and sincere e f- 

fort. 

o 

Marks are not allotted for 

mere superficial knowledge. 

Orderly, effective and exact 

expression combined with 

due economy of words will be 

rewarded. 

• SI units will be used in the papers 

and Candidates should use only 

International form of Indian n u- 

merals (i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6 etc.) while 

answering question papers. 

• The Commission have discretion 

to fix qualifying marks in any or all 

the subjects of the examination. 

o 

Quantum mirage 

The Objective Type papers will 

be evaluated first and evaluation 

of the Conventional 

type papers is done only for 

those candidates who obtain 

the minimum qualifying marks 

in Objective types papers, as 

fixed by the Commission. 

• Strongly Prepare general abili ty 

Question Paper. 

• Solve the previous years Question 

Paper. 

• Set the timing for every section- 

’time is a big key’. 

• Solve confidentally. 

• Prefer best books. 

• Prefer short, confident techniques 

for saving time. 

• Prepare for interview. 

SUGGESTED BOOKS 

1. Electronics Devices and Circuit & 

Analog Electronics 

o Microelectronic circuit – 

SEDRA & SMITH. 

o Solid State Electronic Devices 

– STREETMAN & BANERJEE. 

2. Communication System 

o Mordern Digital & Analog 

Communication – B.P.LATHI. 

o Electronic Communication 

System – KANNEDYAND 

DEVIS. 

3. Signal & System – OPPENHEIN & 

WILLSKY. 

4. Control System – B.S.MANKKE. 

5. Electromagnetic Theory 

o Elements of Electromagnetic 

– SADIKU. 

o Antenna & Wave Propagation 

– K.D.PRASAD. 

6. Digital Electronics 

o 

Digital Design – M.MORRIS 

MANO. 

o Mordern Digital Electronic – 

R.P.JAIN. 

SUGGESTED WEBSITES 

www.upsc .com 

www.onestopgate.com 

 

Priya Srivastava 

EC - III year 

Since it first appeared on the cover 

of Nature in February 2000, th e 

“quantum mirage" has featured on 

posters, calendars, websites and the 

covers of various books and ma gazines. 

The image - which was obtained 

using a scanning tunnelling microscope 

- shows the electronic wave functions 

inside an elliptical "quantum corral" 

made of cobalt atoms on a copp er 

surface. It was created by Har i 

Manoharan, Christopher Lutz and Don 

Eigler of the IBM Almaden Rese arch 

Center in California. In 1990, working 

with Erhard Schweizer, Eiger spelt out 

the letters "IBM" using 35 xenon atoms. 

And three years later, wo rking 

with Lutz and Michael Crommie, he 

released the first images of the "quantum 

corral", which have also been reproduced 

in numerous places. 

All moving particles have a wavelike 

nature. This is rarely significant on 

an everyday scale. But in atom ic dimensions, 

where distances are measured 

in nanometers, moving particles 

behave like waves. This phenomenon 

is what makes the electron mic roscope 

workable. It is of inter est to 

researchers in nanotechnology, who 

are looking for ways to deliver electric 

currents through circuits too small for 

conventional wiring. The term quantum 

mirage refers to a phenomenon 

that may make it possible to transfer 

data without conventional elec trical 

wiring. Instead of forcing charge carriers 

through solid conductors, a process 

impractical on a microscopic scale, 

electron wave phenomena are made 

to produce effective currents. 

A quantum mirage is a peculiar result 

in quantum chaos. Every system 

of quantum dynamical billiards will exhibit 

an effect called scarring, where 

the quantum probability density shows 

traces of the paths a classical billiard 

ball would take. For an elliptical arena, 

the scarring is particularly pronounced 

at the foci, as this is the region where 

many classical trajectories converge. 

The scars at the foci are coll oquially 

referred to as the "quantum mirage". 

They are two dimensional struc - 

tures built atom by atom (usin g approximately 

30-80 atoms) on at omically 

smooth metallic surfaces using a 

scanning tunneling microscope (STM). 

Once the corrals are built, th e STM 

can be used to study these nan ometer 

scale structures with atomic resolution 

in space and better tha n meV 

(micro electron Volt) resolution in energy. 

The data of the STM can be 

rendered in false color to pro duce 

breathtaking images that reveal standing 

wave patterns of coherent electrons 

inside the corrals. 

The presence or absence of a 

quantum mirage might be used t o 

represent one bit of data in a region 

far smaller than any current electronic 

device can manage. It has the potential 

to enable data transfer within future 

nano-scale electronic circuits so 

small that conventional wires do not 

work. 

IBM scientists are hoping to use 

quantum mirages to construct atomic 

scale processors in the future. 

 




Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 

An Integrated Circuit (IC) designed 

for a particular use and not f or 

general use is called an Appli cation- 

Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).It is 

basically an integrated circuit designed 

specifically for a special pur pose or 

application.Application specif ic integrated 

circuits provide their users the 

ability to manufacture products having 

a proper design.Many diffe rent 

ASIC technologies are available, including 

gate array, standard cell, full custom 

design, and programmable logic 

devices. The ASIC forms, in a single, 

semi-conductor substrate, the equivalent 

of several different integrated circuits 

each designed to perform one 

or more desired operations, such as a 

microprocessor operation, a memory 

operation, various interface operations 

(e.g., memory interface, proce ssor 

interface), etc. 

ASIC operational blocks are ty pically 

designed to include thousands of 

individual logic gates necessary for performing 

the desired operation( s) An 

example of this is a chip which is designed 

only to run a cell phon e. 

Whereas there are 7400 series and 

4000 series integrated circuits as logic 

building blocks which can be w ired 

together and used in various applications. 

Application specific in tegrated 

circuits (ASICs) can consolida te the 

work of many chips into a sing le, 

smaller, faster package, reducing manufacturing 

and support costs wh ile 

boosting the speed of the device built 

with them. Designers prefer us ing 

application specific integrated circuits 

as it lets them use the power of constantly 

improving silicon technology to 

build devices targeted at specific functions, 

such as routing. Modern application 

specific integrated circuit chips 

often include entire 32-bit processors 

and other large building-blocks. This 

type of ASIC chip is often referred to 

as a system-on-a-chip (SoC). Design 

flow of ASIC chips is highly automated. 

EXAMPLES OF ASIC 

Examples of ASIC’s include: 

‣ An IC that encodes and decodes 

digital data using a proper encoding/decoding 

algorithm. 

‣ A medical IC designed to monitor 

a specific human biometric parameter. 

‣ An IC designed to serve a special 

function within a factory automation 

system. 

‣ An amplifier IC designed to meet 

certain specifications not available 

in standard amplifier products. 

‣ A proprietary system-on-a-chip 

(SOC). 

‣ An IC that’s custom-made for a 

particular automated test equipment. 

DESIGNING OF ASIC 

ASIC design can be divided int o 

following sections: register-t ransfer 

level (RTL) description, simul ation, 

syntheses, extraction, and phy sical 

verification. A hierarchy of p rogrammable 

interconnects allows the logic 

blocks of an FPGA ASIC chip to be 

interconnected, similar to a one-chip 

programmable breadboard. The logic 

blocks interconnected then can be 

programmed so that the FPGA ASIC 

chip can perform whatever logical function 

is needed. A structured ASIC provides 

reduced entry cost and f aster 

time by using a predefined arr angement 

of late-stage, mask-customizable 

logic and prediffused macros and IP. 

With the integration of increasing system 

components on single ASIC chips, 

Alok Kumar Pandey 

EC - III year 

the complexity of ASIC prototyping is 

increased. System design invol ves 

complex layout issues. Specifications 

of cells are provided by the vendors 

in form of a technology library which 

contains information about geometry, 

delay, and power characteristi cs of 

cells. ASIC chips are designed and 

manufactured to meet most industry 

specifications. 

TYPES OF ASIC 

1. Cell Based Application Specific 

Integrated Circuits (ASICS) 

Benefits 

‣ Highest performance, power and 

integration. 

‣ Cell-based ASICs are offered with 

a selection of IP cores. 

‣ Perfect for high-volume design s 

that require the highest densi ty 

and performance. 

‣ available in a range of proces s 

technologies 

‣ Max. clock speed: Up to 1 GHz 

‣ Memory: High-density SRAM and 

embedded DRAM 

‣ Signal I/Os: Up to 1400 

‣ Usable ASIC gates: Up to 100M 

‣ Featured IP: ARM CPUs, Tensilica 

CPUs and DSPs, USB 2.0, eDRAM, 

SerDes, PCI Express, SATA/SAS, 

SPI4.2. 

IPCORE 

There are a large number of IP 




cores in cell-based ICs, including CPU 

cores and analog logic cores. Customers 

are supported in their own system 

chip design development by 

these options. 

Core List 

• Digital Core 

• Analog Core 

• SRAM 

• eDRAM 

• I/O 

Services Provided During Cell-Based 

IC Development Linked processe s 

from logic design to manufactu ring 

features in production of cell-based ICs 

helps in providing an environment for 

short turnaround time in mass-producing 

large-scale integration, advanced 

performance, and low power con - 

sumption. 

Benefits 

‣ Logic design taking layout design 

into account at an early stage. 

‣ Layout design taking manufacturing 

(DFY or DFM) into account. 

‣ Test design improving manufacturing 

quality. 

‣ Feedback from manufacturing to 

logic design and test design. 

2. Gate Array & Embedded Array 

ASICs 

Gate arrays help reduce the cost, 

turnaround time and risk while improving 

power consumption, EMI and performance. 

These arrays, based on a 

sea-of-gates architecture, whi ch is 

customized using only the metallization 

layers for interconnect. Low NRE 

costs and fast turnaround time are its 

results. 

HIGHLIGHTS 

‣ From the #1 supplier worldwide, 

with over 750 tape-outs over the 

past 3 years 

‣ Low price, low NRE cost (as low 

as $10,000), easy-to-design op - 

tion, easy Logic consolidation due 

to small gate counts and small 

package design. 

‣ FPGA-compatible packages also 

available. In just nine short days 

from tape out, we can have engineering 

samples ready to go. 

‣ Max. clock speed: 133 MHz 

‣ Memory: Diffused and metallized 

SRAM 

‣ Signal I/Os: From 20 to 876 

‣ Usable ASIC Gates: From 1.5K to 

1.6M 

‣ Featured IP: DMA controller, i n- 

terrupt controller, PCI controller, 

DPLL, UART, timer, parallel interface 

unit, UART + FIFO, Tensilica 

CPUs and DSPs 

‣ Master slices: 158 

3. EDRAM Application Specific 

Integrated Circuits (ASICS) 

Following are some of the features 

that make eDRAM, the ideal solution 

for a wide variety of applications- 

‣ Random access time an order of 

magnitude shorter than competitor 

offerings 

‣ Fully CMOS-compatible process 

using a single fab and few extra 

masks to minimize cost 

‣ SRAM-like access for easy integration 

with existing intellectual property 

(IP) 

‣ SoC-friendly macros that simplify 

integration, with orientation in 

any direction and over-the-top 

routing 

The latest 55 nm family, which 

adds significant process enh ancements 

to the improved mater ials 

that have proven so successful in 

our previous 90 nm family. 

APPLICATIONS 

These characteristics have helped 

fuel the growing popularity of eDRAM 

for a variety of applications – from 

communications systems to home 

electronics, from enterprise servers to 

entertainment systems. The success 

complex system LSI chip for th e 

Nintendo Wii and Microsoft® XBox 

360 has propelled fabrication volume 

to many millions of devices. 

FUTURE ASPECTS 

If it is used in proper way or manner 

then it can proved as a bo on to 

the whole world as it is already proving 

its importance in the field of satellite 

and radar systems. 

 

Minox digital spy cam DSC silver: The camera of tomorrow 

Spy cameras are not just for d e- 

tectives anymore. They are als o for 

people who have a weird taste in 

snapping photos of other discreetly (or 

for a more apt term, those they call 

stolen shots). The Minox Digit al Spy 

Cam DSC Silver is a next gener ation 

digital camera that surprisingly turned 

into a digital device. 

This camera has a silver metal finish, 

1.5-inch display screen to preview 

shots and 16GB worth of memory 

card. It is capable of shooting with its 

5.1MP sensor, as well as this will also 

come with external flash module when 

the need arises for it. This s py camera 

allows you also to take photos with 

intricate. 

 



Smart dust 

INTRODUCTION 

WHAT IS SMART DUST? Smart 

dust is a tiny dust size device 

with extra-ordinary capabilities. Smart 

dust is a hypothetical wireless ne t- 

work of tiny microelectromechanical 

sensors (MEMS), robots, or dev ices, 

that can detect (for example) light, 

temperature, or vibration which was 

introduced by Kristopher S.J. Pister. 

Smart dust combines sensing, c omputing, 

wireless communication capabilities 

and autonomous power supply 

within volume of only few millimeters 

and that too at a very low cost. These 

devices are proposed to be so small 

and light in weight that they can remain 

suspended in the environm ent 

like an ordinary dust particle . These 

properties of Smart Dust will render it 

useful in monitoring real world phenomenon 

without disturbing the original 

process to an observable extends. 

Presently the achievable size of Smart 

Dust is about 5mm cube, but we hope 

that it will eventually be as small as a 

speck of dust. Individual sens ors of 

smart dust are often referred to as 

motes because of their small size. 

BACKGROUND 

The Defense Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (DARPA) 

has been funding Smart Dust research 

heavily since the late 1990s, seeing 

virtually limitless applicatio ns in the 

sphere of modern warfare. So far the 

research has been promising, w ith 

prototype smart dust sensors as small 

as 5mm.But further scaling dow n 

needs advance technological changes. 

We are well aware that costs h ave 

been dropping rapidly with technological 

innovations, bringing indi vidual 

motes down to as little as $50 each, 

with hopes of dropping below $1 per 

mote in the near future. 

STRUCTURE 

A smart dust particle is often called 

motes. Now one single mote has a 

Micro Electro Mechanical System 

(MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode, 

MEMS beam steering mirror for 

active optical transmission, a MEMS 

corner cube retro-reflector for passive 

optical transmission, an optic al receiver, 

a signal processing and control 

circuitry, and a power source based 

on thick-film batteries and solar cells. 

The major challenge is to be faced 

when all the functions are to be incorporated 

maintaining very lo w 

power consumption and optimizi ng 

the operating life of the mote. Smart 

dust motes consist of a passive optical 

transmitter with a micro fabricated 

Corner- Cube Retro-Reflector 

(CCR). Now this CCR contains three 

mutually perpendicular mirror fabricated 

of gold- coated poly-silicon. The 

CCR reflects any ray of light within a 

certain range of angles center ed 

about the cube diagonally back to the 

source. The power system consists of 

a thick-film battery or a solar cell, or 

both with a charge-integrating capacitor 

(power capacitor). The thick film 

battery of sol. or gel V2O3 provides a 

backup in darkness, while solar cells 

generate energy from sunlight. Depending 

on its objective, the design 

integrates various sensors, including 

light, temperature, vibration, magnetic 

field, wind shear, on to the m ote. 

Active transmitters make possi ble 

peer-to-peer communication between 

dust motes, provided the re 

exists a line-of-sight path be tween 

them. 

CORNER CUBE RETRO- 

REFLECTOR (CCR) 


CCR comprises of three mutually 

perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated 

polysilicon. It has the proper ty that 

any incident ray of light is r eflected 

back to the source (provided t hat it 

is incident within a certain r ange of 

angles centered about the cube ’s 

body diagonal). If any one of the mirrors 

is misaligned, this retro-reflection 

property is spoiled. So the micro-fabricated 

CCR includes an electr ostatic 

actuator that can deflect one of the 

mirrors at kilohertz rates. Si nce the 

dust mote itself cannot emit light, the 

passive transmitter consumes l ittle 

power. Using a micro-fabricated CCR, 

we can achieve data transmission at a 

bit rate up to 1 kilobit per s econd, 

and over a range of up to 150 meters, 

using a 5 milliwatt illuminating laser. 

It should note that CCR-based pas- 

Kislaya Srivastava 

EC - III year 

sive optical links require an uninterrupted 

line-of-sight path. Moreover, a 

CCR-based passive transmitter is inherently 

directional; a CCR can transmit 

to the BTS only when the CCR b ody 

diagonal happens to point directly toward 

the BTS, within a few ten s of 

degrees. A passive transmitter can be 

made more Omni-directional by employing 

several CCRs oriented in different 

directions, at the expe nse of 

increased dust mote size. If a dust 

mote employs only one or a few CCRs, 

the lack of Omni-directional transmission 

has important consequence on 

feasible network routing strategies. 

COMMUNICATION 

TECHNOLOGIES: 

I. Radio Frequency Transmission 

II. Optical transmission technique 

a) Active Laser based Communication 

b) Fiber Optic Communication 

I. RADIO FREQUENCY 

TRANSMISSION 

It is based on the generation, 

propagation and detection of electromagnetic 

waves with a frequenc y 

range from tens of kHz to hund reds 

of GHz. It could be used to fu nction 

as both the uplink and the downlink. 

Since RF transceiver typically consists 

of relatively complex circuitry, it is impossible 

to achieve the required low 

power operation using such an approach 

in a smart dust system. When 

large numbers of motes are involved 

in smart dust, RF links may employ alternative 

multiplexing techniq ues: 

time, frequency or code-division multiplexing. 

Their use leads to modulation, 

band pass filtering, demodulation 

circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of 

which needs to be considered based 

on power consumption,etc. 

II. Optical Transmission 

Technique 

The Smart Dust can employ a passive 

laser based communication 

scheme to establish a bi-direc tional 

communication link between dus t 

nodes and a base station transceiver 

(BST). For downlink communicat ion 

(BST to dust), the base station points 

a modulated laser beam at a no de. 




The latter uses a simple optic al receiver 

to decode the incoming message. 

For uplink communication (dust 

to BST), the base station poin ts an 

un-modulated laser beam at a node, 

which in turn modulates and reflects 

back the beam to the BST. For this, 

the dust nodes are equipped wi th a 

Corner Cube Retro Reflector (C CR). 

The CCR has the property that any 

incident ray of light is reflected back 

to the source under certain co nditions. 

If one of the mirrors i s misaligned, 

this retro reflection property 

is spoiled. The Smart Dust CCR has an 

electrostatic actuator that can deflect 

one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. 

Using this actuator, the incident laser 

beam is “on-off” modulated and reflected 

back to the BST. 

A) Active Laser based 

Communication 

Active optical communication typically 

uses an active-steered laser-diode 

based transmitter to send a collimated 

laser beam to a base station. 

This system contains a semicon ductor 

laser, a collimating lens and a beamsteering 

micro-mirror as shown in Figure 

2. Active optical communic ation 

is suitable for peer-to-peer communication, 

provided there exist a line of 

sight path between them. Using 

MEMS technology, the components of 

the active communication netwo rk 

can be made to be small enough to 

fit into the smart dust motes. 

GPS maptor 

Maptor, the navigational gadge t 

is the combination of Map and Projector. 

It is used to project map on 

any desired surface. Its really portable 

due to its small size. The mos t discussed 

advantage of Maptor is that, 

we don't need any one's help on the 

way, even if we are lost. 

GPS Maptor is GPS included with 

Maptor. We know that GPS is Global 

Positioning System; it is a US space 

based Global Navigation Satellite System. 

It provides reliable positioning, 

navigation and timing services to 

worldwide users. Maptor gives the 

combined effect of two technologies. 

As a result of the above said combination 

we can locate our cur rent 

position on the map with the help of 

a red arrow that points the location. 

Another advantage is the map pro- 

One of the disadvantages of th e 

active transmitter is its relatively high 

power consumption. This leads to the 

use of active optical communic ation 

for short duration burst-mode communication 

only. In order to minimize 

the power consumption, the act ive 

transmitter should have some protocol 

to aim the beams toward the receiver, 

for example, using directional 

beam and an active beam-steeri ng 

mechanism. These components 

would make the design of the d ust 

mote more complicated. 

B) Fiber-optic communication 

Fiber-optical communication em - 

ploys semiconductor laser, fiber cable 

and a diode receiver to gener ate, 

transfer and detect the optical signal. 

Its most of the characteristics matches 

with that of passive optical communication. 

The relatively small size of the 

optical transceiver is employe d with 

low-power operation. Each dust mote 

does not need to have an on bo ard 

light source to transmit the data. By 

the using MEMS technology, Cor ner 

cube retro-reflector is employ ed on 

each dust mote to modulate upl ink 

data to base station. 

APPLICATION OF 

SMART DUST 

It is very hard to detect the presence 

of the Smart Dust and it is even 

harder to get rid of them once deployed. 

Moreover it does not c ost 

jection is easily viewable even in day 

light. This concept is designed by Jin- 

much so can be densely deploye d. 

Due to the above-mentioned fea - 

tures, Smart Dust can be used in varied 

application fields. These are as follows: 

1) Environmental protection (identification 

and monitoring of pollution). 

2) Habitat monitoring (observing the 

behavior of the animals in the re 

natural habitat). 

3) Military application (monitoring activities 

in inaccessible areas , accompany 

soldiers and alert them 

to any poisons or dangerous biological 

substances in the air). 

4) Indoor/Outdoor Environmental 

Monitoring 

5) Security and Tracking 

6) Health and Wellness Monitoring 

(enter human bodies and check 

for physiological problems) 

7) Power Monitoring 

8) Inventory Location Awareness 

9) Factory and Process Automation 

10) Seismic and Structural Monitoring 

11) Monitor traffic and redirecting it. 

There are many ongoing researches 

on Smart Dust, the ma in 

purpose of these researches is to 

make Smart Dust mote as small as 

possible and to make it available at as 

low price as possible. Soon we will see 

Smart Dust being used in varied application 

from all spans of life. 

 

Priyanka Shukla 

EC - III year 

Sun Park and Seon-Keun Park 

to make a new wave in the 

gadget industry. 

The GPS Maptor combines 

GPS facility for maps, locations 

and directions capsulated 

in a mini projector. This 

gadget is really a handy one 

with its awesome shape. 

Moreover different projectors 

are available like Nokia 

Cellphone projector and 

Explay Handheld Projector, 

but still this new design may 

seem to be good for those 

who don't require the combination 

of cellphone and GPS 

navigation. Actually this device 

is really a boon to the 

tourists and for those who love travelling. 

 




Genetic algorithms 

INTRODUCTION 

GENETIC algorithms are one of the 

best ways to solve a problem for 

which little is known. They are a very 

general algorithm and so will work well 

in any search space. All you need to 

know is the solution to be able to do 

well, and a genetic algorithm will be 

able to create a high quality solution. 

Genetic algorithms use the principles 

of selection and evolution to produce 

several solutions to a given problem. 

Genetic Algorithms are a way of 

solving problems by mimicking 

the same processes which 

Mother Nature uses. They use 

the same combination of selection, 

recombination and mutation 

to evolve a solution to a prob - 

lem. 

Genetic algorithms tend to 

thrive in an environment in which 

there is a very large set of candidates 

solutions and in which the 

search space is uneven and has 

many hills and valleys. Geneti c 

algorithms will do well in any environment, 

but they will be 

greatly outclassed by more situation 

specific algorithms in the 

simpler search spaces. 

Therefore, you must keep in 

mind that genetic algorithms are 

not always the best choice. 

Sometimes they can take quite 

a while to run and are therefore 

not always feasible for real time 

use. They are, however, one of 

the most powerful methods 

which quickly create high quality 

solutions to a problem. Now, 

before we start, I’m going to 

provide you with some key terms 

so that this article makes a sense. 

‣ Individual - Any possible solution 

‣ Population - Group of all individuals 

‣ Search Space - All possible solutions 

to the problem 

‣ Chromosome - Blueprint for an 

individual 

‣ Trait - Possible aspect of an individual 

‣ Allele - Possible settings for a trait 

‣ Locus - The position of a gene 

on the chromosome 

‣ Genome - Collection of all chr o- 

mosomes for an individual 

FOUNDATIONS IN 

SCIENCE 

In the mid 1800s, 1859 to be exact, 

a British naturalist named Charles 

Darwin published a book that changed 

the humans view to the world. In this 

book, The Origin of Species, D arwin 

proposed that humans, and in fact all 

creatures, were not put on this planet 

Sudhanshu Singh 

EC - III year 

by God and made unchanging, bu t 

rather that they evolved from other 

creatures. At the time, the id ea 

sounded preposterous, but later we 

have discovered that he may be correct. 

Advancement in technolog y 

have made it possible for us t o read 

our DNA and that of other creatures, 

and what it has shown us is that we 

aren’t as different from other creatures 

as we think. Over time, creatures 

change to adapt to their environment 

to survive and thrive. 

One of the most striking examples 

of this is the Galapagos Islands, located 

in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of 

Ecuador, this series of islands is one of 

the most prominent examples of evolution 

and adaptation. The island contains 

many species which are n ot 

found anywhere else on the pla net, 

including several species of birds that 

share many characteristics; too many 

for it to be a coincidence. It is believed 

that many birds were 

blown to the islands by winds 

and were unable to get back. 

Over time, the birds spread 

throughout the island and began 

survive in the differing environments 

of the islands. Some 

birds developed large, strong 

beaks suited to crack nuts, others 

long, narrow beaks more 

suitable for digging bugs out of 

wood. The birds that had these 

characteristics when blown to 

the island survived longer than 

other birds. This allowed them 

to reproduce more and therefore 

have more offspring that 

also had this unique characteristic. 

Those without the characteristic 

gradually died out 

from starvation. Eventually all of 

the birds had a type of beak 

that helped it survive on its island. 

This is the process of natural 

selection and evolution. The 

individuals themselves do not 

change, but those that survive 

better, or have a higher fitness, 

will survive longer and produce 

more offspring. This continues 

to happen, with the individuals 

becoming more suited to their environment 

every generation. It was this 

continuous improvement that inspired 

computer scientists, one of the most 

prominent being John Holland, to create 

genetic algorithms. 

WHY A GENETIC 

ALGORITHM? 

Advances in computer technology 

have made molecular dynamics simulations 

more and more popular in 




studying the behavior of complex systems. 

Even with modern-day computers, 

however, there are still two main 

limitations facing atomistic simulations: 

system size and simulation time. While 

recent developments in parallel computer 

design and algorithms ha ve 

made considerable progress in enlarging 

the system size that can b e accessed 

using atomistic simulat ions, 

methods for shortening the simulation 

time still remain relatively unexplored. 

One example where such methods 

will be useful is in the determination 

of the lowest energy conf igurations 

of a collection of atoms. Because 

the number of candidate local energy 

minima grows exponentially with the 

number of atoms, the computational 

effort scales exponentially with problem 

size, making it a member of the 

NP-hard problem class. 

For a few atoms, the ground state 

can sometimes be found by a br ute 

force search of configuration space. 

For up to ten or twenty atoms, depending 

upon the potential, simulated 

annealing may be employed to g enerate 

some candidate ground st ate 

configurations. For more atoms than 

this, attempts to use simulate d annealing 

to find the global energy minimum 

are frustrated by high ene rgy 

barriers which trap the simulation in 

one of the numerous metastable configurations. 

An algorithm is needed which can 

‘hop’ from one minimum to anot her 

and permit an efficient sampli ng of 

phase space. Our approach is based 

on the genetic algorithm (GA), an 

optimization strategy inspired by the 

Darwinian evolution process. Starting 

with a population of candidate structures, 

we relax these candidat es to 

the nearest local minimum. Using the 

relaxed energies as the criteria of fitness, 

a fraction of the popula tion is 

selected as “parents.” The next generation 

of candidate structures is produced 

by “mating” these parents. The 

process is repeated until the ground 

state structure is located. 

APPLICATIONS OF 

GENERIC ALGORITHM 

Genetic algorithms are a very effective 

way of quickly finding a reasonable 

solution to a complex problem. 

Granted they aren’t insta ntaneous, 

or even close, but they do an 

excellent job of searching through a 

large and complex search space. Genetic 

algorithms are most effective in 

a search space for which little is known. 

You may know exactly what you want 

a solution to do but have no idea how 

you want it to go about doing it. This 

is where genetic algorithms th rive. 

They produce solutions that solve the 

problem in ways you may never have 

even considered. Then again, they can 

also produce solutions that only work 

within the test environment an d 

flounder once you try to use them in 

the real world. Put simply: use genetic 

algorithms for everything you cannot 

easily do with another algorithm. 

Originally defined by the crea tor 

John Holland, the goal of genetic algorithm 

was to abstract and rigorously 

explain the adaptive processes of 

natural systems and to develop ways 

in which natural adaptation might aid 

computer systems and software. This 

lead to important discoveries in both 

the natural and artificial realms. 

Smart card is just one aspect of a whole smart ID 

A smart card is essentially a card 

or token comprising a secure m icro 

processor core and non volatil e 

memory. It is like a visiting card, with 

a tiny computer chip inside it. 

It can store information and communicate 

with smart card termi nals 

that can read and write that information 

to the card, as well as act as interface 

between smart card and larger 

network. 

It is highly secured. At a bas ic 

level, smart card can perform four 

functions like data storage, identification, 

authentication and appli cation 

processing. 

In an ideal situation, a person can 

carry just a single smart card that acts 

as a credit card, cash card, ration card, 

PAN card, voter's card and eve n a 

passport. 

In this, security is in the form of 

PIN number, passwords etc... w ith 

sophisticated hacking equipmen t, 

smart card data can be interce pted. 

A secure processor core, on the other 

hand, would be tamper-resistant and 

prevent retrieval or modification of onchip 

physical attacks. 

The functioning of the smart card, 

especially the communication task requires 

power. The mode of performing 

the power giving process depends 

largely on the functions perfo rmed 

and the power required for these. 

Smart ID's are promising to he lp 

Shashank Shekhar Singh 

EC - II year 

government agencies tackle the se 

upcoming challenges better. As the 

technology reasonably matures, this 

is indeed the right time to in troduce 

smart ID's. 

 



Junctionless transistor 

Revolutionize chip industry 

Transistor junction, what’s your function now..?? 

THE first transistors built in 19 47 

were over 1 centimeter in size . 

The smallest transistors today are less 

than 30 nanometers long–over three 

hundred thousand times smaller. The 

result of these efforts is bil lion-transistor 

processors where a bill ion or 

more transistor-based circuits are integrated 

into a single chip. B ut this 

development cannot continue fo r 

much longer. One of the increasingly 

difficult problems that chip designers 

are facing is that the high density of 

components packed on a chip makes 

inter-connections increasingly difficult; 

and as conventional chip struc tures 

continue to shrink. 

The challenge over past decades 

has been to keep up with Moore ’s 

Law by cramming more and more transistors 

into the limited real estate provided 

by silicon chip fabrication methods. 

But as future tech leans more 

heavily on smaller, lighter, more mobile 

devices with increased co mputing 

power, the imperative to slim down 

chip design while increasing efficiency 

has grown increasingly greater. 

Unfortunately, existing transistor 

junctions - two pieces of silicon with 

opposite polarities that allow the current 

to be switched on and off within 

the transistor are not all that efficient. 

Current can leak from junction s, 

upcoming power consumption and 

causing overall inefficiency in devices 

that increases with the number of 

transistors. Junctions are also a major 

factor in driving up costs in the chip 

manufacturing process; as gateways 

for current, they are the key mechanisms 

in transistors, and manufacturing 

high quality junctions can quickly 

become very expensive. 

In modern transistors, a negativepositive-negative 

(black-white-black) 

structure needs to be created, where 

the width of the positive (white) region 

is only a few dozens of a toms 

wide, and the coloring has to be done 

with a paint brush. It is very difficult 

to avoid the black paint from smudging 

into the white region. By contrast, 

a junctionless transistor is e ntirely 

painted white or black. This is much 

easier to fabricate, especially at very 

small dimensions. 

The junctionless transistor circumvents 

the need for junctions by pumping 

current through a thin silicon wire 

just a few atoms in diameter. A component 

nicknamed the “wedding ring” 

regulates the flow of current by electrically 

“squeezing” the wire to stop 

the electron flow, much in the way 

you might crimp a drinking straw to 

stop liquid from moving through it. The 

architecture of the junctionless transistor 

is simple enough that it can be 

Schematic of a junctionless 

nanowire transistor (top) an d 

transmission electron microgra ph 

of a single nano- ribbon devic e 

(bottom). Individual atomic ro ws 

cheaply produced even at very small 

sizes, means, that the tech could contribute 

to significantly cheaper transistors 

in future. And because the 

current is moving straight through a 

silicon wire, it leaks very little current, 

making these new structures a good 

deal more efficient. 

The key to fabricating a 

junctionless gated transistor is the 

formation of a semiconductor l ayer 

that is thin and narrow enough to allow 

for full depletion of carriers when 

the device is turned off. The semiconductor 

also needs to be hea vily 


Ashutosh Vikram Singh 

EC - III year 

doped to allow for a reasonabl e 

amount of current flow when th e 

device is turned on. Putting these two 

constraints together imposes the use 

of nano-scale dimensions and high doping 

concentrations. 

The electric field perpendicular to 

the current flow is found to be significantly 

lower in junctionless transistors 

than in regular inversion-mode or accumulation-mode 

field-effect transistors. 

Since inversion channel mobility 

in metal-oxide-semionductor transistors 

is reduced by this electr ic field, 

the low field in junctionless transistor 

may give them an advantage in terms 

of current drive for nanometer-scale 

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor 

applications. This observation 

still applies when quantum con finement 

is present. 

Semiconductor companies are not 

only looking at improving the performance 

of their products, but also at 

cutting down fabrication cost. The 

fabrication of sharp junctions for the 

22nm node and below require ex - 

tremely fast, sophisticated and costly 

annealing techniques. These ar e no 

longer necessary in transistor s that 

have no junctions. 

Another key challenge for the 

semiconductor industry is reducing the 

power consumption of microchip s. 

Minimizing current leakage is one of 

the main challenge in today’s complex 

transistors. Our junctionless devices 

have near ideal electrical pro perties 

and behave like the most perfect transistors. 

They have the potenti al of 

operating faster and using less energy 

than the conventional transistors used 

in today’s microprocessors. 

Nevertheless, fabricating thes e 

junctionless transistors is not without 

challenges. The main task is to obtain 

ultra pure, defect-free silicon crystals 

with a thickness and a width of a few 

atoms. This requires the use and control 

of high-precision instruments like 

electron-beam lithography equipment 

and highly skilled operators. 



Green laser 

A 

laser works on the principle of 

Light Amplification by Stimulated 

Emission of Radiations. Traditional lasers 

were of red color which offered 

less strength, versatility and brightness 

as compared to the advanced gr een 

color lasers. A green color laser can 

be generated within the small body 

of a miniature flashlight. The green 

color lies in the visible range and moreover, 

can easily travel long distances. 

Therefore, amateur astronomers often 

use this laser to point at stars and 

galaxies which are far away in space. 

In green laser the devices create 

coherent green light in a three step 

process. A standard laser diod e first 

generates near infrared light with a 

wavelength of 808nm. This is focused 

on a neodymium crystal that converts 

the light into infrared with a wav e- 

length of 1064nm. In the final step, 

the light passes into a frequency doubling 

crystal that emits green light at 

a wavelength of 532 nm. All th ese 

are easily be assembled into a cigarsized 

packet and powered by a couple 

of AAA batteries. And power ou tput 

is 10 mW. 

Green laser pointers are signi ficantly 

brighter (about 60 times) than 

a red laser pointer and because of its 

unusual color it is much more noticeable. 

FEATURES OF GREEN 

LASER 

• Extremely bright green laser a t 

532 nm wavelength. 

• Output power


Campus interview 

To access the personality trade of 

any candidate, the interview i s 

taken by the HR manager. In today's 

cut-throat competition an empl oyer 

is not supposed to having only technical 

knowledge, but should be 

equipped with some personality trades 

such as a team player, leadership ability, 

adaptability, grasping ability and 

high tolerance of stress. In o rder to 

check these qualities in a can didate 

interviews are conducted by HR manager. 

For a fresher level entry like engineering 

graduates there are two 

types of interviews has been c onducted. 

‣ Technical interview 

‣ HR interview 

TECHNICAL INTERVIEW 

A technical interview for a jo b 

such as engineering, not only requires 

more preparation more in depth of 

knowledge the interviewee must 

demonstrate his ability to solve problems. 

While it may be easy to feel 

overwhelmed about what technic al 

question will be asked during the interview, 

the key to doing well in a 

technical interview is being a ble to 

confidently demonstrate your knowledge. 

HOW TO PREPARE FOR 

A TECHNICAL 

INTERVIEW 

Make a list of the technical s kills 

that you will need to review and study. 

Read the job description and learn as 

much as you can about the company 

with which you are interviewing. Determine 

what qualification tha t the 

company is looking for and what skills 

you need to have to do the job successfully. 

Your research will give you 

an idea of what questions migh t be 

asked during the interview and what 

you need to study. 

SAMPLE QUESTIONS 

Difference between big endian 

and little endian? 

What is race around condition? 

WAP to display fibonacci series. 

They will check some basic knowledge 

in our core subjects and some 

programming languages. They wi ll 

also check your confidence level. So 

be cool there. 

HR INTERVIEW 

When it comes to Human Resources 

Management, the person ality 

of the candidate is gauged at the 

HR interview with a rather simple, logical 

set of questions. And the key to 

success is mainly your honesty in answering 

the question from your own 

experience and knowledge. You don't 

have to cover a big syllabus or master 

text books to prepare for the interview. 

Let us divide the questions into 

sets- 

PERSONAL 

INFORMATION 

"Tell us about yourself" 

This probably the first question at 

an HR interview where they wou ld 

judge the following: 

‣ Your language fluency and presentation 

style. 

‣ Your family background and attitude 

towards family, etc. 

‣ Your priorities, values and beliefs. 

It is a good practice to make yourself 

clear about your personal life before 

you start to think about who are 

sitting in front of the panel. Details 

like your family, your parent's where 

abouts, your brother and siste r, etc. 

and a little information about your 

schooling, college with dates, values 

of faith of religion, etc. could be organized 

in a step by step manner, to 

summarize in about two minutes , it 

would be enough. 

CARRIER OBJECTIVE 


Ashutosh Vikram Singh & 

Prashant Mathur 

EC - III year 

Be specific about your carrier objective 

and the objective of t he interview. 

"In what way is this job going 

to help you in your carrier objective?" 

could be the most likely question. 

If you are not convinced about 

the positive impact of the job , you 

are sure to lose the job too. 

However, a little extra information 

like the profile of the compan y general 

knowledge and current aff air in 

politics, sports, etc. might also come 

up during the discussion. You might 

as well know that most of the HR 

manager are tired of interviewing candidates, 

and if you can really keep 

engaged with your answers not leaving 

much of silence waiting for them 

to dig out information from you, you 

have better chances to getting the 

job. If the interview lasts for longer, 

the chances of you getting appointed 

are higher. 

Why should I hire 

you? 

Believe it or not, this is a killer question 

because so many candidates are 

unprepared for it. By now you can see 

how critical it is to apply th e overall 

strategy of uncovering the employer's 

need before you answer the que s- 

tion. If you know the employe r's 

greatest needs and desire, this question 

will give you a big leg u p over 

other candidates because you will give 

him better reasons for hiring you than 

anyone else is likely to…reasons tied 

directly to his needs. 

Whether your interviewer asks 

you this question explicitly or not, this 

is the most important question of your 

interview because he must answ er 

this question favorably in is own mind 

before you will be hired.Walk through 

each of the position's require ments 

as you understand them, and fo llow 

each with a reason why you meet that 

requirement so well. 

SOME IMPORTANT TIPS 

FOR INTERVIEW 

‣ Do not smoke, chew gum, or eat 

garlic beforehand. 

‣ Wear suitable interview clothes. 

‣ Take copies of your CV with you. 

‣ Arrive on time for your job interview. 

‣ Any applications handed before 

the interview begins, are to b e 

filled in as accurately as possible, 

make sure they match the information 

in your CV and Cover Letter. 

‣ Always greet the interviewer b y 

his/her last name and try to pronounce 

it correctly. 

‣ Have a good firm handshake. 

‣ Look alert and interested. Sca n 

the room once and then keep 

your eyes on the interviewer. 

‣ Wait until you are offered a chair 

(Continued on Page 32) 




IPTV: The future TV 

I 

PTV (Internet protocol Television) 

is a new technology based on 

internet protocol, offering en d-users 

total control and high entertainment 

value, is the need of the chan ging 

technological scenario. IPTV to a large 

extent, fits the bill, as it comprises a 

host of application centred on IP, user 

choice and rich content. IPTV services 

may be classified into three m ain 

groups: live television, time- shifted 

programming, and video on demand 

(VOD). It is distinguished fro m general 

Internet-based or webbased 

multimedia services by 

its on-going standardization 

process (e.g., European Telecommunications 

Standards 

Institute) and preferential 

deployment scenarios in subscriber-based 

telecommunications 

networks with highspeed 

access channels into 

end-user premises via set-top 

boxes or other customer premises 

equipment. Over the 

last decades, the HDTV have 

all left their marks on TV scenario, 

but none were considered 

adequate enough to fit 

the bill of the usage. IPTV 

delivers programming to 

households via a broadband 

connection, using Internet 

protocols. IPTV is clubbed 

with other services like video -on-demand 

(VOD), voice-over IP (VOIP) or 

digital phone and Web access, collectively 

referred to as triple play. Triple 

play implies high-speed internet and 

television/telephone service o ver a 

single broad band connection. With 

wireless, it is called quadruple play and 

grouped services are called multi-play. 

A value added application with high 

average revenue per user seemed to 

be the necessity of the hour, and it 

was essential for this new application 

to be based on internet protocol (IP) 

to give the end-user full control and 

high entertainment value. IP Television, 

to a large extent fits the bill for 

this kind of application as it represents 

a host of applications centred on IP, 

user choice and rich content. 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 

IPTV AND INTERNET TV 

There is a very small differen ce 

between IPTV and Internet TV. IPTV 

refers to a closed and proprietary TV 

system. The content of IPTV is sent 

over secure IP channels, which can 

be controlled. 

Whereas Internet TV is an open 

and evolving framework, to whi ch 

small and medium-sized video producers 

contribute. It is an open setup and 

anyone having an internet connection 

can access the data. 

IPTV COMPONENTS 

Video encoders: Video encoders 

transform an input stream that can 

be of various formats into a d igital 

compressed stream. 

Video server: Video servers are 

computer-based devices linked to 

large storage systems. Video content, 

previously encoded, is stored either 

on disk or in large banks of RAM Video 

servers stream video and content. 

Middleware: Middleware is the 

software and hardware infrastructure 

that conjoins the components o f an 

IPTV solution. It is distribut ed operating 

system that runs both on servers 

at the telco's location and STBs. 

STB/terminal: The STB is a CPE 

that facilitates interface with the user, 

Gaurav Mishra 

EC - III year 

the television and the network . For 

live TV and VOD, the STB suppo rts 

an EPG that allows customers to navigate 

through the programming. The 

STB transforms a jumbled digital compressed 

signal into one that c an be 

sent to the TV. The STB hosts the 

middleware and is the centre of the 

communications infrastructure within 

a home. 

HOW DOES IT 

FUNCTIONS 

It is different from conventi onal 

analogue TV, IPTV runs through a 

telephone line and a STB. It is a real 

time-interactive medium by which a 

user request can be processed in 

real time. This feature allows 

users to watch different 

programmes depending on 

their choice and time availability. 

IPTV is also a multicast 

and unicast platform, through 

which viewers can choose 

from hundreds of channels. 

They can also demand for 

channels of their choice in 

IPTV, whereas cable TV and 

satellite TV are only broadcast 

modes, wherein viewers can 

see only what is being broadcast. 

This distinct differention 

makes IPTV unique and desirable. 

However, with IPTV, one 

question comes up frequently: Where 

does the STB receive its picture from? 

"Most video content enters the system 

at the telco's national head-end, 

where network feeds are pulled from 

satellites and encoded if nece ssary. 

The video stream is broken up into IP 

packets and put into the telco's core 

network, which is a massive IP network, 

that handles all sorts of traffic 

(data, voice, etc), in addition to the 

video". The video streams are received 

by local office, where local content 

(such as TV stations, advertising 

and VOD) is appended to the mix. It 

is also the spot where the IPT V 

middleware is housed. This software 

stack handles user authenticat ion, 

channel change request, billin g and 

VOD request. How does an IPTV sub- 




scriber get hundreds of channels with 

a digital subscriber line (DSL)? When 

a user changes the channel on his STB, 

the box does not tune a channel like 

a cable system. It switches channels 

by using the IP group membersh ip 

protocol v2 to join a new mult icast 

group. When the local office receives 

this request, it checks to make sure 

that the user is authorised to view 

the new channel, directs the routers 

in the local office to add the particular 

user to the channel's distribution 

index. In this way, only signa ls that 

are currently being watched ar e actually 

being sent from the loc al office 

to the digital subscriber line access 

multiplexer (DSLAM) and finally, 

to the user". 

Zigbee 

A Zigbee standard has evolved 

standardized sets of solution called layers. 

These layers facilitate the features 

that make Zigbee very attractive, low 

cost easy implementation, reliable data 

transfer, short range operation, very 

low power consumption and adequate 

security features. 

Zigbee is one of the newest technologies 

enabling wireless per sonal 

area network (WPAN). It is a wireless 

technology developed as an open global 

standard to address the un ique 

needs of low cost, low power w ireless 

M2M network. The Zigbee p rotocol 

has been ratified by mem ber 

companies of the Zigbee alliance. It is 

designed to provide an easy to use 

wireless data solution characterized by 

secured, reliable wireless network architecture. 

The name of the brand was originated 

with reference to the behaviour 

of honey bees after their retu rn to 

the beehive. Specified maximum 

range of operation for zigbee devices 

is 76 meters substantially further than 

that by used Bluetooth capable devices. 

A Zigbee protocol is de signed 

to communicate through hostile RF 

environments that are common i n 

commercial and industrial applications. 

Zigbee protocols features include; 

‣ Support for multiple network topologies 

such as point to poin t, 

point to multipoint and mesh network. 

IPTV VS DTH, CABLE TV 

Although it is not appropriate to 

compare IPTV with other modes of 

broadcast, but there lies a difference 

that is " The entry cost of IPTV service 

is at par with cable TV but DTH 

and other cable TV require m uch 

more bandwidth (8 Mbps per hom e, 

per connection), whereas IPTV can 

be viewed at 2-3 Mbps." 

ADVANTAGES OF IPTV 

IPTV is a truly interactive service 

and can provide numerous services like 

e-commerce, e-governance, e-education, 

e-medicine, weather and entertainment. 

However, its penetration is 

heavily dependent on good qual ity, 

‣ Low latency. 

‣ Low duty cycle-provide long battery 

life. 

‣ Direct spread spectrum. 

‣ Collision avoidance. 

In Industry, Zigbee is being used 

for next generation automated manufacturing 

with small transmitt ers in 

every device on the floor, allowing for 

communication between devices to 

a central computer. 

high bandwidth and broadband c onnectivity. 

IPTV is still in it s nascent 

phase in India. Considering th e current 

scenario, IPTV can be said to have 

both pros and cons. One of the best 

advantages of IPTV is that it uses 

Internet protocol to provide two-way 

communication, making the television 

viewing experience truly interactive. 

Through this technology viewers not 

only receive data but can also send 

data back like e-mailing, instant messaging, 

ticket booking, etc. With the 

help of IPTV orders for buying different 

products can be placed. The number 

of application that can be put on 

IPTV are virtually infinite. 

 

Pooja Sharma 

EC - III year 

It provides the ability to run for 

years on inexpensive batteries for a 

host of monitoring and control applications. 

Automatic meter readi ng, 

lighting control, medical devices, fleet 

applications are just some of the many 

spaces where Zigbee technology is 

making significant advancements. 

 



MEMS 

INTRODUCTION 

A 

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System 

(MEMS) that contains both electrical 

and mechanical componen ts 

with its ranging size from nanometers 

to millimeters. MEMS is a device which 

is able to replace bulky networks, sensors, 

actuators on a common silicon 

substrate. These all are fabri cated 

using IC process sequences (e. g. 

CMOS, BICMOS process). This re - 

duces bulk, cost, weight and p ower 

consumption with increase in its performance, 

production volume. 

Furthermore, there are many applications 

to come including g enetic 

and disease testing, power dev ices, 

RF devices, weapon system and data 

storage. Micromirror- based switches 

have already proven their importance. 

MEMS promises to revolutionize almost 

all product category by fabricating together 

silicon-based microelectronics 

with micromachining technology, making 

possible the realization of complete 

system-on-chip. 

FABRICATION 

The fabrication technique used in 

MEMS consists of the conventio nal 

techniques developed for integrated 

circuit processing. The essential elements 

in conventional silicon processing 

are deposition, lithograph y, and 

etching. 

DEPOSITION 

The essential element in MEMS 

processing is the ability to deposit thin 

films of material. In this process, we 

assume that a thin layer to ha ve a 

thickness anywhere between a f ew 

nanometers to 100 micrometer. The 

thin film then can be etched with the 

help of developer. There may be various 

types of deposition used for this 

process which are as under: 

‣ Chemical vapour deposition 

‣ Epitaxy 

‣ Oxidation 

‣ Physical deposition: 

Sputtering 

Evaporation 

Spin-on method 

LITHOGRAPHY 

Lithography includes three 

sequential steps: 

‣ Application of photoresist, which 

is a photosensitive emulsion layer; 

‣ Optical exposure to print an i m- 

age of the mask onto the resist; 

‣ Immersion in an aqueous developer 

solution to dissolve the exposed 

resist and render visible the 

latent image. 

The pattern layout is generate d 

using a computer aided design and 

transferred into a layer a specialized 

mask-making facility, often by electron 

beam or laser beam. A complete 

microfabrication involves several lithographic 

operations with differ ent 

masks. 

ETCHING 

‣ Etch rate- The speed of the etching 

should be fast enough to be 

good for production but is als o 

controllable. 

‣ Uniformity- The etching is not location 

dependent. 

‣ Selectivity- Selection of developer 

through which etching is done is 

important. 

‣ Directionality- They can be isotropic 

, or anisotropic. 

Isotropic etchants etch unifor mly 

in all direction, resulting in rounded 

cross sectional. 

CATEGORIES OF MEMS 

There are several different c ategories 

of MEMS which are as under: 


Bulk micromachining 

Tejashwani Dubey 

EC - II year 

Bulk micromachining is a technique 

which builds mechanical elements by 

starting with a silicon wafer, and then 

etching away the unwanted parts and 

left with useful mechanical devices. 

Today almost all pressure sensors 

are built with bulk micromachining. Bulk 

micromachined pressure sensors offer 

several advantages over tradit ional 

pressure sensors. They cost less, are 

highly reliable, manufacturable, and 

there is very good repeatabili ty between 

devices. The small size and high 

reliability of micromachined pressure 

sensors make them ideal for a various 

of medical fields. 

Surface Micromachining 

In bulk micromachining, the de - 

vices are build by etching into a warfer, 

Surface micromachining builds devices 

from the wafer layer by layer. A Surface 

Micromachining is a repet itive 




Campus Interview 


before you sit down. 

‣ Stress your achievements. 

‣ Always conduct yourself profes - 

sionally and if something beyond 

your control occurs, show a sense 

of humor. 

‣ Be enthusiastic and show it in 

your replies and body language. 

‣ Answer the interview question by 

more than a simple yes or no but 

try not to go over the 60 second 

limit. 

‣ Avoid at all cost complaining about 

your current or former employer 

in your job interview. 

sequence of depositing thin films on 

a wafer, photo patterning the films, 

and then etching of the films. In order 

to create moving functioning machines, 

these layers are alter nating 

thin films of a structural material (typically 

silicon) and a sacrificial material 

(typically silicon dioxide). 

Surface Micromachining require s 

more fabrication steps than Bu lk 

Micromachining, and therefore it is 

more expensive. It is able to create 

much more complicated devices, capable 

of sophisticated functio nality. 

Surface Micromachining is suitable for 

applications requiring more so phisticated 

mechanical elements. 

APPLICATIONS 

There are various possible applications 

for MEMS. Here are a few applications 

of current interest: 

Biotechnology 

MEMS is enabling new discoveries 

in engineering such as polymer ase 

Chain reaction (PCR) Microsystems for 

DNA amplification and identification, 

micromachined 

scanning tunneling microscopes 

(STMs), biochips 

etc. 

Communications 

High frequency circuits 

will benefit considerably 

from the advent of the RF- 

MEMS technology. Electrical 

components such as inductors 

& capacitors can be improved 

if they are made 

using MEMS. 

Accelerometers 

MEMS accelerometers 

are rapidly replacing conventional 

accelerometers 

for crash air-bag deployment 

systems in automobiles. 

These MEMS accelerometers 

are much smaller, 

more functional in working, 

lighter in weight, more reliable, 

and are produced for 

a fraction of the cost of the 

conventional macroscale accelerometer 

elements. 

ADVANTAGES 

First extremely diverse technology 

that could significantly affec t every 

category of commercial and mil itary 

product. It is used for tasks ranging 

from in-dwelling blood pressure monitoring 

to active suspension sy stems 

for automobiles. The nature of MEMS 

and its diversity of useful applications 

make it potentially a far more pervasive 

technology than even integrated 

circuit microchips. 

 

‣ Do not answer questions about 

politics or religion if the job is completely 

unrelated. 

‣ Do not raise salary discussions on 

your first interview - this is usually 

done on the second interview. 

Make sure you do your wage research 

before hand. 

Your answer to the initial opening 

statements in the job intervie w are 

important, these are called "ice breakers". 

Sometimes the interviewer will 

ask whether you had difficulty finding 

the company premises. Your ans wer 

should be brief and polite. The interviewer 

is merely being polite - if you 

had problems in finding the premises 

he/she doesn't need to know th at. 

Use replies such as- 

‣ I'm fine thank you, and you? 

‣ I'm very well, thank you. 

Avoid these because these replies 

express a careless attitude- 

‣ So, so 

‣ OK 

‣ Not so well 

While you are interviewing jus t 

keep these things in your mind and 

rest will be good. Don't bother about 

result. Just give your 100%. 



Electronics unborn 


Future of electronic product and services seems to be bright as advancement 

in technology affects us in every context of life. Electronics now becomes 

a part of our life style. It's harder to imagine a life without electronic 

gadgets for e.g. Cell phones, computers and Calculators etc. Development 

of the electronic technology in a short span has given us lot of comfort. 

Through this article, we will try to summarize various developments taking 

place in electronic field and its future aspects. 

PLASTIC ELECTRONICS 

Polymers that conduct electrici ty 

without the assistance of fillers are 

quickly emerging as the basis for 

future devices, such as electr onic 

paper, light weight solar cells and inexpensive. 

Compounded conducti ve 

polymers will play a critical role in the 

successful proliferation and miniaturization 

of electronic devices, as they 

provide inexpensive protection against 

electrostatic discharge and el ectromagnetic 

or radio frequency interference. 

Conducting polymers also have the 

potential to become alternative to silicon-based 

electronics. It is b elieved 

that plastic electronics, based on thin 

film transistors fabricated by organic 

films, will create a new range of products 

that could not be manufactured 

using conventional CMOS approaches. 

Flexibility of thin films also suggests 

a new product line, including rollup 

display, low cost RFID tags, flexible 

sensors and photovoltaic arrays. Plastic 

electronics also generates less heat 

and use less power, thus allev iating 

two major problems bothering c onventional 

electronics. 

GRAPHINE 

TECHNOLOGY 

New research findings suggest 

that use of graphine in microchip could 

make them faster in comparison to the 

standard silicon microchips. Thus, use 

of this technology in future cell phones 

and other communication systems will 

mean much faster transmission of 

data. 

With conventional silicon-base d 

electronics, frequency cannot be increased, 

but graphine technolo gy 

could help in developing syste ms in 

the 500 to 1000 gigahertz rang e. 

Graphine, a pure form of carbon is 

the strongest material ever di scovered. 

It also has a number of unique 

electrical properties, such as mobilitythe 

ease with which electron can start 

moving in the materials- which is 100 

times more than that of silicon. 

Researcher have already used the 

one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms 

to make prototype transistors and 

other simple devices. Frequency multipliers 

are being widely used in radio 

communications and other appli cations. 

But existing system req uires 

multiple componenets, signal filtering, 

and they consume more power. 

Whereas the graphene system ha s 

just a single transistor and produces a 

clean output efficiency. 

MAJOR CHALLENGES 

In spite of all the advantage electronics 

there are some challen ges 

which electronics have to face in future. 

Some of these are: 

ELECTRONIC WASTE: Electronics 

should not have any advers e effect 

on the environment. Through responsible 

use, reuse and recycling Of 

electronic products, the electronic industry 

and consumers can protect and 

preserve our environment. The rapid 

pace of technological advancement in 

the field of electronics has made electronics 

gadgets both affordabl e and 

widely used. This result in large quantities 

of electrical and electronic equipments 

being added to the waste 

stream called electronic waste , also 

known as 'E- waste.' These equ ipments 

are made up of a multitude of 

components, some containing to xic 

substances which can have adve rse 

effect on human health and environment. 

Often, these hazards arise due 

to the improper recycling and disposal 

processes used. 

GREEN TECHNOLOGY: Green 

technology emphasis on using e lectronic 

products in a manner such that 

it has minimum adverse effect. Best 

practices like how to stop wastage of 

energy, which zioms are greener than 

others, and e-waste management are 

the prerequisites for moving towards 

green technology solution. 

QUALITY AND QUANTITY 

CONCERN: To cope up with market 

and fulfill customer requirement in a 

limited budget, electronic manufacturers 

compromises with quality of product. 

Increasing number of elec tronic 

product either discarded or being repaired 

indicates their poor quality. 

There are billions of circuit board 

enter the global market every year, 

and there are evidences to ind icate 

that there are only 5-10% are as per 

current IPC standards. Thus, quality 

and reliable products will play important 

role in shaping future of electronics. 

We must have to learn to produce 

them in quantity with rea sonable 

market price without compromising 

quality. There should be appropriate 

relation between production and 

application. 

 




NN Power Planner 

Thyristor based intelligent mo tor 

controller 

Jaikar Sahai 

EC - III year 

INTRODUCTION 

NN Power Planner is a 

microcontroller controlled thy ristor 

based intelligent Motor Contro ller 

which provides a simple, effec tive, 

reliable & economical solution to the 

problems of an ac Induction Motor by 

constantly monitoring the effi ciency 

of the motor by utilizing powerful microcomputer 

& ensuring that the input 

power to the motor is matc hed 

exactly to the load as it changes. 

Even the slightest variation in the 

demand is sensed & NN Power Planner 

will respond by supplying full power 

to the motor if required in 100th of a 

second. This controlled releas e of 

power to the motor provides smooth 

& step less acceleration & dec eleration, 

also enabling more frequent starting 

& stopping. 

A soft start & soft stop facility incorporated 

in all NN Power Planner. 3 

phase units ensure about 300 s tarts 

per day. Further, by eliminating high 

inrush current on start up, maximum 

demand is also considerably reduced. 

NN Power Planner has unrivalled ability 

to change the shape of the applied 

voltage waveform thus re duc- 

ing the impact of standing losses existing 

in all AC induction Motors. Once 

the motor has reached its full speed, 

the NN Power Planner optimizin g 

mode will search for the minim um 

power required ensuring the maximum 

continuous rating of the motor is 

matched exactly to the load it varies. 

Thus improving power factor & ensuring 

minimum running cost. In short 

NN Power Planner gives the motor an 

exact amount of power it needs to 

do the required job of work at any 

instant, no more no less. 

HOW NN POWER 

PLANNER WORKS 

In common with all soft start devices 

NN POWER PLANNER uses Thyristors 

to accurately control the voltage 

applied at the motor terminals. 

A characteristic of the Thyristor to 

switch rapidly from "OFF" to " ON" 

when pulsed, and to remain "ON" until 

the current through the device falls 

to zero at the end of each half cycle 

in the AC supply, is called self communication. 

By controlling the switch-on point 

relative to the voltage zero c rossing 

in each half cycle of the supply, it is 

possible to regulate the current flowing 

through the thyristor. The closer 

the turn on point is to the end of the 

cycle the smaller the value of current 

that will be allowed to flow. Conversely, 

the closer the turn-o n point 

is to the beginning of the cyc le the 

higher the value of current wi ll be. 

Using this principle and by connecting 

two Thyristor in anti-parallel to each 

of the phase connections to a motor 

NN Power Planner continuously adjusts 

the voltage to the motor terminals 

by precisely controlling the Thyristor 

turn-on points. This provides just 

sufficient voltage for the mot or to 

accelerate the load. So, for instance, 

by starting with a large delay to the 

turn on point in each half cycle, and 

progressively reducing it over a selected 

time period, the voltag e applied 

to the motor starts from a relatively 

low value and increases to full 

voltage. Due to the motor torq ue 

being proportional to the squa re of 

the applied voltage, the start ing 

torque increases in a step less manner 

ensuring a soft start for both the 

motor and the driven load. 

ENERGY SAVINGS 

When working at or near full load, 

the typical 3-phase induction motor is 

relatively efficient, achieving efficiencies 

of between 80% to 92%. 

Motor speeds cannot be varied, 

the optimization software in the NN 

Power Planner will produce ene rgy 

savings in lightly loaded motors. 

By detecting the load at any i n- 

stant, and adjusting the motor terminal 

voltage accordingly, it is possible 

to save some of the excitation energy 

and load loss, and improve motor 

Power Factor when the moto r is 

running Inefficiently at light loads. 

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION 

NN Power Planner has better and 




advanced programmed Microcontroller 

which always tries to deliver exact, 

matching amount of power to motor 

in 1/100th second, so that Mot or 

uninterruptly drives the given load with 

less POWER. NN Power Planner Guarantees 

ENERGY SAVING up to 9-10% 

on MOTORS running partly or on 

VARIABLE LOAD. It has also got the 

feature of dynamic backstop vo ltage 

control, which can be fine tuned from 

67% LV to 100% LV for better EN- 

ERGY savings. 

APPLICATIONS 

NN Power Planner can be used on 

any application where motor's speed 

is constant and motor is runni ng on 

variable load or part load for most of 

its duty cycle. The best appli cations 

where NN Power Planner can be used 

are: 

1- Injection Moulding Machines 

2- Hydraulic Press 

3- Suction Rod Pump 

Quantum computing 

Imagine a computer that calculates 

the data 10 times faster than the 

computer's processor, like Pentium-4 

& core 2 duos, use now-a-days!! 

Scientists & researchers are trying 

for the development of such hi gh 

speed processors that work on the 

principle -: 

"Atoms are natural calculators”. On 

this basis, Quantum computers are developing 

in present date.Recen tly,a 

great physicist ,Prof Michael De Lyukin 

leading a team has got the success of 

first entanglement of quantum science 

between a solid state material and 

photon!!Prof.at Harvard university said 

that this achievement is the first step 

towards development of practic al 

quantum computers. 

Via the entanglement of photon 

& solid state material only th e solid 

state bits or qubits are able to communicate 

through a longer dist ance 

at a very fast pace.Digital computers 

use qubits for all specific operations. 

Scientists consider photons as the 

fastest medium for transmissio n of 

quantum information without an y 

loss. Seemingly with these technologies, 

our future would be embedded 

with turbo boost technology!!A t the 

Argonne National Laboratory, P aul 

Benioff is credited with first applying 

4- Machine Tools 

5- Grinders 

6- Conveyors 

7- Metal Cutters 

8- Escalators 

9- Crusher 

IN SUMMARY IT MEANS 

THAT NN POWER 

PLANNER WILL 

1. Reduces the amount of Current 

quantum turning machine. 

This superposition of qubits gives 

to quantum computers their inherent 

parallelism. According to phys icist 

David Deutsch, this parallelism allows 

a quantum computer to work on a 

million computations at once. While 

our desktop pc works on one. A 30- 

Qubit quantum computer would b e 

equal the processing power of a conventional 

computer that could run at 

10 teraflops(trillions of floating-point 

operations per second).Today's typical 

desktop computers run at s peed 

in gigaflops (billions of floating points 

operations per second). 

Problems and practicality issues (To 

get to quantum computers):- 

There are a number of practica l 

difficulties in building a quantum computer. 

David Di Vincenzo, of IBM, listed 

the following requirements for a practical 

quantum computer: 

‣ Scalable physically to inverse the 

number of qubits. 

‣ Qubits can be initiated to arbitrary 

values. 

‣ Quantum gates faster than coherence 

time. 

‣ Turing-complete gate set. 

‣ Qubits can be read easily. 

To summarise the problem from 

the perspective of an engineer, one 

consumed by the motor to do its 

job of work. 

2. Reduces the high starting and inrush 

current while starting. 

3. Increases motor life by 50% to 

70%. 

4. By reducing maintenance costs 

and equipment down time improves 

motor and plant reliability. 

5. It is suitable for a very wide range 

of applications. 

6. Even to high efficiency motor, it 

not only provide superb contro l 

over the starting and stopping of 

the motor, furthermore it gives an 

additional saving in overall energy 

consumption by its dynamic control. 

7. Its prices are extremely attractive 

and competitive. 

This device is currently in use and 

marketed by NN PROJECT LIMITED , 

a firm based in Gurgaon, Haryana. 

 

Siddhant Tripathi 

EC - II year 

needs to solve the challenge of building 

a system which is isolated from 

everything except the measurem ent 

and manipulation mechanism. Further 

more, one needs to be able to turn 

off the coupling of the qunits to the 

measurement so as to not DECO here 

the qubits while performing operations 

on them. 

QUBIT CONTROL 

Computer scientists control th e 

microscopic particles that act as qubits 

in quantum computers by using control 

devices. 

‣ Ion traps use optical or magnetic 

fields (or Opt magnetic field) to 

trap ions. 

‣ Optical traps use light waves to 

trap and control particles. 

‣ Quantum dots are made of semiconductor 

material and are used 

to contain and manipulate elec - 

trons. 

‣ Semiconductor impurities contain 

electrons by using unwanted atoms 

found in semiconductor material. 

‣ Superconducting circuits allow 

electrons to flow with almost no 

resistance at low temperatures. 

 




Plasmonics 

PLASMONICS is thought to repre 

sent the strongest points of both 

optical and electronic data tr ansfer. 

Optical data transfer, as in f iber optics, 

allows high bandwidth, b ut requires 

bulky "wires," or tubes with 

reflective interiors. Electron ic data 

transfer operates at frequencies inferior 

to fiber optics, but only requires 

tiny wires. Plasmonics, someti mes 

called "light on a wire," would allow 

the transmission of data at optical frequencies 

along the surface of a tiny 

metal wire, despite the fact that the 

data travels in the form of el ectron 

density distributions rather than photons. 

It is the fact that plasmonics have 

a great role in the green energy market 

economy by integrating with the 

existing PN junction solar cell by making 

it more absorbent of heat in all 

range of the frequency that co mes 

from the sunlight. 

Plasmonic, Nano particles of gold 

or silver. 

The main limitation to plasmonics 

today is that plasmon tends to dissipate 

after only a few millimeters, making 

them too short-lived to serve as a 

basis for computer chips, which are a 

few centimeters across. For se nding 

data even longer distances, th e key 

is using a material with a low refractive 

index, ideally negative, such that 

the incoming electromagnetic energy 

is reflected parallel to the surface of 

the material and transmitted along its 

length as far as possible. There exists 

no natural material with a neg ative 

refractive index, so nano stru ctured 

materials must be used to fabr icate 

effective plasmonic devices. For this 

reason, plasmonics is frequently associated 

with nanotechnology. 

ABOUT "PLASMON" 

The name plasmon derived 

from the physical plasma as a 

state of matter in which the a t- 

oms are ionized. At the lowest 

densities this means an ionize d 

gas, or classical plasma; but densities 

are much higher in a metal, 

or quantum plasma. 

Plasmon consists of discrete 

units known as plasmagenes. The 

extrachromosomal gene in plants 

was first described in 1908 by the 

German botanist. 

The plasmon energy for most 

metals corresponds 

to that of an ultraviolet 

photon. However, 

for silver, gold, the 

alkali metals, and a few 

other materials, the plasmon 

energy is sufficiently 

low to correspond to that 

of a visible or near-ultraviolet 

photon. This means 

there is a possibility of 

exciting plasmons by light. 

If plasmons are confined 

upon a surface, optical 

effects can be easily 

observed. In this case, 

the quanta are called surface 

plasmons, and they have the bulk plasmon 

energy as an upper energy 

limit.Surface plasmons were first proposed 

to explain energy losses by electrons 

reflected from metal surfaces. 

The plasmon is a quasiparticle. Its 

energy is approximately equal to L 

, 

where 

Saurabh 

EC - II year 

is the angular plasma (Langmuir) frequency, 

e and m are the charge and 

mass of the particles. The energy of 

a plasmon is determined from the characteristic 

energy losses sustained by 

electrons in metals: electrons passing 

through the plate expend energy on 

the excitation of plasma oscillations, 

that is, on the "creation" of plasmons. 

Another method of determining the 




energy of a plasmon is analysis of the 

light spectrum emitted by plasmons. 

APPLICATIONS 

Plasmon waveguides, extraordinary 

transmission through aper ture 

arrays, sensing and surface enhanced 

Raman scattering, spectroscopy as 

well as meta-materials. 

Position and intensity of plasmon 

absorption and emission peaks are affected 

by molecular adsorption, which 

can be used in molecular sensors 

Potential applications extend to 

new light sources, solar cells, holography, 

raman spectroscopy, and microscopy 

applications of surface plasmon 

resonance spectroscopy was the measurement 

of the thickness of adsorbed 

self-assembled nanofilms on gold substrates. 

Most practical applications is SPR 

emission When the surface plas mon 

wave hits a local particle or irregularity-like 

on a rough surface 

GENERATION OF 

PLASMON 

Plasmons are generated when, 

under the right conditions, light strikes 

a metal. The electric field of the light 

jiggles the electrons in the m etal to 

the light's frequency, setting off density 

waves of electrons. The process 

is analogous to how the vibrations of 

the larynx jiggle molecules in the air 

into density waves experienced as 

sound. 

Metals provide the best evidence 

of plasmons, because they have a 

high density of electrons free to move. 

Plasmons are density waves of 

electrons, which are created w hen 

light hits the surface of a metal under 

precise circumstances. Because these 

density waves are generated at optical 

frequencies, very small and rapid 

waves. 

Hybrid computer 

Computers are devices that exhibit 

features of analog computers and digital 

computers. The digital component 

normally serves as the controller and 

provides logical operations, while the 

analog component 

normally 

serves as a 

solver of differential 

equations. 

In hybrid 

computer Signals 

pass across 

the synapses 

from one nerve 

cell to the next 

as discrete 

(digital) packets 

of chemicals, 

which are then 

summed within 

the nerve cell in 

an analog fashion 

by building 

an electrochemical 

potential 

until its threshold is re ached, 

whereupon it discharges and se nds 

out a series of digital packets to the 

next nerve cell. The advantage s are 

at least threefold: noise within the system 

is minimized (and tends no t to 

be additive), no common ground ing 

system is required, and there is minimal 

degradation of the signal even if 

there are substantial differen ces in 

activity of the cells along a path (only 

the signal delays tend to vary ). The 

individual nerve cells are analogous to 

analog computers; the synapses are 

analogous to digital computers. 

Note that hybrid computers should 

be distinguished from hybrid systems. 

The latter may be no more than a 

digital computer equipped with an 

analog-to-digital converter at the input 

and/or a digital-to-analog converter 

at the output, to convert analog 

signals for ordinary digital signal 

processing, and conversely, e.g., for 

driving physical control systems, such 

as servomechanisms. 

 

Gaurav Mishra 

EC - III year 




Common Admission Test (CAT) 

WHAT IS COMMON 

ADMISSION TEST? 

The common admission test (CAT) 

is an All India test conducted by the 

Indian Institutes of managemen t 

(IIMs) as an entrance exam for the 

management programmes of its 14 B 

(Business) schools. 

About 250,000 students took 

CAT 2008 for about 1500 seats in the 

IIMs more selective than the universities. 

The CAT is the first step for admission 

to the IIMs. After the test, 

by the second week of January next 

year, the IIMs declare exam sc ores 

and put up a list of candidates who 

are eligible for the next stag e of a 

group discussion for some IIMs & an 

individual interview. 

CAT 2009: The first ever computer 

based CAT conducted by 

prometric during 28th nov - 7th dec. 

Many other business Schools in 

India, other than IIMs, also accept the 

CAT scores for admission. This has 

contributed to the CAT gaining an 

extremely high popularity. As of 2008, 

CAT scores are accepted by approximately 

120 MBA institutes in India. 

WHY CAT ? 

CAT is the only exam which provides 

entrance in the top B-sc hools 

of India inspite of IIMs. 

CAT also does not require any 

technical background like othe r exams 

required. It requires only 8th to 

10tn class maths for its quantitative 

section. So, some of the points why 

we select CAT are : 

‣ CAT is not about following rules, 

it is all about breaking the rules. 

‣ CAT is not about rocket science, 

it is about the basics of life. 

‣ CAT is not about taken tracks, it 

is about defining a new track. 

‣ CAT is not about selecting answers, 

it is about eliminating the 

answer. 

HOW TO PREPARE FOR 

CAT? 

This is a very complex questio n 

that how we prepare for CAT. So, the 

answer is here. 

Many of us thought that CAT is a 

test of your managerial aptitu de & 

managerial skills like: 

‣ Time management 

‣ How would handle pressure & 

uncertainty. 

‣ Decision making. 

Remember, CAT is not solving 150 

questions in 120 minutes. It is about 

solving 90 to 95 questions with 85 to 

90 % accuracy. Here are a few tips 

that would help to fetch you a call 

from the best B-schools in the country. 

TIP 1: HANDLE PRESSURE 

AND UNCERTAINTY WELL 

Handling pressure and uncertainty 

is a crucial element of CAT. This is a 

essential skill that a manager requires 

in his/her daily decision making process. 

The CAT examination spans 120 

minutes, but if you are able to handle 

pressure in the first 15 and l ast 10 

minutes, your chances to excel increase. 

Some points to help yo u at 

this stage are: 

1. Have a flexible strategy. 

2. Scan your question paper for the 

initial three to four minutes to locate 

easy questions. 

3. Attempt your favourite section 

first. 

4. Remember CAT is another name 

of uncertainty. 

TIP 2: SEQUENCE AND 

PRIORTISE YOUR MANTRAS 

FOR SUCCESS 

‣ Deciding on the sequence in 

which you will attempt the various 

sections. 

‣ Allocating an appropriate time for 

each section. 

‣ Prioritizing questions within sections. 

For E.g.- your strategy before entering 

the examination hall should be- 

1. Scanning : 3-4 minutes 

2. Data Interpretation : 40 minutes 

3. Verbal Ability : 40 minutes 

The section may interchange ac - 

cording to your favourite section. 

TIP 3: SOME SPECIFIC 

SECTION STRATEGIES- 

1. Quantitative ability :- Attempt 

question in three rounds- 

Round 1: 

‣ Attempt all one liners 

‣ Attempt all two liners 

‣ Attempt all four liners 

‣ Attempt those questions in which 

data are given. 

Round 2: 

Come back to the left question s 

of Round 1. Under pressure, yo u 

might left some easy questions . Attempt 

them again. 

Round 3: 

Aman Kumar 

EC - III Year 

If time permits, attempt the 

lengthier questions of your favourite 

topics. But remember, it takes just 5 

to 10 seconds to decide whether you 

should attempt or leave the question. 

2. Verbal ability:- Most students 

attempt English usage or Reading 

and Comprehension part first. 

‣ In Para jumbles, look out for 

structural & logical connectors. 

‣ Before attempting Reading & 

Comprehension, scan the 

question once. 

‣ Be careful in grammatical portion. 

3. Data Interpretation / Data 

approximation:- 

‣ Revise your percentages & 

approximation. 

‣ Data sufficiency questions are 

independent of each other & 

should be attempted first. 

‣ After data sufficiency questions, 

attempt single graph 

questions followed by the 

double graph questions. 

‣ Questions based on logical 

games & logical tables should 

be attempt at last. 

COURCES OFFERED BY 

SOME TOP INDIAN B- 

SCHOOLS 

Courses offered @ IIM Bangalore; 




Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 

INTRODUCTION 

AS we know landmines are very 

harmful for us. Landmines and 

unexploded ordnance (UXO) are a 

legacy of war, civil disobedience and 

guerilla activity. If all mines were cased 

or had substantial metallic content, all 

that would be required for det ection 

are metal detectors. The widespread 

use of plastic landmines necessitates 

development and deployment of additional 

detection technologie s. Because 

there is no such thing as a plastic 

detector, other sensors at tempt 

to exploit ancillary disturbances in the 

background, such as thermal, chemical, 

or dielectric. 

OVERVIEW OF THE 

SYSTEM 

Because of the difficulty dete cting 

the tiny amounts of metal in a plastic 

landmine with a metal dete ctor, 

technology development has bee n 

funded in other areas. Ground penetrating 

radar (GPR) has been used 

for nearly 70 years for a variety of geophysical 

subsurface imaging applications 

including utility mapping and hazardous 

waste container location and 

has been actively applied to the problem 

of landmine detection for nearly 

20 years. When parameters such as 

frequency range, antenna size, antenna 

separation and system ti ming 

are optimized for detection of minesized 

objects in the near subsurface, 

GPR is quite effective in dete cting 

both metal and plastic landmines in a 

variety of soils. The depth of penetration 

is a function of both the frequency 

range produced and the soil 

attenuation. 

Lower frequency components 

penetrate further but it is a higherfrequency 

component that is ne cessary 

to image and resolve smaller targets. 

Both impulse- based and swept 

frequency GPR systems have bee n 

employed in Army-sponsored research 

programs. Generally a system with a 

bandwidth of roughly 1 to 4GHz is 

effective for detection of landmines. 

Ultimately GPR images the dielectric 

properties of the soils a nd any 

discontinuities appear as a signal. If soil 

were perfectly homogeneous, a discontinuity 

caused by a land mi ne 

Screen shot of host software f rom GEO-CENTERS 

would stand out as an anomaly against 

the background. Unfortunately, even 

under near-ideal test track conditions, 

soil itself is a remarkably in homogeneous 

medium and false alarms are 

easily generated from the background 

itself. Because of this, automatic target 

recognition (ATR) algorithms employed 

by impulse-based GPR systems 

typically calculate and remove background 

and try to detect the h yperbolic 

signatures that are characteristic 

in size and shape of landmine targets 

in GEO-CENTERS 400 Series energy 

in focusing ground penetr ating 

radar (EFGPR), we employ a fuz zy 

logic-based algorithm that use prototypes, 

or feature sets, for landmines 

and prototypes than to clutter. 

HOW IT WORKS? 

An FR-127-MSCB impulse ground 

penetrating radar (ImGPR) syst em 

developed by the Commonwealth 

Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 

(CSIRO), Australia, has been 

used for these measurements. T he 

system collects 127 returns or surroundings, 

per second each composed 

of 512 samples with 12 bit acc uracy. 

The sounding range may vary from 4 

ns to 32ns. The GPR system uses 

bistatic bow-tie antennas which transmit 

wideband ultrashort durati on 

pulses. 

The measurements form a two 

dimensional matrix referred to as a 

radargram or B scan and A scan are 

used for visual inspection of data on 


B SCAN 

Priyanka Shukla 

EC - III year 

the acquisition computer 

and in laboratory 

analysis. 

A SCAN 

A scan is a method 

for detecting the presence 

and absence of 

surrogate mine in clay 

soil. The electromagnetic 

field is scattered 

by the GPR. Scattering 

pulses are detecting by 

the graph. This graph 

is Amplitude Vs Time. 

This graph is helpful to 

find the landmine and 

is used for visual inspection. 

B scan is a graph which is Tim e 

delay Vs Distance. So B scan helps to 

calculate the penetration length. This 

graph helps to calculate the distance 

from ground to the mine. 

ADVANTAGES 

‣ GPR locates even small targets. 

‣ GPR operates by detecting the 

dielectric soils which allows it to 

locate even no metallic mines. 

‣ Biological sensors can only operate 

for limited periods but in GPR 

has no such limits. 

‣ GPR has been tested in different 

environmental conditions. 

DISADVANTAGES 

‣ The sensor such as GPR is larger 

and heavier. 

‣ GPR is more power hungry. 

‣ GPR can suffer falls alarm rates as 

high as metal detectors. 

 




Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 

(SED) 

Priyanka Gupta 

EC - III year 

less power than an LCD 

television of the same 

size. 

After considerable 

time and effort in the 

early and mid-2000s, 

SED efforts started 

winding down in 2009 

as LCD became the 

dominant technology. 

SED are closely related 

to another developing 

display technology, the 

field emission display, or 

FED, differing primarily in 

the details of the electron 

emitters. Sony, the 

main backer of FED, has 

similarly backed off from 

their development efforts. 

Canon's 36" prototype SED, sho wn at the 2006 CES 

WORKING 

A 

surface-conduction electronemitter 

display (SED) is a fla t 

panel color television technology currently 

being developed by a number 

of companies. SED use nanoscop icscale 

electron emitters to energize colored 

phosphors and produce an image. 

In a general sense, a SED consists 

of a matrix of tiny cath ode ray 

tubes, each "tube" forming a s ingle 

sub-pixel on the screen, group ed in 

threes to form red-green-blue (RGB) 

pixels. SED combine the advantages 

of CRTs, namely their high con trast 

ratios, wide viewing angles and very 

fast response times, with the packaging 

advantages of LCD and ot her 

flat panel displays. They also use much 

A conventional cathode ray tub e 

(CRT) is powered by an electron gun, 

essentially an open-ended vacu um 

tube. At one end of the gun el ectrons 

are produced by "boiling" them 

off a metal filament, which re quires 

relatively high current. The electrons 

are then accelerated and focused into 

a fast-moving beam, flowing forward 

towards the screen. Electromag nets 

surrounding the gun end of the tube 

are used to steer the beam as it travels 

forward, allowing the beam to be 

scanned across the screen to produce 

a 2D display. When the fast-mo ving 

electrons strike phosphor on the back 

of the screen, light is produced. Color 

images are produced by painting the 

screen with spots or stripes of three 

colored phosphors, one each for red, 

green and blue (RGB). When viewed 

from a distance, the spots, known as 

"sub-pixels", blend together in the eye 

to produce a single colored sp ot 

known as a pixel. 

COMPARISON 

Liquid crystal display television 

The primary large-screen television 

technology being deployed in t he 

2000's is the liquid crystal display televisions. 

SED aimed at the same market 

segment. LCD does not dire ctly 

produce light, and have to be back-lit 

using cold cathode fluorescent lamps 

(CCFL) or high-power LED. The SED 

produces light directly on its front surface. 

Scenes are lit only on those pixels 

that require it, and only to the 

amount of brightness they requ ired. 

Canon's 55" prototype SED offe red 

bright images of 450 cd/m2, 50,000:1 

contrast ratios, and a response time 

of less than 1 ms. Canon has s tated 

that production versions would improve 

the response time to 0.2 ms 

and 100,000:1 contrast ratios 

Current generation 

Next generation 

Electroluminescent display (EL D),Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD), Light emitting 

diode display, Cathode ray tube (CRT),Liquid crystal display (LCD),Plasma display panel 

(PDP),Digital light processing (DLP),Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS). 

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED),Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 

(SED),Field emission display (FED),Laser TV (Quantum dot laser, Liquid crystal laser), 

Ferro liquid display (FLD),Interferometric modulator display (iMoD), Thick-film dielectric 

electroluminescent (TDEL),Quantum dot display (QD-LED),Time-multiplexed optical 

shutter (TMOS),Telescopic pixel display (TPD),Organic light-emitting transistor 

(OLET),Laser phosphor display (LPD). 




E -Waste 

Electronic waste, E- scrap or waste Electrical and 

electronic equipment (WEEE) 

DEFINITION "Electronic waste" 

may be defined as all secondary 

computers, entertainment devic e 

electronics, mobile phones, and other 

items such as television sets and refrigerators, 

whether sold, donated, or 

discarded by their original ow ners. 

This definition includes used electronics 

which are destined for reuse, resale, 

salvage, recycling, or d isposal. 

Others define the re-usables ( working 

and repairable electronics ) and 

secondary scrap (copper, steel, etc.) 

to be "commodities", and reserve the 

term "waste" for residue or material 

which was represented as working or 

repairable but which is dumped or disposed 

or discarded by the buye r 

rather than recycled, includin g residue 

from reuse and recycling operations. 

"Electronics Waste is a waste 

consisting of any broken or unwanted 

electrical or electrical appliance." 

GLOBEL TRADE IS- 

SUES FOR E-WASTE 

Increased regulation of electronic 

waste and concern over the environmental 

harm which can result f rom 

toxic electronic waste has raised disposal 

costs. The regulation creates an 

economic disincentive to remove residues 

prior to export. Critics of trade 

in used electronics maintain that it is 

too easy for brokers calling themselves 

recyclers to export unscreened electronic 

waste to developing countries, 

such as China, India and parts of Africa, 

thus avoiding the expens e of 

removing items like bad cathode ray 

tubes (the processing of which is expensive 

and difficult). The de veloping 

countries are becoming big dump 

yards of e-waste due to their weak 

laws. Proponents of internatio nal 

trade point to the success of fair trade 

programs in other industries, where 

cooperation has led creation of sustainable 

jobs and can bring affordable 

technology in countries where repair 

and reuse rates are higher. In highly 

polluting, primitive Guiya in the 

Shantou region of China, Delhi and 

Bangalore in India as well as the 

Agbogbloshie site near Accra, Ghana 

have electronic waste processing areas. 

Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, 

and disposal can cause a variety 

of environmental problems such as 

groundwater contamination, atm o- 

spheric pollution, or even water pollution 

either by immediate dis charge 

or due to surface runoff (espe cially 

near coastal areas), as well as health 

problems including occupational safety 

and health effects among those directly 

involved, due to the me thods 

of processing the waste. Thous ands 

of men, women, and children are employed 

recycling technologies, extracting 

the metals, toners, and pl astics 

from computers and other electronic 

Aditya Bhardwaj 

EC - III year 

waste. Recent studies show tha t 7 

out of 10 children in this region have 

too much lead in their blood. 

SOURCES OF E-WASTE 

‣ IT &TELECOM Equipments 

‣ Large household Appliances & 

Small household Appliances 

‣ Consumer & Lighting Equipments 

‣ Electrical & Electronics Tools 

‣ Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment 

‣ Medical Devices 

‣ Monitoring & Control Instruments 

E- WASTE 

MANAGEMENT 

Recycling: 

Today the electronic waste rec y- 

cling business is in all areas of the developed 

world a large and rapidly consolidating 

business. Electronic waste 

processing systems have matured in 




recent years, following increased regulatory, 

public and commercial scrutiny, 

and a commensurate increase in entrepreneurial 

interest. Part of this evolution 

has involved greater di version 

of electronic waste from energy-intensive 

downcycling processes (e.g., conventional 

recycling), where equipment 

is reverted to a raw material form. This 

diversion is achieved through reuse 

and refurbishing. The environm ental 

and social benefits of reuse i nclude 

diminished demand for new products 

and virgin raw materials (with their 

own environmental issues); lar ger 

quantities of pure water and electricity 

for associated manufacturing; less 

packaging per unit; availability of technology 

to wider swaths of society due 

to greater affordability of pr oducts; 

and diminished use of landfills. 

Audiovisual components, televi - 

sions, VCRs, mobile phones, o ther 

handheld devices, and computer components 

contain valuable eleme nts 

and substances suitable for reclamation, 

including lead, copper, and gold. 

CONSUMER 

AWARENESS EFFORTS 

Common Admission Test 


‣ PGP 

‣ PGPPM [ PGP IN PUBLICY MAK- 

ING ] 

‣ PGSEM [PG in software enterprise 

management,2.5 yeas part tie 

course for working] 

‣ EPGP 

‣ FPM [fellow programme in management] 

‣ MDP [Management Development 

programme] 

Courses offered @ Indian School 

The Electronics TakeBack Coalition 

is a campaign aimed at protect ing 

human health and limiting envi ronmental 

effects where electronics are 

being produced, used, and discarded. 

The ETBC aims to place responsibility 

for disposal of technology products on 

electronic manufacturers and b rand 

owners, primarily through community 

promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. 

It provides recommendations 

for consumer recycling and a l ist of 

recyclers judged environmentally responsible. 

Basel Action Network is uniquely 

focused on addressing global environmental 

injustices and economic inefficiency 

of global "toxic trade". It works 

for human rights and the environment 

by preventing disproportionate dumping 

on a large scale. It promotes sustainable 

solutions and attempts to ban 

waste trade. 

PROCESSING 

TECHNIQUE 

In an alternative bulk system, a 

hopper conveys material for shredding 

into a sophisticated mechanical separator, 

with screening and granulating 

machines to separate constitue nt 

metal and plastic fractions, which are 

sold to smelters or plastics recyclers. 

Such recycling machinery is enclosed 

and employs a dust collection system. 

Most of the emissions are caught by 

scrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy 

currents, and trommel screens are 

employed to separate glass, pl astic, 

and ferrous and nonferrous met als, 

which can then be further separated 

at a smelter. Leaded glass from CRTs 

is reused in car batteries, ammunition, 

and lead wheel weights, or sol d to 

foundries as a fluxing agent in processing 

raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, 

silver, and tin are valuable metals 

sold to smelters for recycling. Hazardous 

smoke and gases are captured, 

contained, and treated to miti gate 

environmental threat. These methods 

allow for safe reclamation of all valuable 

computer construction materials. 

Hewlett-Packard product recycl ing 

solutions manager Renee St. De nis 

describes its process as: "We move 

them through giant shredders a bout 

30 feet tall and it shreds eve rything 

into pieces about the size of a quarter. 

Once your disk drive is shredded 

into pieces about this big, it's hard to 

get the data off." 

of Business (ISB) Hyderabad 

‣ 1 year PGP 

‣ Business Research Fellowship 

Programme (BRFP) 

Courses offered @ Management 

Development Institute (MDI) Gurgaon 

‣ PGP 

‣ National Management 

Programme, NMP 

‣ PGPPM 

‣ PGP in Human Resource Management 

ELECTRONIC WASTE 

SUBSTANCES 

Some computer components can 

be reused in assembling new co m- 

puter products, while others a re reduced 

to metals that can be re used 

in applications as varied as construction, 

flatware, and jewelry. 

Substances found in large quantities 

include epoxy resins, fiberglass, 

PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting 

plastics, lead, tin, copper, 

silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium. 

Elements found in trace amounts 

include americium, antimony, arsenic, 

barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt , europium, 

gallium, germanium, gold, indium, 

lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, 

palladium, platinum, rho dium, 

ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, 

terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, 

and yttrium. 

ADVANTAGES OF E- 

WASTE MANAGEMENT 

‣ Create jobs,e-cycling create jobs 

for professional recyclers. 

‣ Conserve natural resources, recycling 

covers valuable material s 

from old electronics that can be 

used to make new products. 

‣ Saves landfill space,e-waste i s 

growing waste stream by recycling 

these items. 

DISADVANTAGES OF E- 

WASTE MANAGEMENT: 

‣ Non-biodegradable wastes take a 

long time or never to decompose. 

‣ The leading disadvantage of this 

process is it's effective cost is very 

high. 

 

‣ PGP in International Management 

‣ School of Energy Management 

Courses offered @ Xavier Labour 

Research Institute (XLRI) 

Jamshedpur 

‣ PGP in Business Administration 

‣ PGP in Personnel Management & 

Industrial Relations (PMIR) 

Courses offered @ Faculty of Management 

Sciences (FMS) University Of 

Delhi 




Tech-Buzz-Arena 

To inculcate technical knowledge among budding engineers, 

scientists and technocrats by providing a platform 

to interact and exchange their idea with each other and 

rest of the nation, Tech events are best way to incorporate 

all these stuff. Apart from Book knowledge, an engineer 

should have proficient knowledge of cutting 

edge technology .Seminars, workshop and technical fests 

are best ways to get exposure of latest technologies and 

to develop competitive approach. It also helps in personality 

development (Team player, time dedication, tolerance 

of stress etc.) of us and provides chance to realize 

our potential. In this section, we will try to cover all the 

tech events and happening in various colleges across country 

so that no one missed out 

Event name: HacXplore 2010 

Event type: Workshop 

Venue: Tezpur University 

Date: 22-23th October, 2010 

Organized by: Sunny Vaghela, Director and 

CEO of TechDefence Pvt. Ltd 

o 

o 

o 

Workshop Highlights: 

Live Demonstration of Latest Hacking Techniques 

& tools. 

Live investigation Demonstration of various cases 

solved by Sunny Vaghela. 

Personal Interaction with Sunny Vaghela 

Fest: Engineer'10 

Fest Type: Technical fest 

Organized By : NITK Surathkal, Karnataka 

Fest Dates: October 22-25 2010 

Eligibility: No restriction 

Entry Fee: Depends on event 

Description: Engineer'10 techn ical fest conducted every 

year by NIT surathkal to bring out the talent in students 

belonging to different branches in technical field. 

Events: Events are conducted in the following categories 

Mechatronix 

Online 

Hands-On 

Geek Quotient 

Design 

Biz 

SCE 

TechSpeak 

Workshops 

Freefall 

Technites 

For registration and more details : www.engineer.org.in 

Event name : Ethical hacking and Information Security 

Event type : Workshop 

Event Venue : NIT Jalandhar 

Organised by Kyrion Digital Securities 

Key Dates : 23rd & 24th October, 2010 

Workshop Details : Course Duration - 16 Hours (Will be 

covered in two days) 

Charges - Rs. 1100/- per student. 

Benefits - Free Ethical Hacking and Information Security 

Software Tool Kit, Training Ma terial, Authorized Certificate 

Event Name : Neuron 2010 

Event type : Tech Fest 

Event Venue : MNIT, Jaipur 

Key Dates : 22 - 24 October, 2010 

Details : 3 full days of events and recreation including interactive 

lectures by influential personalities. 

 



Project : Mobile phone operated robot 


OVERVIEW 

TODAY as the mobile phones are 

very essential for everyone an d 

has a vital use so to think ab out a 

mobile phone operated robot is an 

innovative idea. We can operate our 

robot from any distant or remote area. 

It is a wireless robot but ins tead of 

using a separate wireless modu le 

(transmitter and receiver) we are using 

the cell phones for this purpose. 

This robot has advantages over simple 

wireless robot as it overcomes the limitations 

of wireless like limited range, 

frequency interference etc. Mo bile 

operated robot is having a wide range 

(service provider range), less fear of 

interference as every call is having a 

unique frequency and moreover it has 

more control keys (12 keys).The principle 

used for mobile controlled robot 

is the decoding of the DTMF to ne. 

DTMF tone stands for dual-tone multifrequency 

tone. During any cal l if a 

button is pressed, a tone corresponding 

to that button is generate d and 

heard at the other end of the call. 

This tone is basically known as DTMF 

tone and these tones are stand ard 

one, fixed by IEEE, ISO, EIA, ITU etc. 

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: 

WORKING: 

The mobile operated robot is having 

basically five main phases: 

1. Make a call to mobile on robot. 

2. Sending the signal generated by 

DTMF encoder in transmitter. 

3. Receiving the signal by receiver. 

4. Decode the signal with HT9170 

DTMF decoder IC. 

5. Process the decoded signal wit h 

on board processor ATmega16. 

Firstly make a call from the remote 

phone to the phone attached to the 

robot and connect the receiving mobile 

phone with headset in aut o answer 

mode. As the call is rece ived, 

the connection is established between 

two. Now if you press a button 

then the DTMF tone generates a 

signal by adding the frequency corre- 

Saurabh Gupta 

EC - III year 

sponding to that button and se nds 

to the receiver. Receiver dete cts it 

and sends it to HT9170 decoder IC 

which decodes the DTMF tone an d 

fed the decoded signal to the 

microcontroller ATmega16 i.e. on 

board processor. According to the 

program in the microcontroller the 

robot starts moving. 

All type of HT9170 series use 

digital counting techniques to detect 

and decode all the 16 DTMF ton e 

pair into 4-bit code output. 

The decoded digital data is then 

negated using 4 NOR gates of 7404 

HEX INVERTER. This inverted input 

will be given to Port A of 

microcontroller. The microcontroller is 




programmed to give output at P ort 

D,to control the motor driver. As the 

microcontroller is not able to drive the 

motor so a motor driver IC L293D is 

used for this purpose. 

 



Campus interview paper 

SELECTION PROCEDURE: 

1ST ROUND:- WRITTEN TEST 

3 SECTIONS: 

English: 

 

 

Fill in the blanks type questions for 

prepositions and articles only. 

2 Reading comprehensions not much 

difficult and related to some technical 

topic like RAID, Inter protocol communication 

etc. 

Reasoning: 

Questions like replacing 1 with $ and 0 

with * in binary code. 

Changing the places of alphabets in a 

word. 

Concentration questions 

Some other reasoning type questions 

Quantitative: 

Questions which requires knowledge 

of union and intersection formulas like 

A/\B A\/B .. 

Similar figure type questions 

Some other simple quant questions 

2ND ROUND:- GD 

Wipro just want to see 2 qualities of yours 

in GD. 

1st- Communication skills. 

2nd- Group dynamics 

3RD ROUND:- TECHNICAL 

INTERVIEW 

Go through your current project and 

subjects of interest. Microprocessor & Digital 

Electronics are very important.simple C 

program like prime number.. 

4TH ROUND:- HR INTERVIEW 

If you have cleared the above 3 rounds 

than you are 80% selected. In HR they ask 

you just basic qsns like your introduction, 

role model, why Wipro... whether you r 

relocatable or not.. . just give the interview 

very casually with good attitude... 

very less rejections in this round. 

Given below is the collection of frequently 

asked questions by IT companies 

for ECE students(while other section remain 

same, Technical changes) 

1. An electron moving in an electromagnetic 

field moves in a 

(a) In a straight path 

(b) Along the same plane in the direction 

of its propagation 

(c) Opposite to the original direction of 

propagation 

(d) In a sine wave 

2. The total work done on the particle is 

equal to the change in its kinetic energy 

(a) Always 

(b) Only if the forces acting on the 

body are conservative. 

(c) Only if the forces acting on the 

body are gravitational. 

(d) Only if the forces acting on the 

body are elastic. 

3. The following unit measure energy: 

(a) Kilo-watt hour. 

(b) Volt*volt/sec*ohm. 

(c) Pascal*foot*foot 

(d) (Coulomb*coulomb)*farad 

4. Astronauts in stable orbits around the 

earth are in a state of weightlessness 

because 

(a) There is no gravitational force acting 

on them. 

(b) The satellite and the air inside it 

have an acceleration equal to that 

of gravitational acceleration 

there. 

(c) The gravitational force of the earth 

and the sun balance giving null 

resultant. 

(d) There is no atmosphere at the 

height at which the satellites 

move. 

5. An organ pipe, open at both ends and 

another organ pipe closed at one end, 

will resonate with each other, if their 

lengths are in the ratio of 

(a) 1:1 

(b) 1:4 

(c) 2:1 

(d) 1:2 

6. During an isothermal expansion of an 

ideal gas 

(a) Its internal energy increases. 

(b) Its internal energy decreases. 

(c) Its internal energy does n ot 

change. 

(d) The work done by the gas is not 

equal to the quantity of heat absorbed 

by it. 

7. A parallel plate capacitor is charged 

and the charging battery is then disconnected. 

If the plates of the capacitor 

are moved further apart by 

means of insulating handles 

(a) The charge on the capacitor increases. 

(b) The voltage across the plates increases. 

(c) The capacitance increases. 

(d) The electrostatic energy stored in 

the capacitor decreases. 

8. Two equal negative charges q a re 

fixed at point (0,a) and (0,-a) on the 

y-axis. A positive charge Q is released 

from rest at the point (2a,0) on the x- 

axis. The charge Q will 

(a) Execute simple harmonic motion 

about the origin 

(b) Move to the origin and remain at 

rest 


(c) Move to infinity 

(d) Execute oscillatory but not simple 

harmonic motion 

9. A square conducting loop of length Lon 

a side carries a current I. The magnetic 

field at the center of the loop is 

(a) Independant of L 

(b) Proportional to L*L 

(c) Inversely proportoinal to L 

(d) Directly proportional to L 

10. The focal length of a convex lens when 

placed in air and then in water will 

(a) Increase in water with respect to 

air 

(b) Increase in air with respect to water 

(c) Decrease in water with respect to. 

air 

(d) Remain the same 

11. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron 

emitted from the surface is 

dependant on 

(a) The intensity of incident radiation 

(b) The potential of the collector electrode 

(c) The frequency of incident radiation 

(d) The angle of incidence of radiation 

of the surface 

12. An electron orbiting in a circular orbit 

around the nucleus of the atom 

(a) Has a magnetic dipole moment 

(b) Exerts an electric force o n the 

nucleus equal to that on it by the 

nucleus 

(c) Does not produce a magnetic induction 

at the nucleus 

(d) All of the above 

13. The X-rays beam coming from an X-ray 

tube will be: 

(a) Monochromatic 

(b) Having all wavelengths smaller than 

a certain minimum wavelength 

(c) Having all wavelengths larger than 

a certain minimum wavelength 

(d) Having all wavelengths lying between 

a minimum and a maximum 

wavelength 

14. The mass number of a nucleus is 

(a) Always less than its atomic number 

(b) Always more than its atomic number 

(c) Always equal to its atomic number 

(d) Sometimes more and sometimes 

equal to its atomic number 

15. Two successive elements belonging to 

the first transition series ha ve the 

same number of electrons partially filling 

orbital. They are 

(a) V and Cr 

(b) Ti and V 

(c) Mn and Cr 

(d) Fe and Co 




16. When n+l has the same value for two 

or more orbitals, the new electron enters 

the orbital where 

(a) n is maximum 

(b) n is minimum 

(c) l is maximum 

(d) l is minimum 

17. A balloon filled with ethylene is pricked 

with a sharp pointed needle and quickly 

placed in a tank full of hydrogen at the 

same pressure. After a while the balloon 

would have 

(a) Shrunk 

(b) Enlarged 

(c) Completely collapsed 

(d) Remain unchanged in size 

18. Which of the following statements is 

not true? 

(a) The ratio of the mean speed to the 

rms speed is independent of temperature 

(b) Tthe square of the mean speed of 

the molecules is equal to the 

mean squared speed at a certain 

temperature 

(c) Mean kinetic energy of the gas 

molecules at any given temperature 

is independent of the mean 

speed 

(d) None 

19. Which of the following statements represent 

Raoult's Law 

(a) Mole fraction of solvent = ratio of 

vapour pressure of the solution 

to vapour pressure of the solvent 

(b) Mole fraction of solute = ratio of 

vapour pressure of the solution 

to vapour pressure of the solvent 

(c) Mole fraction of solute = lowering 

of vapour pressure of the solution 

(d) Mole fraction of solvent = lowering 

of vapour pressure of the solution 

20. Pure water does not conduct electricity 

because it is 

(a) Almost not ionised 

(b) Low boiling 

(c) Neutral 

(d) Readily decomposed 

21. In a salt bridge, KCl is used because 

(a) It is an electrolyte 

(b) The transference number of K+ 

and Cl¯ is nearly the same 

(c) It is a good conductor of electricity 


22. A depolarizer used in the dry cell batteries 

is 

(a) KCl (b) MnO2 

(c) KOH (d) None of the above 

23. The hydrolysis of alkyl halides by aqueous 

NaOH is best termed as 

(a) Electrophylic substitution reaction 

(b) Electrophylic addition reaction 

(c) Nnucleophylic addition reaction 

(d) Nucleophylic substitution reaction 

24. The hydrocarbon that gives a red precipitate 

with ammoniacal cuprous chloride 

is (where 'º' means a triple bond) 

(a) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 

(b) CH3-CºC-CH3 

(c) CH2=CH-CH=CH2 

(d) CH3-CH2-CºCH 

25. Which of the following reagents is neither 

neutral nor basic 

(a) Lucas' reagent 

(b) Tollen's reagent 

(c) Bayer's reagent 

(d) Fehling's solution 

26. The substance which is most easily nitrated 

(a) Toluene 

(b) Bbenzene 

(c) Nitrobenzene 

(d) Chlorobenzene 

27. Carbylamine reaction is a test for 

(a) Primary amine 

(b) Secondary amine 

(c) Tertiary amine 

(d) Quarternary ammonium salt 

28. Which of the following oxides cannot 

be reduced by carbon to obtain metal 

(a) ZnO (b) Al2O3 

(c) Fe2O3 (d) PbO 

29. Which of the following is not an oxide 

ore? 

(a) Cassiterite (b) Siderite 

(c) Pyrolusite (d) Bauxite 

30. Which among the following is called 

philosopher's wool 

(a) Cellulose (b) Calamine 

(c) Stellite (d) Cerussite 

31. Out of 10 white, 9 black and 7 red 

balls, in how many ways can we select 

one or more balls 

(a) 234 (b) 52 

(c) 630 (d) 879 

32. A and B throw a dice. The probability 

that A's throw is not greater than B's 

is 

(a) 5/12 (b) 7/12 

(c) 11/12 (d) 5/36 

33. Given two numbers a and b. Let A denote 

the single AM between these and 

S denote the sum of n AMs between 

them. Then S/A depends upon 

(a) n (b) n,a 

(c) n,b (d) n,a,b 

34. If the sum of the roots of the equation 

ax²+bx+c=0 is equal to the sum of 

the squares of their reciprocals, then, 

a/c, b/a, c/b are in 

(a) AP (b) GP 

(c) HP (d) None of the these 

In the following questions ~ represents 

the integral sign-for eg . 

1~2[f(x)] means integration of the 

function f(x) over the interval 1 to2. 

35. Value of -1~2[|2-x²|]dx, ie integration 

of the function |2-x²| over the interval 

-1 to 2. 

(a) 0 (b) 1 

(c) 2 (d) None of the above 

36. If 0~P[log sinx]dx=k,then the value of 

0~P/4[log(1 + tan x)]dx ,where P 

stands for pi,is 

(a) -k/4 (b) k/4 

(c) -k/8 (d) k/8 

37. If a,b,c be in GP and p,q be respectively 

AM between a, b and b, c then 

(a) 2/b=1/p+1/q 

(b) 2/b=1/p-1/q 

(c) 2=a/p-c/q 

(d) None of the above 

38. A solution of KMnO4 is reduced to MnO2 

.The normality of solution is 0.6.The 

molarity is 

(a) 1.8M (b) 0.6M 

(c) 0.1M (d) 0.2M 

The questions 41-46 are based on the 

following pattern. The problems below 

contain a question and two statements 

giving certain data. You have 

to decide whether the data given in 

the statements are sufficient for answering 

the questions. The correct 

answer is 

(A) If statement (I) alone is sufficient 

but statement (II) alone is not 

sufficient. 

(B) If statement (II) alone is sufficient 

but statement (I) alone is not sufficient. 

(C) If both statements together are 

sufficient but neither of stat e- 

ments alone is sufficient. 

(D) If both together are not sufficient. 

39. What is John's age? 

(I) In 15 years John will be twice as old 

as Dias would be 

(II) Dias was born 5 years ago 

40. What is the distance from city A to city 

C in kms? 

(I) City A is 90 kms from City B 

(II) City B is 30 kms from City C 

41. Is A=C ? A,B,C are real numbers 

(I) A-B=B-C 

(II) A-2C = C-2B 

42. What is the 30th term of a given sequence 

? 

(I) The first two terms of the sequence 

are 1,1/2 

(II) The common difference is -1/2 

43. Was Avinash early, on time or late for 

work? 

(I) He thought his watch was 10 minutes 

fast 

(II) Actually his watch was 5 minutes 

slow 

44. What is the value of A if A is an integer? 

(I) A4 = 1 

(II) A3 + 1 = 0 

45. A person travels 12 km in the southward 

direction and then travels 5km 

to the right and then travels 15km toward 

the right and finally travels 5km 

towards the east, how far is he from 

his starting place? 

(a) 5.5 kms (b) 3 km 

(c) 13 km (d) 6.4 km 




46. X's father's wife's father's granddaughter 

uncle will be related to X as 

(a) Son (b) Nephew 

(c) Uncle (d) Grandfather 

47. Find the next number in the series 1, 3 

,7 ,13 ,21 ,31 

(a) 43 (b) 33 

(c) 41 (d) 45 

48. If in a certain code "RANGE" is coded 

as 12345 and "RANDOM" is coded as 

123678. Then the code for the word 

"MANGO" would be 

(a) 82357 (b) 89343 

(c) 84629 (d) 82347 

49. If "PROMPT" is coded as QSPLOS ,then 

"PLAYER" should be 

(a) QMBZFS (b) QWMFDW 

(c) QUREXM (d) URESTI 

The questions 52-53 are based on the 

following data 6 people A, B, C, D, E 

and F sit around a table for dinner. 

Since A does not like C, he doesn't sit 

either opposite or beside C.B and F 

always like to sit opposite each other. 

50. If A is beside F then who is are the two 

neighbors of B? 

(a) D and C (b) E and C 

(c) D and E (d) Either (a) or (b) 

51. If D is adjacent to F then who is adjacent 

to C? 

(a) E and B (b) D and A 

(c) D and B (d) either (a) or (c) 

52. Complete the sequence A, E ,I ,M ,Q ,U 

, _ , _ 

(a) B, F (b) Y, C 

(c) G, I (d) K, O 

53. A person travels 6km towards west, 

then travels 5km towards north ,then 

finally travels 6km towards we st. 

Where is he with respect to his starting 

position? 

(a) 13km east 

(b) 13km northeast 

(c) 13km northwest 

(d) 13km west 

54. If A speaks the truth 80% of the times, 

B speaks the truth 60% of the times. 

What is the probability that they tell 

the truth at the same time 

(a) 0.8 (b) 0.48 

(c) 0.6 (d) 0.14 

55. If the time quantum is too large, Round 

Robin scheduling degenerates to 

(a) Shortest Job First Scheduling 

(b) Multilevel Queue Scheduling 

(c) FCFS 


56. Transponders are used for which of the 

following purposes 

(a) Uplinking 

(b) Downlinking 

(c) Both (a) and (b) 


57. Virtual functions allow you to 

(a) Create an array of type pointerto-base-class 

that can hold pointers 

to derived classes 

(b) Create functions that have no body 

(c) Group objects of different classes 

so they can all be accessed by 

the same function code 

(d) Use the same function call to execute 

member functions to objects 

from different classes 

58. A sorting algorithm which can prove to 

be a best time algorithm in one case 

and a worst time algorithm in worst 

case is 

(a) Quick Sort (b) Heap Sort 

(c) Merge Sort (d) Insert Sort 

59. What details should never be found in 

the top level of a top-down design? 

(a) Details 

(b) Coding 

(c) Decisions 


60. In an absolute loading scheme, which 

loader function is accomplished by assembler 

(a) Reallocation 

(b) Allocation 

(c) Linking 

(d) Both (a) and (b) 

61. Banker's algorithm for resource allocation 

deals with 

(a) Deadlock prevention 

(b) Deadlock avoidance 

(c) Deadlock recovery 

(d) None of these 

62. Thrashing can be avoided if 

(a) The pages, belonging to the working 

set of the programs, are in 

main memory 

(b) The speed of CPU is increased 

(c) The speed of I/O processor are 

increased 


63. Which of the following communications 

lines is best suited to interactive processing 

applications? 

(a) Narrowband channels 

(b) Simplex channels 

(c) Full-duplex channels 

(d) Mixedband channels 

64. A feasibility document should contain 

all of the following except 

(a) Project name 

(b) Problem descriptions 

(c) Feasible alternative 

(d) Data flow diagrams 

65. What is the main function of a data link 

content monitor? 

(a) To detect problems in protocols 

(b) To determine the type of transmission 

used in a data link 

(c) To determine the type of switching 

used in a data link 

(d) To determine the flow of data 

66. Which of the following is a broadband 

communications channel? 

(a) Coaxial cable 

(b) Fiber optic cable 

(c) Microwave circuits 


67. Which of the following memories has 

the shortest access time? 

(a) Cache memory 

(b) Magnetic bubble memory 

(c) Magnetic core memory 

(d) RAM 

68. A shift register can be used for 

(a) Parallel to serial conversion 

(b) Serial to parallel conversion 

(c) Digital delay line 

(d) All the above 

69. In which of the following page replacement 

policies, Balady's anomaly occurs? 

(a) FIFO (b) LRU 

(c) LFU (d) NRU 

70. Subschema can be used to 

(a) Create very different, personalized 

views of the same data 

(b) Present information in different 

formats 

(c) Hide sensitive information by omitting 

fields from the sub-schema's 

description 


 

Answer of Campus Interview Pap er 

1.(b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 

17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 21. (a ) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (c) 

32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c ) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43 . (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 

46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d ) 50. (a) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57 . (c) 58. (a) 

59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (d) 70. (a) 


OUR DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES 

TECHCOM - 1 

(Technical Paper Presentation) 

MAJOR TOPICS COVERED : 

RSA Algorithm 

Railway Signaling 

4G (Mobile Comm.) 

Heterojunction Lasers 

Neural Network (AI) 

SIGNIT (EW) 

INDUSTRIAL TOUR 

at 

Non-Conventional Energy Development Agency 

(NEDA) 

Lucknow 

PARTICIPATED IN TECH FEST 

at 

ISM University, Dhanbad 

Mechathlon 2009 (Robotics) 

PARTICIPATED IN CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 

at 

BBD NITM, Lucknow 

(Utkarsh 2009)

Electronics Spectra - SMS Lucknow

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