Climate Change - Cohen Commission

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Columbia coast warm water temperatures that may have resulted in high energetic costs compounded by low availability/quality of food resulting from extreme salinity and wind anomalies (McKinnell et al. 2011). On the other hand, the cohort of fish returning in 2010 entered the marine environment in 2008, a year that was characterized by cooler ocean temperatures and presumably better food conditions (STTS 2010). 3.2. En route and pre-spawn mortality En route loss has occurred in all run-timing groups of Fraser River sockeye salmon over the past 17 years and there is ample evidence that adverse environmental conditions, in particular those related to thermal issues, are largely responsible for the patterns. En route mortality based on field telemetry studies has been substantial in many stocks across all run-timing groups in recent years, in particular in years when migration temperatures > 18 ºC. However, stocks differ in how they cope with acute and chronic thermal stressors, with those that historically encountered high thermal stress surviving the best during migrations. This conclusion is supported by considerable amounts of field telemetry and laboratory studies, and is supported by en route loss observations. En route loss has been least severe and least frequent in the Summer-runs and most severe and most frequent in the Early Stuart and in the Late-runs. En route loss in Late-runs is tied directly to their change in river entry behaviour. Migration mortality can contribute to declining trends in spawning abundance (if it cannot be compensated for by reductions in fisheries). Pre-spawn mortality reduces number of effective female spawners so it could be playing a role recently in declining productivity and abundance in some Late-run stocks. Finally, climate change forecasts predict continued warming of Fraser River temperatures (Ferrari et al. 2007; Foreman et al. 2001; Morrison et al. 2002), which will likely translate into an even higher frequency of extreme en route loss and pre-spawning mortality events especially for temperature sensitive stocks. 53
4. Recommendations: Filling scientific knowledge gaps to improve management We recommend the following research directions: i) Telemetry approaches and direct experimentation are needed to better understand sockeye salmon marine survival Electronic tagging devices (e.g. acoustic tags) and large-scale marine tracking systems (e.g. Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking project [POST]) are tools that are currently available but are underutilized by management agencies for assessing marine survival rates, locales of mortality, and associations with climate-related variables for Fraser River sockeye salmon (Welch et al. 2009). Remarkable recent advances in electronic tagging technologies over the past decade, such as the development of miniaturized tags, multisensor tags (i.e. which records variables related to fish behaviour and physiology) and business card tags (i.e. tags applied to large marine animals that record information sent by transmitters implanted into fish and then transmit the data from themselves to satellite and underwater receivers) offer exciting avenues for future research (Cooke et al. 2004b, in press; Holland et al. 2009). Over the long term, the use of these technologies along with data loggers that monitor environmental conditions (e.g. Argo buoys) could play a major role in examining how climate-driven changes in the marine environment affect sockeye salmon. Also needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which climate-related variables and climate change affect sockeye salmon in the marine environment are direct experimental manipulations that takes advantage of existing telemetry infrastructure. Experiments could include exposing tagged fish to varying temperatures, salinities, or parasites and assessing survival and behaviour with telemetry (e.g. Cooperman et al. 2010). Oceans are also expected to become more acidic with future climate change (IPCC 2007) and such conditions are likely to impact fish both directly and indirectly (Dixson et al. 2010; Ishmatsu et al. 2008; Munday et al. 2009, 2010; Pörtner & Peck 2010). Currently, there is no information on how the acidification of marine waters could affect sockeye salmon and hence this topic also requires immediate consideration for future research. 54
Page 1 and 2:
The Cohen Commission of Inquiry int
Page 3 and 4:
Preface Fraser River sockeye salmon
Page 5 and 6: Executive summary Effects of clima
Page 7 and 8: the ecological, economic and social
Page 9 and 10: mortality of a run-timing group exc
Page 11 and 12: Cumulative impacts, carry-over and
Page 13 and 14: 3. Summary… .....................
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 1.1. Tempora
Page 17 and 18: migration phenomenon began in 1995.
Page 19 and 20: 1. Effects of climate and climate c
Page 21 and 22: Abstracts. In both search engines,
Page 23 and 24: The effects of climate-related vari
Page 25 and 26: experienced during incubation (i.e.
Page 27 and 28: 1.4.5. Returning adults The relatio
Page 29 and 30: Such recent changes in climate have
Page 31 and 32: 1.6. Qualitative assessment of the
Page 33 and 34: eason, we based our assessment of r
Page 35 and 36: (2008) suggested that phenological
Page 37 and 38: 2. Adult mortality during river mig
Page 39 and 40: spring freshet (Macdonald et al. 20
Page 41 and 42: migration behavior has resulted in
Page 43 and 44: the coast during their homeward mig
Page 45 and 46: levels of en route mortality occurr
Page 47 and 48: stocks (e.g. Early Stuart) and earl
Page 49 and 50: sockeye salmon as they migrate thro
Page 51 and 52: that energy exhaustion on spawning
Page 53 and 54: effects of adverse river conditions
Page 55: 3. Summary 3.1. Climate change effe
Page 59 and 60: grounds - these data are converted
Page 61 and 62: ix) Carry-over and intergenerationa
Page 63 and 64: Beacham, T. D. & Murray, C. B. (198
Page 65 and 66: individual mortality in Pacific sal
Page 67 and 68: Dempson, J. B., Furey, G. & Bloom,
Page 69 and 70: Fraser, D. J., Weir, L. K., Bernatc
Page 71 and 72: Hinch, S. G. & Rand, P. S. (1998) S
Page 73 and 74: Levy, D. A. (1992) Potential impact
Page 75 and 76: surface mobility and embryo surviva
Page 77 and 78: www.psc.org/info_laterunsockeye.htm
Page 79 and 80: Roscoe, D. W., Hinch, S. G., Cooke,
Page 81 and 82: Woodey, J. C. (1987) In season mana
Page 83 and 84: flow 3-710 3 g Naughton et al. (20
Page 85 and 86: Figure 1.1. Temporal trends (decade
Page 87 and 88: Figure 2.2. Relationship between en
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.4. A) Total run size of ad
Page 91 and 92: Figure 2.6. A) Total run size of ad
Page 93 and 94: Figure 2.8. Daily average temperatu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 2.10. Relationship for Early
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.12. Pre-spawn mortality by
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX 1 Statement of Work: Scott
Page 101 and 102: 4.6 The Consultant will participate
Page 103 and 104: 3.7 The review will look specifical
Page 105 and 106: is a strength but would have been a
Page 107 and 108:
Response: Due to the integration of
Page 109 and 110:
makes sense to use it as a backbone
Page 111 and 112:
Report Title: Adult Mortality durin
Page 113 and 114:
For example, more than 3,000 ARGO o
Page 115 and 116:
Report Title: The Effects of Climat
Page 117 and 118:
Government, who has statutory autho
Page 119 and 120:
Response: The 20-year time frame is
Page 121 and 122:
are not necessarily related to clim
Page 123 and 124:
up a bit. In addition, I disagree w
Page 125 and 126:
oute mortality? For which populatio
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIX 4 List of publications use
Page 129 and 130:
Cox, S. P. & Hinch, S. G. (1997) Ch
Page 131 and 132:
Hodgson, S. & Quinn, T. P. (2002) T
Page 133 and 134:
Martinson, E. C., Helle, J. H., Sca
Page 135 and 136:
Pyper, B. J. & Peterman, R. M. (199
Page 137:
Tolson, G. M. (1988) Locomotor resp
show all

Climate Change - Cohen Commission

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?