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K, M. et al.: A Survey of the Dialects of Kherwarian Languages
All in all, the differences in form and pronunciation among the three speakers were
not big enough to posit any distinct dialectal subvarieties within the Ho community in
Jharkhand.
... Mundari
i. Osada (, p.) remarks that “[w]hen a precedes or follows a high vowel in
a bisyllabic word, it indicates a slightly higher [a] allophonically.” is slight
raising of /a/ is noticeable in the pronunciation of Mm, a speaker of the
Hasada dialect, aer a syllable with a high vowel such as (). In the Tamar
forms of Mm, on the other hand, /a/ is further raised to [] aer a syllable
with a high vowel (, , , ). Mm, a Hasada speaker from a village
close to the Tamar-speaking area, pronounces /a/ as [] twice in that context
(, ).
ii. Word-final plosives are checked in all forms Mm gives, and in most forms of
Mm with exceptions like () [red], but Mm, a Tamar Mundari speaker,
oen pronounces final plosives with audible release (, , , , ). ere
are checked final plosives as well in his pronunciation, however (, ).
iii. In Hasada Mundari, / / merges into // between vowels. is is true of
Mm, but [ ] is retained in five instances in the forms the other three speakers
pronounced (Mm , , Mm , , and Mf ).
iv. Mm pronounces with [ ] when other speakers give a cluster [ ] or a prenasalized
stop [ ] (, ).
v. Except in (), Mm pronounces intervocalic / / as [], like in Santali (, ,
, ).
vi. e forms Mm provides for (, , , ) are identical with Santali.
vii. Mf’s forms occasionally show cases suspected to be archaisms, such as the
word-final /j/ in () and intervocalic /h/ in (), but there is no consistent
set of data to assert such a tendency.
Both Mm and Hf of Ho pronounce the / / sequences in () and () simply
[ ], just as in Santali. is feature, together with Mm’s lack of / / (v) and use of
Santali words (vi), might be due to the adjacency of the Tamar- and Santali-speaking areas.
... Santali
i. Sm pronounces the /o/’s in the /oCo/ context as open-mid [] except in (),
while other speakers pronounce them as a normal mid [o] (, , ., ,
, , ). e /o/ in the /oCa/ context is not lowered even in Sm’s pronunciation
(, , , , ). e pronunciation of Sm, who is from Dhanbad
district, is close to the dialect described by Bodding in this respect.
ii. Similarly, Sm pronounces the /e/’s in /eCe/ context as open-mid [] in ()
and ().