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K, M. et al.: A Survey of the Dialects of Kherwarian Languages
... Santali
Our observation on Santali phonemic inventory is not essentially different from
Neukom (, p.ff) or Minegishi and Murmu (, p.vii ff). // and checked /k/
have been considered to be the same phoneme; their difference, which one informant
suggested, needs to be further examined. /k/, /c/, /t/ and /p/, or /g/, /j/, /d/ and /b/
according to some speakers, have checked counterparts. We posit checked stops as independent
phonemes because they contrast with released stops in word-final position.
As far as our data are concerned, no informant makes a distinction between voiced and
voiceless checked stops. Among our informants, only Sm consistently distinguishes
open [] and [] from mid [e] and [o]; since they occur in the limited context of /eCe/
and /oCo/, we do not posit them as independent phonemes. Vowels can be nasalized
as in Ho or Mundari.
Vowels a e i o u
Semivowels y w
Voiceless stop p, p h t, t h , h c, c h k, k h
Voiced stop b, b h d, d h , ( h ) j, j h g, g h
Checked stop p t c k (?)
Nasal m n
Fricative h s
Liquid l r
.. Comparative observations
e following phonological correspondences and discrepancies among the three
languages are to be noted:
i. e intervocalic *h in Proto-Kherwarian is considered to be retained in Santali
and the Naguri and Kera dialects of Mundari while it is lost in Ho and the
Hasada dialect of Mundari:
() /bohok/ (Sa), /boo/ ~ /bo/ (Mu, Ho) ‘head’ (P: ).
() /joha/ (Sa), /jowa/ ~ /joa/ (Mu, Ho) ‘chin’ (P: ).
() /rehet/ (Sa), /red/ (Mu), /re / (Ho) ‘root’ (P: K).
() /baha/ (Sa. Mf of Mu), /baa/ (Mu except Mf, Ho) ‘flower’ (P: ).
ii. e initial *h, on the contrary, is retained in Ho and Mundari, but it is lost in
Santali:
() /ita/ (SaB), /hita/ (Mu, Ho) ‘seed’.
() /isi/ (Sm & Sm of Sa), /hisi/ (Mu, Ho) ‘twenty’ (P:Ka).
() /ato/ (Sa), /hatu/ (Mu, Ho) ‘village’ (P: ).
iii. e intervocalic * is retained in Santali and Mundari while it is lost in Ho:
() /koam/ (Sa), /kuam/ (Mu), /kuam/ (Ho) ‘chest’.
() /homo/ (Sa), /hoomo/ (Mu), /hom(~)oo/ (Ho) ‘body’ (P:K).