annual 2010/2011 of the croatian academy of engineering - HATZ

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36 Annual 2010/2011 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering standard conditions. The IR spectra of the ber sample obtained after alkaline extraction was recorded on the ATR-FTIR spectrometer (Spectrum 100, Perkin Elmer), while cotton, ax and hemp bers were taken as reference samples. From the recorded FT-IR spectra of the ber samples it is visible that all bers have peak characteristic of cellulose although they present some differences (Fig. 24.) The intensity of signal at 1734 cm-1 corresponding to the C=C esther band related to pectin is higher in ax than in hemp bers while this band is not found in Spanish Broom ber sample. On the contrary, only a weak peak at ca. 1500 cm-1 corresponding to the C=C in-plane aromatic vibrations from lignin can be observed in the case of Spanish Broom bers, providing an ulterior evidence the applied chemical treatment was adequate for the almost complete removal of non-cellulosic compounds from the Broom bers. On the other hand, the two little sharp peaks observed over a broader peak in the area of 2850 to 2950 cm -1 , attributed to the CH 2 and CH groups of long alkyl chains of waxes, are present in the spectra of ax and hemp. Figure 24 FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) spectra of some bast bers compared to the cotton ber In Fig. 25 the FTIR spectra of Spanish Broom bers obtained after four different extraction procedures are presented. According to the previously highlighted peaks that point the presence of pectin, lignin and/or wax, it can be seen that the procedures B and D resulted in the best removal of the non-cellulosic compounds of the ber. Fiber treatment (B) with sodium hydroxide at 105 °C for 2 h removes completely wax and lignin while a weak peak related to pectin at 1740 cm -1 is still visible. On the other hand, ber treatment (D) with the same alkaline solution but heated in a microwave oven for only 10 minutes (900 W) resulted in greater removal of pectins and maybe not total elimination of waxes. The latter treatment seems very promising, especially from the economical point of view.
Annual 2010/2011 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering 37 Figure 25 FTIR spectrum of bers obtained from Spanish Broom applying four different procedures compared to the cotton ber. REFERENCES 1. Kovaevi Z., Krnevi M., Katovi A. Katovi D.: Brnistra – zaboravljena tekstilna sirovina Tekstil 2010 –in press 2. http://www.lammatest.rete.toscana.it/lammatest/documenti/ginestra_manuale.pdf Accessed November 2010 3. Stojanovi A.: Brnestra (Žuka- Spartium Junceum) (1962) Etnološki Zavod Filozofskog fakelteta Sveuilišta u Zagrebu, 4, 3-45 4. Katovi D., Katovi A., Krnevi M.: Spanish Broom - History and Perspective (Spartium Junceum), Journal of Natural Fibers 2011 - in press 5. Nekkaa S., Chebira F., Haddaoui N.(2006): Effect of Fiber Treatment on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene/Broom Fiber Spartium Junceum Composites Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 1(3), 278-283 6. Cerchiara,T., Chidichimo G., Ragusa, M.I., Belsito E.L., Liguorib, A. Arioli A. (2010): Characterization and utilization of Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.) seed oil Industrial Crops and Products 31, 423–426 7. Avella M., Casale L., Dell’Erba R., Focher B., Martuscelli E., Marzetti A.M. (1998): Broom Fibers as Reinforcing Materials for Polypropylene-Based Composites J. Appl Polym Sci 68, 1077–1089 8. Gabriele B., Teresa Cerchiara T., Salerno G., Chidichimo G., Vetere M.V. Alampi C, Gallucci M.C., Conidi C., Cassano A.( 2010): A new physical-chemical process for the efcient production of cellulose bers from (Spartium junceum L.) Bioresource Technology 101, 724–729 9. Cerchiara T., Chidichimo G., Gallucci M.C. Vuono D., (2010): Effects of Extraction (Spartium junceum L.) Fibres, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 2(79) 13-16 10. Cristaldi G. Latteri A. Recca G., Cicala G. (2010) : Woven Fabric Engineering , Composites Based on Natursal Fibre Fabrics, Sciyo, Rijeka, pp.317-342, ISBN 978-953- 307-194-7
Page 1: ANNUAL 2010/2011 OF THE CROATIAN AC
Page 4 and 5: Published by Croatian Academy of En
Page 6 and 7: Mario Žagar, Ivica Crnkovi, Darko
Page 8 and 9: 8 2011 Annual 2010/2011 of the Croa
Page 10 and 11: 10 Annual 2010/2011 of the Croatian
Page 20 and 21: 20 CONCLUSION Annual 2010/2011 of t
Page 42 and 43: 42 LUBRICANTS Annual 2010/2011 of t
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Page 60 and 61: 60 distant video presence on re rem
Page 72 and 73: 72 References Annual 2010/2011 of t
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122 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 References A
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124 2 The Community of Raša Annual
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178 4 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION Annua
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194 and lubricant. Annual 2010/2011
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206 4 Results and discussion Annual
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Podupirajui lanovi: Arhitektonski f
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