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Wangari Maathai, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Winner (credit: Goldman Environmental Prize) 6 the front of the fight to promote ecologically viable social, economic, and cultural development in Kenya and in Africa,” said the Norwegian Nobel Committee (2004). “She represents an example and a source of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy, and peace.” The academic world should stop arguing over two sides of the same coin, and instead explore how livelihood security could encourage cooperation and prevent conflict. Policymakers and practitioners must rise above interagency squabbles and ineffective Band-Aid approaches, and instead pursue integrated and sustained efforts to redress the roots of conflict and promote environmental pathways to peace. As the Nobel Committee proclaimed, “Peace on earth depends on our ability to secure our living environment.” Notes 1. The State Failure Task Force is now known as the Political Instability Task Force. Its Phase III results are available on the website of the University of Maryland’s Center for International Development and Conflict Management at http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail/. 2. The “X article,” originally a telegram sent by George Kennan to the U.S. Department of State in 1946, was published in Foreign Affairs in 1947 as “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”; see http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/ 04/documents/x.html. 3. See Friends of the Earth Middle East’s “Good Water Makes Good Neighbors Project” at http://www.foeme.org/water.htm; the work by the World Bank and UNDP to facilitate the Nile Basin Initiative, at http://www.nilebasin.org/; and the Arctic Military Environment Cooperation Programme, through which the United States, Norway, and Russia cooperatively address radioactive contamination in northwestern Russia, at https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Intl/AMEC/ declar.html. 4. See Dabelko (2004) for more information on Maathai’s Nobel Peace Prize. References Carius, Alexander & Geoffrey D. Dabelko. (2004). “Institutionalizing responses to environment, conflict, and cooperation.” In Understanding environment, conflict, and cooperation (pages 21-33). Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Conca, Ken. (1994). “In the name of sustainability: Peace studies and environmental discourse.” Peace and Change 19, 91-113. Conca, Ken & Geoffrey D. Dabelko (Eds.). (2002). Environmental peacemaking. Washington and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and the Johns Hopkins University Press. Dabelko, Geoffrey D. (2004, October 8). “Nobel of the ball.” Grist Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2004, from http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/ ECSP REPORT • ISSUE 10 • 2004
2004/10/08/dabelko-maathai/ Dalby, Simon. (1994). “The politics of environmental security.” In Jyrki Käkönen (Ed.), Green security or militarized environment (pages 25-54). Brookfield: Dartmouth Publishing Co. Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP). (2004, September 30). UNEP’s Klaus Toepfer launches “Understanding environment, conflict, and cooperation” [Press release]. Retrieved November 8, 2004, from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/ index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item &news_id=95228 Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (1994, Summer). “Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases.” International Security 19, 5-40. Käkönen, Jyrki (Ed.). (1994). Green security or militarized environment? Brookfield: Darmouth Publishing Company. Kaplan, Robert. (1994, February). “The coming anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly, 45-76. Levy, Marc A. (1995a, Fall). “Is the environment a national security issue?” International Security 20(2), 35-62. Levy, Marc A. (1995b, Spring). “Time for a third wave of environment and security scholarship?” Environmental Change and Security Project Report 1, 44-46. Norwegian Nobel Committee (2004, October 8). The Nobel Peace Prize for 2004. Retrieved November 8, 2004, from http://www.nobel.no/eng_lau_announce2004.html United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1994). Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press and UNDP. 7 COMMENTARY • THE NEXT STEPS FOR ENVIRONMENT, POPULATION, AND SECURITY
Page 1 and 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND SECURITY P
Page 3 and 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND SECURITY P
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword 1 ECSP at 10 Geof
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD security is the disarmamen
Page 9 and 10: COMMENTARY The Next Steps for Envir
Page 11: departments, balance participation
Page 15 and 16: Countries that are overwhelmed by e
Page 17 and 18: can see the consequences of ecologi
Page 19 and 20: and deprivation. But what about the
Page 21 and 22: The EU is heading in the right dire
Page 23 and 24: UN’s regular budget for 2003, whe
Page 25 and 26: COMMENTARY • The Next Steps for E
Page 27 and 28: unless the Central Asian states div
Page 29 and 30: Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer.” W
Page 31 and 32: tion (i.e., with lower birth and de
Page 33 and 34: civil conflict. The authors focus o
Page 35 and 36: California Press. Hoge, Warren. (20
Page 37 and 38: New models and technology address P
Page 39 and 40: Table: Challenges in addressing pop
Page 41 and 42: ecognize the importance of the issu
Page 43 and 44: work’s effects vary across time a
Page 45 and 46: programs, so that specialists in th
Page 47 and 48: Net: http://www.cogsci.princeton.ed
Page 49 and 50: SPECIAL REPORT Population, Developm
Page 51 and 52: 1000 live births, and the mortality
Page 53 and 54: sectoral approaches, such as invest
Page 55 and 56: implementation (Federal Ministry of
Page 57 and 58: http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/PDFF
Page 59 and 60: U.N. flag (Credit: Corbis) Referenc
Page 61 and 62: ather than negotiated solutions (e.
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already contributing to the displac
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currently add up to more than $800
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political conditions suggest a high
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Headwaters of the Nile River, Ugand
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World Commission on Water, Peace, a
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POLICY BRIEF • The United Nations
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there may already be upwards of 160
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among countries with responsive dec
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worst consequences of climate chang
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ty remains high—the population gr
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American Economic Review 91, 1369-1
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lations. For example, agricultural
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ship is completely out of character
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One With Nineveh begins with an ove
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Red Sky at Morning: America and the
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Fund, NRDC, and other enviros foste
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The book’s analyses of environmen
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events of September 11, 2001. Throu
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The Global Threat of New and Reemer
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Sparing Nature: The Conflict Betwee
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Declaration on Environment and Deve
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the conditions and threats humanity
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impede sustainable solutions to wat
Page 109 and 110:
UNESCO. Shamir, Yona. (2003). Alter
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World Population Policies, 2004 UND
Page 113:
The University of Michigan Populati
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