L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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upon the same ideology: the new roads, pipelines, communications facilities are being built not so much as to improve the internal territorial integrity of African counties and bring the peripheries closer to the centers, but in order to allow the African natural wealth to reach the sea ports or external borders. The European Commission, the European Investment Bank (EIB), and other European development financing institutions, in cooperation with African national and regional authorities, continue to assess how to promote the most appropriate infrastructure, and related governance issues, that can contribute to the sustainable use of the resources of these countries and facilitate raw materials supply, using respective sector dialogues to steer this process. From its part, the European Commission promised “to assess (a) the feasibility of increasing lending (which may include grant-loan elements) to industry, including mining and refining projects and in particular postextractive industries and (b) investigate the possibility of promoting financial instruments that reduce risk for operators on the basis of guarantees supported by EU, including by the European Development Fund. The existing EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund could also assist African countries in this task.” 25 1.2. South Atlantic Resource Base in NATO’s Modernized Strategy After the Soviet Union disappeared from the global arena, the United States and its NATO allies gradually renewed the old strategy of strengthening their presence and activity in Africa. Unlike the old days of the bi-polar world, the renewed recognition of Africa’s growing strategic importance to U.S. interests was manifested openly. Since the main ideological and geostrategic rival had gone, there was no need for the US to camouflage the real reasons for the renewed interest by alleged concern about democracy and freedom in Africa. A more 19th century list of arguments was presented, such as the increasing importance of Africa’s natural resources, particularly energy resources, and mounting concern over violent extremist activities and other potential threats posed by uncontrolled spaces, 33
including piracy and illicit trafficking. The old 20th century agenda was still present in the form of concern for Africa’s many humanitarian crises, armed conflicts, and more general challenges, such as the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS. The real challenges of the 21st century were to be described in the NATO’s modernized strategy adopted during the Lisbon summit in November 2010. During the Lisbon Summit, President B. Obama and the other 27 NATO heads of state endorsed the new Strategic Concept which among other things stated: “We are firmly committed to the development of friendly and cooperative relations with all countries of the Mediterranean, and we intend to further develop the Mediterranean Dialogue in the coming years. We attach great importance to peace and stability in the Gulf region, and we intend to strengthen our cooperation in the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative.” 26 The Mediterranean Dialogue consists of NATO and seven nations: five in Africa and two in the Asian part of the Middle East: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. The official NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon devoted significant place and attention to Africa, though the direct interest of the alliance was not linked in its text to the continent’s natural resources, but was rather explained by the Pact’s concern about peacekeeping needs. The document stated that the Alliance was also contributing to peace and security through other operations and missions. The Declarations names three ongoing operations specifically in the following words: “Operation Active Endeavour (OAE), our Article 5 maritime operation in the Mediterranean, is making a significant contribution to the fight against terrorism. Operation Ocean Shield off the Horn of Africa demonstrates NATO’s commitment to contribute to the sustained comprehensive international effort to help counter piracy and armed robbery at sea. At the request of the African Union (AU), we are providing support to its mission in Somalia and the development of its longterm peacekeeping capabilities, including the African Stand-by 34
Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
Page 3 and 4: 330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
Page 24 and 25: shore in many parts of the world. L
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75: 25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
Page 76 and 77: Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79: The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81: ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83: South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85:
of competitiveness by similar produ
Page 86 and 87:
tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89:
The concept of resource efficiency
Page 90 and 91:
vately owned. The leading enterpris
Page 92 and 93:
In this respect African and Russian
Page 94 and 95:
Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
Page 96 and 97:
will allow the project to overcome
Page 98 and 99:
World prices on all types of minera
Page 100 and 101:
2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
Page 102 and 103:
Soviet organizations supplied Alger
Page 104 and 105:
that the gas crisis between Russia
Page 106 and 107:
The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
Page 108 and 109:
The agreement was finally signed du
Page 110 and 111:
pany “Slavneft” would join a co
Page 112 and 113:
DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
Page 114 and 115:
for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
Page 116 and 117:
licenses. They are the only Russian
Page 118 and 119:
that the main aims were inter-alia
Page 120 and 121:
Agency to develop plans for up to 4
Page 122 and 123:
pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
Page 124 and 125:
deposit also contains a Peridotite-
Page 126 and 127:
and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
Page 128 and 129:
Russian economy and the specifics o
Page 130 and 131:
34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
Page 134 and 135:
copra, spices, other products of tr
Page 136 and 137:
This theoretic and scientific aura
Page 138 and 139:
and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
Page 142 and 143:
used and repaid part of the credit.
Page 144 and 145:
exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
Page 146 and 147:
At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
Page 150 and 151:
disappeared together with their ass
Page 152 and 153:
cial Representative of the Presiden
Page 154 and 155:
countries and minimize the adverse
Page 156 and 157:
The principled line in support of A
Page 158 and 159:
Exports of Russian raw materials to
Page 160 and 161:
of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
Page 162 and 163:
etc. He also remarked that since th
Page 164 and 165:
However, there are harbingers of a
Page 166 and 167:
There was a good demand in Egypt fo
Page 168 and 169:
Another promising sphere for Russia
Page 170 and 171:
Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
Page 172 and 173:
All these companies have permanent
Page 174 and 175:
ment of the Russian Federation 105
Page 176 and 177:
As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
Page 178 and 179:
cooperation and hydrocarbon product
Page 180 and 181:
tion." The participants in the Raba
Page 182 and 183:
2009 consisted of such traditional
Page 184 and 185:
From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
Page 186 and 187:
(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
Page 188 and 189:
Russia provided humanitarian aid to
Page 190 and 191:
Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
Page 192 and 193:
supplies only it is either a blatan
Page 194 and 195:
On the initiative of the Ethiopian
Page 196 and 197:
- Automotive and components - Capit
Page 198 and 199:
led by the two Chambers and attende
Page 200 and 201:
coal mixture of a new generation. T
Page 202 and 203:
cial architecture and food safety a
Page 204 and 205:
The talks in Luanda led the two cou
Page 206 and 207:
9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
Page 208 and 209:
CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
Page 210 and 211:
interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212:
Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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