L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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uses to track terrorists. Algerian forces already use American C-130 transport aircraft in addition to radars, communication gear, missile systems and other military equipment Britain and Algeria also stepped up cooperation on security with the creation of a committee on counter-terrorism in view of the “common threat from Al-Qaeda”. The West does not limit its efforts to preserve its centuries old domination over the African natural resources only to military means. Working with (and pleasing) local leaders and elites is one of the oldest instruments of securing the West’s interests in the resources sphere. Such special relationships sometimes take the form of direct military support of puppet-regimes and corrupt leaders. (One of the longest serving and notorious examples was the case of the late Zairian president Mobutu Sese Seko). Such American and European policies are a crafty tool of power projection in Africa. Transnational corporations use mysterious connections and pseudonational affiliates to ensnare local political leaders in corruption, thus co-opting them. Investment projects and aid deals are used to entangle the local regimes, ensuring their political dependence on the West. At the same time the leaders, who for some time actively cooperate with western companies both in shadow and in the daylight find themselves easy prey for Western governments and their agencies. The money flows that are connected to various international mining projects or greenfield investment usually generate abundant legal, semi-legal and illegal wealth of members of local elites, including members of government of certain countries. Some transnationals actively bribe African politicians, military and officials in order to secure the needed preferences. Needless to say, that multibillion fortunes of such African leaders are not kept in their native countries or in local currencies, but in leading international banks denominated in some stable monies. For some time such ‘cooperation’ seems to proceed amicably and well, but as soon as the level of involvement of the local asset riches a certain level, the victim no longer is able to escape from the firm grip of the Western partners. 39
Non-cooperation on the part of entrapped members of the local elites inevitably results in making the information about their fortunes public, support to the opposition (anti-corruption, pro-democracy, etc) movements and non-recognition of the ‘rigged” elections, that brought the failed partner to power. The worst case scenario involves freezing of the accounts, non-admittance of the person and his family in question to USA and EU and ultimately a case in an international court. All of these is revealed, as if there had been only one party in bribery, corruption and money-laundering. The major part of the frozen resources never makes it back to the African country but vanishes in endless investigations and court hearings. Since the end of 1990s U.S. and allied intelligence services, law enforcement agencies, and independent experts increased cooperation to track state and private money of members of African elites usually under the pretext of their possible laundering activities, corruption, and unfair competition practices. The most well-known cases are those of former Nigerian president Abacha, former Liberian leader Charles Taylor and some current leaders of countries richly endowed in natural resources. The recent revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt resulted in immediate freezing of multi-million accounts with alleged relations to ousted ex-presidents and their associates. The collection of actionable intelligence on questionable activities of African elites is a working routine of many western law enforcement agencies. Under the 3d EU anti-money laundering Directive all European banks are strictly obliged to investigate the sources of funds belonging or connected with African (and other foreign) politically exposed persons (PEPs). Suspicion reports should be immediately sent to national financial intelligence units in case of unusually large or inexplicable money movements or operations. Suspicion is sufficient for freezing the funds. Unfreezing, if possible at all, may take years. As a rule, the unfreezing of the funds is a long and cumbersome process. The amounts in question remain within the financial systems of the developed countries, actively or passively increasing its wealth. Quite often the ensuing litigation ends in a mutual agreement according to which the Western country preserves a part of the 40
Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
Page 3 and 4: 330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
Page 24 and 25: shore in many parts of the world. L
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 34 and 35: upon the same ideology: the new roa
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 50 and 51: the continent. To help African coun
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75: 25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
Page 76 and 77: Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79: The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81: ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83: South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85: of competitiveness by similar produ
Page 86 and 87: tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89: The concept of resource efficiency
Page 90 and 91:
vately owned. The leading enterpris
Page 92 and 93:
In this respect African and Russian
Page 94 and 95:
Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
Page 96 and 97:
will allow the project to overcome
Page 98 and 99:
World prices on all types of minera
Page 100 and 101:
2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
Page 102 and 103:
Soviet organizations supplied Alger
Page 104 and 105:
that the gas crisis between Russia
Page 106 and 107:
The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
Page 108 and 109:
The agreement was finally signed du
Page 110 and 111:
pany “Slavneft” would join a co
Page 112 and 113:
DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
Page 114 and 115:
for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
Page 116 and 117:
licenses. They are the only Russian
Page 118 and 119:
that the main aims were inter-alia
Page 120 and 121:
Agency to develop plans for up to 4
Page 122 and 123:
pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
Page 124 and 125:
deposit also contains a Peridotite-
Page 126 and 127:
and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
Page 128 and 129:
Russian economy and the specifics o
Page 130 and 131:
34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
Page 134 and 135:
copra, spices, other products of tr
Page 136 and 137:
This theoretic and scientific aura
Page 138 and 139:
and technical cooperation with Afri
Page 140 and 141:
higher and specialized secondary ed
Page 142 and 143:
used and repaid part of the credit.
Page 144 and 145:
exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
Page 146 and 147:
At the same time we recognize that
Page 148 and 149:
For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
Page 150 and 151:
disappeared together with their ass
Page 152 and 153:
cial Representative of the Presiden
Page 154 and 155:
countries and minimize the adverse
Page 156 and 157:
The principled line in support of A
Page 158 and 159:
Exports of Russian raw materials to
Page 160 and 161:
of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
Page 162 and 163:
etc. He also remarked that since th
Page 164 and 165:
However, there are harbingers of a
Page 166 and 167:
There was a good demand in Egypt fo
Page 168 and 169:
Another promising sphere for Russia
Page 170 and 171:
Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
Page 172 and 173:
All these companies have permanent
Page 174 and 175:
ment of the Russian Federation 105
Page 176 and 177:
As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
Page 178 and 179:
cooperation and hydrocarbon product
Page 180 and 181:
tion." The participants in the Raba
Page 182 and 183:
2009 consisted of such traditional
Page 184 and 185:
From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
Page 186 and 187:
(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
Page 188 and 189:
Russia provided humanitarian aid to
Page 190 and 191:
Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
Page 192 and 193:
supplies only it is either a blatan
Page 194 and 195:
On the initiative of the Ethiopian
Page 196 and 197:
- Automotive and components - Capit
Page 198 and 199:
led by the two Chambers and attende
Page 200 and 201:
coal mixture of a new generation. T
Page 202 and 203:
cial architecture and food safety a
Page 204 and 205:
The talks in Luanda led the two cou
Page 206 and 207:
9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
Page 208 and 209:
CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
Page 210 and 211:
interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212:
Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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