L. Fituni, I. Abramova Resource Potential of Africa and Russia's ...

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the continent. To help African countries resolve their food security issues, some concrete quantitative targets were set with the aim of promoting Sino-African agricultural cooperation, human resource training, as well as bilateral cooperation on medical care, health and education. These efforts are an indication of China's desire to address some of the continent's most urgent problems. China's commitments to reduce African debts proved positive in helping the impoverished continent reduce its colossal debts. The personnel training programs China introduced at the second forum held in Ethiopia in December 2003 helped African countries cultivate their labor forces for much-needed economic and social development. The measures put forward by China to promote Sino- African cooperation at the 2006 Beijing Summit, including debt reduction, China's investment in and assistance to Africa, and improvement of African people's livelihood, proved to be a big boost to bilateral ties. 42 The Chinese government also launched several initiatives to balance the bilateral trade, so that African countries' exports to China also grew rapidly, from 5.6 billion U.S. dollars in 2000 to 43.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2009. In July 2010, to further open up China's market to Africa, China decided to exempt the tariffs of 60 percent of the exported items from 26 LDCs in Africa. The number of export items to China enjoying zero-tariff treatment from African LDCs increased from the previous 478 to over 4,700. 43 Within three years after 2010, 95 percent of the export items from all of African LDCs having diplomatic ties with China will receive zero-tariff treatment gradually. In addition to the growth of trade, China and African countries have also carried out pragmatic and efficient cooperation in infrastructure construction, energy, agriculture, finance, health and other areas. China's business activities in Africa have greatly boosted local economies and infrastructure, created jobs and improved people's living conditions. By the end of 2009, almost 2,000 Chinese firms have started doing business in African countries and created about 300,000 jobs. Their direct investments in the continent grew from 200 million U.S. dollars in 2000 to 1.44 billion U.S. dollars in 2009, an increase of nearly six times. 44 49
Africa's direct investment in China, on the other hand, increased from 280 million to 1.31 billion during that period. So far Africa is China's fourth biggest overseas investment destination. China's contracted projects in Africa cumulatively had amounted to 205.2 billion dollars by August 2010. Besides, Chinese companies have built some 60,000 km of roads and power stations with a total generating capacity of 3.5 million kw in Africa. The success is attributable to a number of circumstances. One of them is that Chinese companies are prepared to take risks operating in countries ravaged by wars and conflicts, like Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone and the zones of ethnic, political and religious conflicts where their workers were repeatedly attacked and kidnapped. Beijing sent to Africa 1,400 servicemen as part of the UN peacekeeping missions more than any other permanent member of the UN Security Council. Work in the zones of conflict proceeds under very hard conditions but the companies are getting higher returns from foreign direct investments (FDI). 45 The latest developments expand cooperation to training and intelligence sharing. Security experts reckon that cyber warfare and espionage will be the 21st century’s new battlegrounds. With that in view, China is now considering whether to allow the Nigerian government to shift a US$500m preferential export credit agreed in 2009 for the rail sector to Beijing’s state-owned telecoms company ZTE to build a security communications network. As a new era of currency wars, power politics and resource competition develops, the stability of oil-rich countries like Nigeria is of vital importance to China and the United States. Rapidly changing technologies mean that geopolitical battles are fought in new arenas, and sectors like telecoms take on greater strategic importance. 46 Besides other positive effects, investments in countries that suffered from conflicts result in the growing political influence, which also benefits business activities. China's advantage also lies in the fact that, working in the countries affected by Western sanctions, it positions itself as an alternative partner thus winning substantial economic and political dividends. This was exactly Beijing’s strat- 50
Page 1 and 2: ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Dr. IRINA ABRAMO
Page 3 and 4: 330.324.22 330.123.72 351.823.003 3
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTION IN THE GLOBALIZED WORL
Page 8 and 9: At certain stages of their history,
Page 10 and 11: tives. The authors are not describi
Page 12 and 13: cations, including monographs 1 and
Page 14 and 15: arena by the loftiest goals and ide
Page 16 and 17: quence, their role in the world eco
Page 18 and 19: thus the last seller of the commodi
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.1.2. World chromium product
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1.3. World cobalt productio
Page 24 and 25: shore in many parts of the world. L
Page 26 and 27: Though US totally depends on import
Page 28 and 29: isk of supply shortage in the next
Page 30 and 31: long been obsolete, do exist and te
Page 32 and 33: a European-African energy forum; th
Page 34 and 35: upon the same ideology: the new roa
Page 36 and 37: Force. At the request of the UN Sec
Page 38 and 39: - The United States has sole jurisd
Page 40 and 41: uses to track terrorists. Algerian
Page 42 and 43: sum, in exchange for terminating th
Page 44 and 45: UK, Greece, Italy and Spain during
Page 46 and 47: ing Angola’s large oil resources
Page 48 and 49: China concluded two major M&A deals
Page 52 and 53: egy with regard to Sudan and Zimbab
Page 54 and 55: some price-related difficulties for
Page 56 and 57: 100,000 students from almost every
Page 58 and 59: 15 U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 Natural Resource Potentia
Page 62 and 63: tion in the global division of labo
Page 64 and 65: of other nations (manifest in an ex
Page 66 and 67: The mineral resource base (MRB) of
Page 68 and 69: In Nigeria, the smelter at Ikot Aba
Page 70 and 71: ite production at Komi to reach 6.5
Page 72 and 73: depletion. In South Africa, output
Page 74 and 75: 25-26 thousand tons of copper conce
Page 76 and 77: Country 75 Cost Ranges Namibia 0 20
Page 78 and 79: The Elkon district, Southern Yakuti
Page 80 and 81: ites and Miocene sediments extendin
Page 82 and 83: South, Etango and Valencia alaskite
Page 84 and 85: of competitiveness by similar produ
Page 86 and 87: tive scenario, the above goals will
Page 88 and 89: The concept of resource efficiency
Page 90 and 91: vately owned. The leading enterpris
Page 92 and 93: In this respect African and Russian
Page 94 and 95: Table 2.2.2. Distribution of capita
Page 96 and 97: will allow the project to overcome
Page 98 and 99: World prices on all types of minera
Page 100 and 101:
2.3. Competitors or Partners? Russi
Page 102 and 103:
Soviet organizations supplied Alger
Page 104 and 105:
that the gas crisis between Russia
Page 106 and 107:
The second LUKOIL project in Egypt
Page 108 and 109:
The agreement was finally signed du
Page 110 and 111:
pany “Slavneft” would join a co
Page 112 and 113:
DRC to extract copper and cobalt in
Page 114 and 115:
for 22 years in 2002 Friguia refine
Page 116 and 117:
licenses. They are the only Russian
Page 118 and 119:
that the main aims were inter-alia
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Agency to develop plans for up to 4
Page 122 and 123:
pit nickel mine and the Selkirk und
Page 124 and 125:
deposit also contains a Peridotite-
Page 126 and 127:
and Eastern parts of the EPL 3850 p
Page 128 and 129:
Russian economy and the specifics o
Page 130 and 131:
34 . 2009. C. 366- 368. 35 John St
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER 3 Project RUSSAFRICA: Towar
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copra, spices, other products of tr
Page 136 and 137:
This theoretic and scientific aura
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and technical cooperation with Afri
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higher and specialized secondary ed
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used and repaid part of the credit.
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exploitation of projects. Soviet ex
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At the same time we recognize that
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For the Soviet Union, solidarity wi
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disappeared together with their ass
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cial Representative of the Presiden
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countries and minimize the adverse
Page 156 and 157:
The principled line in support of A
Page 158 and 159:
Exports of Russian raw materials to
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of Su-30MKA fighters. At the same t
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etc. He also remarked that since th
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However, there are harbingers of a
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There was a good demand in Egypt fo
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Another promising sphere for Russia
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Lada users in Egypt. In 2010, a new
Page 172 and 173:
All these companies have permanent
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ment of the Russian Federation 105
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As of mid 2010, other areas of econ
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cooperation and hydrocarbon product
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tion." The participants in the Raba
Page 182 and 183:
2009 consisted of such traditional
Page 184 and 185:
From October 21-23, 2010, the Fourt
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(May 2009), and Ugandan President Y
Page 188 and 189:
Russia provided humanitarian aid to
Page 190 and 191:
Nigeria’s Share in Russia’s Imp
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supplies only it is either a blatan
Page 194 and 195:
On the initiative of the Ethiopian
Page 196 and 197:
- Automotive and components - Capit
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led by the two Chambers and attende
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coal mixture of a new generation. T
Page 202 and 203:
cial architecture and food safety a
Page 204 and 205:
The talks in Luanda led the two cou
Page 206 and 207:
9 Annual Report of Alexander Saltan
Page 208 and 209:
CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS OF THE UNDE
Page 210 and 211:
interpretations is the intensifying
Page 212:
Leonid FITUNI and Irina ABRAMOVA RE
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