PROGRESS IN FUEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN VIETNAM

PROGRESS IN
FUEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
IN VIETNAM
Dinh Thi Quynh Nhu
Research and Development center for
Petroleum Processing (PVPRO)
Vietnam Petroleum Institute
PETROVIETNAM, Vietnam
1

1 – INTRODUCTION
• Until now almost fuel products used for
domestic demand in Vietnam are imported,
among those, gasoline and diesel take up high
ratio.
• The exhaust fumes from automobiles using
gasoline and diesel are main source causing
environmental pollution, especially in big cities.
• The Vietnamese government has effort to
minimize the pollution problem.
• One of the solutions for increasing air quality is
improvement of environmental standards and
fuel specifications.
2

2 – CURRENT STATUS
• With GDP growth 7.5% per annual for period 2007-
2020 petroleum fuel consumption will grow up 5%
per annual on average
( gasoline : 11%, diesel : 5%).
• Up to September 2007, there are above 5 millions
motor cycles and 500,000 automobiles in Ha noi and
Ho Chi Minh city.
• Observation results show that 40% of pollutants
emitted from transport.
• It is very difficult to reduce quantity of vehicles in
Vietnam, but using cleaner fuel is one of issues to
protect environment.
3

Forecast of fuel consumption
in Vietnam
1000 ton
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2007 2010 2015 2020
Year
Gasoline
DO
FO
Kerosene
Jet A1
LPG
4

3 - Goverment regulations and
emission standards
• On January 10th, 1994 the Law on Environmental
Protection of Vietnam went into effect
• In 1995 a set of environmental standards were
issued by the MOSTE and were revised in 2005.
Some standards related to the emission from fuel
combustion are listed hereunder:
– TCVN-5938-1995 (Air quality- ambient air quality
standards)
– TCVN-6438-1998 ( Road vehicle – Maximum
permitted limits of exhaust gases ).
– TCVN-6431-1998: Road vehicles – Gaseous
pollutants emitted from automobiles and
motorcycles equipped with gasoline engines –
Emission requirements in type approval test.
5

Maximum permitted limits of pollutant
compounds in exhaust gases
Pollutant
compounds in
exhaust gases
Vehicle with forced combustion’s
engine
Automobiles
Motobiles
Vehicle with
compressed
combustion’s engine
Level
1
Level
2
Level
3
Level
1
Level
2
Level
1
Level
2
Level
3
CO ( % Vol,)
4.5
3.5
3.0
4.5
-
-
-
HC ( Vppm )
Four-cycle
engine
1200
800
600
1500
1200
-
-
-
Two-cycle
engine
7800
7800
7800
10000
78000
-
-
-
Special engine
3300
3300
3300
-
-
-
Fume
( % HSU )
-
-
-
-
-
72
60
50
6

4 – PROPERTIES OF FUEL INFLUENCING
THE ENVIRONMENT
• To reduce an air pollution, we have to minimize
exhaust gas of engine, essentially to reduce
emission CO, NOx, SO2, Hydrocarbon, particulate
matter, …
• Main properties of gasoline affecting exhaust gas
quality are aromatics content, olefin, benzene,
oxygenate, Reid Vapour Presssure, lead, another
Octane additives.
• Some properties of diesel affecting exhaust gas
quality are sulfur content, distillation, flash point,
polyaromatics content.
7

Properties of gasoline
influencing the environment
No.
1
2
3
Properties and role
Aromatics :
compounds have high
octane number
Olefin: compounds
have high octane
number, performed in
cracking process
Benzene: compound
have high octane
number
Influence
Cause deposit in engine,
increase emission NO x
and
particulate. Decreasing
aromatic content and T90 can
decrease carbon soot and CO
in exhaust gas
Cause gum in storage,
deposit in engine, its high
evaporation causes air
pollution
Cancerigenic compound.
Its high evaporation causes
air pollution
8

Properties of gasoline
influencing the environment
No.
4
Properties and role
Oxygenate compound:
have high octane number,
replace lead additive,
aromatic. Allowable
Maximum oxygen content
is 2.7%
MTBE: 10-15% Vol.
Etanol: From 3-10% Vol.
Influence
MTBE: increase clean combustion
ability, reduce emission NOx, CO,
HC in exhaust gas of engine.
When it leaks out to environment, it
can cause ground water pollution
( water have pungent even at very
low MTBE content )
Etanol: reduce emission CO, NO x
in
exhaust gas
When blend much (more than
10%Vol.) it can increase emission
NO x
, volatility.
Etanol can increase corrosion in
storage tank because of water
absorption capacity
9

Properties of gasoline
influencing the environment
No.
5
6
Properties and role
Reid Vapour
Pressure (RVP)
It must be enough
low to decrease
volatility, and
enough high to start
up safely
Lead additive:
increase octane
number.
Influence
If RVP is too high , it will
increase volatility (in
product distribution
process, from car gasoline
container ), cause
environmental pollution.
Lead Emission in exhaust
gas is very hamful for the
environment and people.
Vietnam eliminated leaded
gasoline.
10

Properties of gasoline
influencing the environment
No.
7
8
Properties and role
MMT (Methyl
ciclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl) is
octane metalorganic
additive. It is used to
replace lead additive
Sulfur content
Influence
MMT increase octane number.
It can decrease exhaust gas,
environmental pollution.
When blend much, it can
increase deposit in engine
and influence catalytic
converter
High sulfur content in
gasoline influences air quality
(SO 2
emission).
Sulfur decreases operating
ability of catalytic converter
11

Properties of diesel influencing
the environment
No.
1
2
Properties and
role
Sulfur
Distillation:
Temperature of
90% recovered
Influence
High sulfur content in
diesel influences air
quality (SO 2
emission)
High temperature of
90% recovered
increases emission
NO x
, Particulate matter
12

Properties of diesel influencing
the environment
No.
Properties and role
Influence
3
4
Flash point
Poly Aromatics
Low flash point
increases volatility in
storage and use ( CH
emission)
Cause deposit in
engine, increase
emission NO x
and
particulate.
13

EUROPEAN GASOLINE SPECIPICATION
PROPERTIES
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Aromatics content, %Vol
-
42
35
35
Olefin content, % Vol.
-
18
18
18
Benzene content, % Vol.
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Oxygen content, % Wt.
-
2.7
2.7
2.7
Sulfur content, ppm
1000/500
150
50
10
Reid Vapour Pressure,
kPa
35-100
60/70
45-100
45-100
Lead content, g/L
0,013
Nil
Nil
Nil
14

EUROPEAN DIESEL SPECIFICATION
PROPERTIES
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Poly
Aromatics, %Vol
N/A
11.0
11.0
6.0
Sulfur, ppm
2000/500
350
50
10
51
Cetane number 46-49 51 51
kg/m 3
Density @ 15 0 C, 820-860 820-845 820-845 820-845
Distillation, T95, 0 C
370
360
360
360
15

5 - Upgrading process of fuel
specifications
No
Fuel
spec.
TCVN
Leaded
Gasoline
Unleaded
gasoline
Kerosene
Jet fuel
D.O
F.O
1
1992
5690-1992
5689-1992
2
1997
6240:1997
5689-1997
6239-1997
3
1998
5690-1998
6426-1998
4
2000
6776-2000
5
2001
6
2002
7208:2002
hazard
ous
materia
l in
gasolin
es
6240:2002
6426-2002
5689-2002
6239-2002
7
2005
6776-2005
6426-2005
5689-2005
8
2007
6426-2007
16

Improvement in Gasoline specification and
forecast
No
Characteristics
Leaded Gasolines
1992 1998
2000
Unleaded Gasolines
2002
2005
Forecast in
period
2007-
2015
1
Octan No.
RON, min
83 92 97
83 92 97
90 92 95
-
90 92 95
92 95 97
2
Lead g/L, max.
0.4
0.15
0,013
0.013
0.013
< 0.01
3
Aromatic % Vol.
max.
-
-
-
40
40
30
4
Sulphur %Wt.
max.
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.02
5
Benzene % Vol.
Max.
-
-
5
5
2.5
< 2.0
6
RVP, kPa, max.
70 75
43-80
43-80
-
43-75
43-75
7
MTBE, % vol.
Max.
-
-
-
10
-
-
8
Olefin, %Vol., max
-
-
-
-
38
< 20
9
Oxygen, %Wt.,
max
-
-
-
-
2.7
2.0
10
T90%, 0 C, max
-
190
190
-
190
180
17

Improvement in Diesel specification
and forecast
No
Characteristics
1992
1997
2002
2005
Forecast in
period
2007-
2015
1
Cetan Number,
min.
45
50 45
45
46
48-55
2
Sulphur Wt%.
max.
1.0
0.5 1.0
0.05 0.25 0.5
0.05 0.25
0.05 0.1
3
90% recovered,
0
C, max
370
370
370
360
360
4
Flash point, 0 C,
min
-
60 50
50
55
65
5
Density @
15 0 C, kg/m 3
-
-
-
820-860
840-860
18

For automotive gasoline:
• The gasoline with RON 83 has been
eliminated from the year of 2000.
• The leaded gasolines have been
eliminated from July 1st 2001 without
phasedown.
• The benzene content has been
controlled from 2000.
• The aromatic content, MTBE have been
controlled from 2002.
19

For auto-diesel:
• Sulfur content decreases from
spec. to spec.
• Temperature of 90% recovered
decreases to 360oC ( 2005 ).
20

6 - TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES
IMPROVING FUEL QUALITY
• PetroVietnam is in the process of building
the first refinery Dung Quat and will
construct 2 - 3 refineries to meet domestic
consumption and export to other countries in
the region.
• Specifications of fuel quality and their
forecast are the basics for selecting
technologies, crude oil and calculating
economic effect, investments, upgrading the
refineries.
21

The first refinery Dung quat
• Location: Dung quat, Quang ngai province;
• Capacity : 6.5 million tons per annual.
• Feed stock: At first period 100% Vietnamese
crude oil is refined, then refined crude oil mix
Bach Ho / Dubai = 85/15.
• Technologies: applying the deeply refined
and modern technologies.
• Fuel products: LPG, unleaded gasoline,
kerosene, Jet fuel, Auto-diesel, fuel oil.
• Fuel spec. are equivalent to EURO II.
• Refinery will operate in 2009.
22

Figure 1: Technological scheme of base case
of first refinery.
23

Technologies concerning improvement
of fuel quality
• Continious Catalytic Reformer ( CCR ) :
• Residue Fluidised Catalytic Cracker
(RFCC):
• Isomerization unit:
• LCO hydrotreating unit :
• Kerosene treater, RFCC naphtha treater:
• LPG treater :
• Naphtha hydrotreater:
24

Second refinery Nghi Son
• Location: Nghi Son, Thanh Hoa province;
• Capacity : 7.0 million tons per annual;
• Feed stock: Black Lion and Middle-east
crude oil ( Light Iran, light Arabian, Dubai ).
• Technologies: applying the deeply refined
and modern technologies.
• Fuel products: LPG, unleaded gasoline
(RON 92,95,98), kerosene, Jet fuel, Autodiesel,
fuel oil.
• Fuel spec. are equivalent to EURO III/IV
• Refinery will operate in 2013.
25

Figure 2 : Optimum technological
scheme of second refinery
26

Technologies concerning improvement
of fuel quality
• Continious Catalytic Reformer ( CCR ) ;
• Residue Fluidised Catalytic Cracker
(RFCC);
• Isomerization unit;
• Kerosene hydrotreating unit, Naphtha
hydrotreater, Gasoil hydrodesulfurization,
Residue hydrodesulfurization.
27

Third refinery Long Son
• Location: Long Son, Baria-Vung tau
province;
• Capacity : 10 million tons per annual ;
• Feed stock: Venezuela crude oil 16oAPI,
25oAPI, 32oAPI ;
• Technologies: applying the deeply refined
and modern technologies;
• Fuel products: LPG, naphtha, gasoline, Jet
fuel, diesel, ref. fuel , coke.
• Fuel spec. are equivalent to EURO IV/V;
• Refinery will operate in 2013.
28

Figure 3: Technological scheme of base
case of third Refinery
29

Technologies concerning
improvement of fuel quality :
• Continious Catalytic Reformer ( CCR ) ;
• Fluidised Catalytic Cracker (FCC):
• Hydrocracking ( HCK )
• Isomerization unit;
• Delayed coking (DC);
• Kerosene hydrotreating unit, Naphtha
hydrotreater, Gasoil
hydrodesulfurization.
30

7 - BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
Recently, The Vietnamese Prime
Minister has approved “Biofuel
development project to 2015 and
tendency to 2025” with the main target
of developing biofuel, a new kind of
regenerable energy, which can replace
in part the traditional fossil fuel, to
ensure energy security and to protect
environment.
31

7 - BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
1 – Period 2006-2010: Viet Nam will approach
technology producing biofuel, build a pilot model of
biofuel distribution in some cities and provinces,
plan plant of raw material trees and educate high
qualification staff.
2 – Period 2011 – 2015: will develop production of
biofuel and use biofuel to replace in part the
traditional fossil fuel, to reach capacity of etanol and
vegetal oil 250,000 tons to supply 1% of domestic
demand of fuel.
3 – To 2025: Technology of biofuel will reach world
advantage with capacity of etanol and vegetal oil 1.8
million ton to supply about 5% of domestic demand
of fuel.
32

8 - COMMENTS
• To protect an environment, Vietnamese
government issued a set of emission
standards and fuel specifications and are in
process of its improvement.
• Refineries in Vietnam will produce fuel
products with proper specifications and
apply modern technologies to satisfy fuel
quality requirement.
• To reduce pollution and improve fuel quality
Vietnam has approved “ Biofuel development
project to 2015 and tendency to 2025 ”.
33

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION
34