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Proceedings of National Seminar on Postmodern Literary Theory and Literature , Jan. 27-28, 2012, Nanded 20 “Time For a New Messiah”. Interview with Shirish Koyal. Times of India. 4 Oct 2001. Bangalore edn: 8. 21 Bapsi Sidhwa. Ice Candy Man. New Delhi: Penguin, 1988. The Water is filmed with the same title by Deepa Mehta recently. 22 Rada, Ivekovic and Julie Mostov. Eds. From Gender to Nation. New Delhi: Zubaan, 2004 rpt 2006. p 10. Jouvert: A Journal in Postcolonial Studies 1.2 (1997): 27 pp. l o j a n . 1998. P 9. 23 Ananya Jahanara Kabir. “Gender,Memory, Trauma: Women’s Novels on the Partition of India”. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Duke University Press. Vol. 25, No. 1, 2005. P 177. 24 In Conversation with Bapsi Sidhwa” in Partition Dialogues: Memories of a Lost Home. New Delhi: Oxford, 2006. P 225. . 25 Paul, Cobley. Narrative. London: Routledge, 2001. p 29. 26 Alok Bhalla. Ed. Partition Dialogues: Memories of a Lost Home. New Delhi: Oxford, 2006. p 237. 27 Ramachanda, Guha. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Picador, 2007. P 94. 28 Kamran Rastegar. “Trauma and Maturation in Women’s War Narratives: The Eye of the Mirror and Cracking India”. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies. Vol. 2, No. 3. Fall 2006. p. 22. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_ of_middle_east_womens_studies/v002/2.3rasteg ar.html 29 Ravishankar, 23. 30 Meena Arora Nayak. About Daddy. New Delhi: penguin, 2000. p 1. 31 Mushirul, Hasan and M Asaduddin. eds. Image and Representation: Stories of Muslim Lives in India. New Delhi: Oxford, 2000. P 110. 32 Forster E M. Aspects of the Novel. New Delhi: Atlantic, 1966. 1995. 33 Paul Cobley. P 2, 6. See Sudhir, Kakar. Intimate Relations: Exploring Indian Sexuality. New Delhi: Penguin, 1990. P 1. 34 See Jasbir Jain. “Gender and Narrative: An Introduction” in Jasbir Jain and Supriya Agarwal. Eds. Gender and Narrative. Jaipur: Rawat, 2002. P ix – xxiii. 35 Chaman Nahal. Azadi. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks, 1975. rpt 1988. p 307. 36 Bapsi, Sidhwa. Ice–Candy–Man. New Delhi: Penguin, 1989. p 203. 98 PLTL-2012: ISBN 978-81-920120-0-1
Proceedings of National Seminar on Postmodern Literary Theory and Literature , Jan. 27-28, 2012, Nanded A Note on Foucault’s Notion of Discourse Dr. R.T. Bedre Dept. of English SSJES’ ACS College, Gangakhed. Dist. Parbhani. (M.S.) Mr.K.U. Gangarde Researcher and Project Fellow Department of English at SSJES’ ACS College, Gangakhed. Dist. Parbhani. (M.S.) Michel Foucault (1926 –1984) was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas. He was a professor of ‘History of Systems of Thought’ at the College de France, and lectured at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley. Foucault is best known for his critical studies on social institutions, most notably psychiatry, medicine, the human sciences and the prison system, as well as for his work on the history of human sexuality. His writings on power, knowledge, and discourse have been widely influential in academic circles. He was listed as the most cited scholar in the humanities in 2007 by the ISI Web of Science (Wikipedia- Foucault). Power, knowledge, Archaeology, genealogy, episteme, dispositif, biopower, governmentality, disciplinary institution, and panopticism are his other notable ideas which earned him fame all over the world. His notable works are: Madness and Civilization (1961), The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (1963), Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel (1963), Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966), The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1977) and The History of Sexuality (1976). Foucault's works concentrate upon elucidating the particular power relations and discourses involved in different knowledge by way of an analysis of their respective histories. The present paper focuses on the Foucauldian notion of discourse. The notion of ‘discourse’ plays important role in contemporary literary theory. It is central in all the books written by Foucault. Although it is originated in the disciplines of Linguistics and Semiotics, it has been extended up to many branches of human sciences. It has been used in the academic disciplines such as literature, history, sociology, psychology, political science, culture, gender and postcolonial studies to define, explain and understand the problems in their respective fields of study. Discourse, according to Foucault, is related to power as it operates by rules of exclusion. Discourse therefore is controlled by objects, what can be spoken of; ritual, where and how one may speak; and the privileged, who may speak (Wikipedia-discourse). Discourse constitutes not only the world that we live in, but also all forms of knowledge and truth. Discourse generates truth or what some have called trutheffects. Certain discourses in certain contexts have the power to convince people to accept statements as true. Discourse thus is the means of power and it constitutes knowledge which is accepted in the society. Therefore, Foucault says in the first volume of his book ‘History of Sexuality’ that it is in discourse that power and knowledge are joined together. Discourse has become a central term for the poststructural critics who oppose the deconstructive method of analyzing the text. M. H. Abrams explains the concept of discourse as follows: In poststructural criticism, discourse … supplementing (and in some cases displacing) “text’’ as the name of the verbal material which is primarily concern of literary criticism. In poststructural usage, however, the term is not confined to conversational passages but, like “writing,” designates all verbal constructions and implies the superficiality of the boundaries between literary and non literary modes of signification. Most conspicuously, 99 PLTL-2012: ISBN 978-81-920120-0-1
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