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Conducting Surveys on Forestry Attitudes <strong>and</strong> Practices in Leyte Communities Figure 1. Map <strong>of</strong> Leyte Isl<strong>and</strong> indicating sites for community survey Note: The south-west <strong>of</strong> the isl<strong>and</strong> is a separate province (Southern Leyte). A survey <strong>of</strong> forestry practices <strong>and</strong> attitudes was conducted in four communities in Leyte province. This formed part <strong>of</strong> the three-year Smallholder Forestry Project, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), formally titled ASEM2000/088, Redevelopment <strong>of</strong> a Timber Industry Following Extensive Clearing, <strong>and</strong> carried out by staff <strong>of</strong> The University <strong>of</strong> Queensl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Leyte State University 2 . The underlying rationale was that improved underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> community aspirations <strong>and</strong> livelihood strategies would enable improvements in the design <strong>and</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> forestry development programs <strong>and</strong> the policy framework <strong>of</strong> governments <strong>and</strong> non-governmental organisations (NGOs). 2 The ACIAR project involved a number <strong>of</strong> research activities apart from the community survey, including establishment <strong>of</strong> tree growth trial plots, establishment <strong>of</strong> tree nursery trials, interviews <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> local community organisations formed to manage Community-Based Forest Management Agreements, <strong>and</strong> interviews <strong>of</strong> nursery operators in the community. 10
ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project The survey was carried out in the barangays 3 <strong>of</strong> Conalum (Inopacan local government unit), Tigbao (Matalom), Poting bato (Isabel) <strong>and</strong> Rizal II (Babatngon), which had been selected earlier as focus areas for the wider research project. These four communities represent a wide geographic range in Leyte Province, as illustrated in Figure 1, <strong>and</strong> contacts had been established with each community by staff <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Forestry <strong>of</strong> Leyte State University (LSU). It was decided by the research team to seek participation <strong>of</strong> communities that had previous contact with project researchers for two main reasons. First, a fragile ‘peace <strong>and</strong> order’ situation exists in some remote areas <strong>of</strong> Leyte, with members <strong>of</strong> the New Peoples Army (NPA) active in parts <strong>of</strong> the province. While this group is not as violent as some insurgent groups operating in the southern isl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Mindanao, they have been known to impose their own ‘revolutionary taxes’ on remote barangays where they operate, occasionally destroying infrastructure such as buses when their <strong>dem<strong>and</strong></strong>s are not met. The second reason was that low education levels <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> contact with outside agencies in remote parts <strong>of</strong> Leyte province can lead to a substantial time requirement to establish trust between ‘outsiders’ <strong>and</strong> community members. Such time was not available given the threeyear funding period <strong>of</strong> the project. This paper examines the rationale for the choice <strong>of</strong> the community survey method, <strong>and</strong> experiences <strong>and</strong> lessons learned from conducting the survey on the forestry attitudes <strong>and</strong> practices, particularly in regard to the practical lessons that emerged from the experience. While recommendations for good practice in sample surveys can be found in many textbooks, field experience in a major survey <strong>of</strong> low-income rural communities in a developing country revealed a variety <strong>of</strong> unexpected problems <strong>and</strong> issues which by necessity had to be responded to quickly <strong>and</strong> flexibly by the research team. The paper first explains the rationale for choice <strong>of</strong> a household survey as the research method <strong>and</strong> provides an overview <strong>of</strong> the research project. The various research steps are then outlined. Experiences <strong>of</strong> the survey team are next documented, with particular emphasis on difficulties encountered <strong>and</strong> steps that were taken to overcome them. Finally, the paper presents insights concerning what the experiences <strong>of</strong>fer for future survey research in similar settings. DATA COLLECTION METHOD When planning data collection from the four target communities, three distinct strategies were contemplated: 1. Use <strong>of</strong> Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in which meetings would be held in communities to identify community resources, attitudes <strong>and</strong> practices. 2. A sample survey involving interviews <strong>of</strong> a r<strong>and</strong>om sample <strong>of</strong> households (which may be equated to smallholders) in the four communities. 3. The lead researchers taking up residence in successive communities for a period <strong>of</strong> two to three months, <strong>and</strong> collecting information by a combination <strong>of</strong> observation <strong>and</strong> discussion with community members. Various strengths <strong>and</strong> weaknesses <strong>of</strong> these methods – PRA, sample survey <strong>and</strong> ‘immersion’ – can be recognised (Marsl<strong>and</strong> et al. 2001, Harrison 2002). The PRA approach (PROCESS Foundation 1996), which has been applied to forestry research in Leyte Province (Singzon et al. 1993), allows data to be collected rapidly, at relatively low cost. However, the community members who respond to an invitation to attend the meeting may not be representative <strong>of</strong> all community members, <strong>and</strong> the data collected is sometimes relatively superficial. Surveys are a widely-used data collection method in social sciences (Dijkstra <strong>and</strong> Zouwen 1982, Herbohn 2002). When carried out in indigenous communities, these are relatively expensive <strong>and</strong> require considerable planning <strong>and</strong> careful management. An attraction <strong>of</strong> the interview 3 A barangay is the smallest area <strong>of</strong> government in the Philippines, <strong>and</strong> in rural areas usually encompasses a number <strong>of</strong> sitios, or small hamlets <strong>of</strong> dwellings. 11
Page 3 and 4: CONTRIBUTORS Romulo Aggangan, Direc
Page 5: PREFACE Australian and</str
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Page 10 and 11: Objectives of the
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The Role of COs in
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RURAL HOUSEHOLD DIVERSITY AND THE I
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ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project
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IMPEDIMENTS TO MICROFINANCING OF SM
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Appendix A: Interview Schedule for
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Benefits from Tree Growing in the D
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Cost-Effective Systems for Seedling
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Biomass Equations for Tropical Tree
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Tree farm Carbon Storage an
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USING A TYPOLOGY OF TREE-GROWERS TO
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Institutional and
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Identification of
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
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Building-up Partnerships for Commun
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THE INFLUENCE OF LAND AND TREE TENU
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ESTIMATED FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF
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IMPROVING COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES
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INTEGRATING ABACA IN A MIXED FOREST
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Small-scale Forestry Development in
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USING FCD MAPPER SOFTWARE AND LANDS
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APPROPRIATE SURVEYING METHODS IN TH
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THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF NURSERIES IN
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GERMPLASM ACCESS AND PLANTING STOCK
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OVERVIEW OF TIMBER DEMAND AND SUPPL
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Name Agency Contact number/email ad
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to obtain a permit to harvest trees
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workshop indicates that a number <s
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