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xxx • CHRONOLOGY 1980 Karamanlis resigns from the premiership and becomes president of the republic. George Rallis becomes prime minister. 1981 Greece enters the EC. 18 October: The Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Andreas Papandreou wins in a landslide national election. 1983 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey, is proclaimed. 1984 Konstantinos Mitsotakis is elected leader of the New Democracy Party, succeeding Evangelos Averoff. 1985 Resignation of Karamanlis and election of Christos Sartzetakis as president. 2 June: The Panhellenic Socialist Movement wins the election. 1986 In the municipal elections, New Democracy wins in Greece’s three major cities, including Athens. 1987 Greece and Albania formally put an end to the 47-year “state of war” between them. A crisis develops between Greece and Turkey over oil-drilling rights in Aegean waters. 1988 Prime Ministers Papandreou of Greece and Turgut Özal of Turkey meet in Davos, Switzerland, to discuss Greek–Turkish relations. 1989 18 June: Papandreou loses the elections and is ousted from power. The inconclusive results lead to an unprecedented coalition government under New Democracy deputy Tzannis Tzanetakis with the support of the Communist Party of Greece. 5 November: New Democracy comes first in elections but fails to win a majority. An all-party government is formed under banker Xenophon Zolotas. 1990 8 April: New Democracy, under Mitsotakis, wins the national election with a marginal parliamentary majority. Karamanlis becomes president of the republic. 1991 8 September: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) declares its independence. The foreign ministers of the EC decide that, before granting recognition to FYROM, the country should “adopt constitutional and political guarantees ensuring that it has no 09_152_01_Front.indd xxx 3/30/09 9:45:30 AM
CHRONOLOGY • xxxi territorial claims towards a neighboring Community state,” implying Greece. 1992 Greek foreign policy focuses on the Balkan conflict. Economic immigrants from Albania and the former Soviet Union start arriving in Greece in great numbers. 1993 9 September: At the instigation of former foreign minister Andonis Samaras, the government falls. 10 October: Papandreou’s Panhellenic Socialist Movement wins the national election. Miltiades Evert succeeds Mitsotakis as leader of New Democracy. 1994 Greece imposes a full trade embargo on FYROM in order to force the country to abandon its claims over the name “Macedonia.” 1995 Karamanlis completes his second presidential term and retires from politics. Konstantinos Stephanopoulos is elected president of the republic. After pressures from the EC, the embargo on FYROM is lifted. An Interim Agreement is signed between the two countries with U.S. mediation. Papandreou is hospitalized following a serious deterioration of his health. 1996 17 January: Papandreou resigns from the premiership and is succeeded by Kostas Simitis. U.S. intervention diffuses another crisis between Greece and Turkey over Imia (Kardak), an Aegean islet. 23 June: Papandreou dies. 22 September: The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Kostas Simitis, wins the national election. 1997 Kostas Karamanlis, nephew of the retired president, is elected president of the New Democracy Party. 1999 Kurdish PPK leader Abdulah Otsalan (Abdullah Ocalan) is arrested by Turkish intelligence on his way out of the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Greece provides aid to FYROM during the Kosovo crisis. Devastating earthquakes in Istanbul and Athens contribute to a Greek–Turkish rapprochement. The European Council of the European Union (EU) meets in Helsinki and, with Greek support, officially recognizes Turkey as a candidate for full membership. 2000 The Panhellenic Socialist Party, led by Simitis, narrowly wins the national election for the second time. Stephanopoulos is reelected president of the republic. 09_152_01_Front.indd xxxi 3/30/09 9:45:30 AM
Page 1 and 2: HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE J
Page 3 and 4: 56. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopo
Page 5 and 6: Historical Dictionary of Modern Gre
Page 7 and 8: To Roula and all my teachers 09_152
Page 9 and 10: Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
Page 11 and 12: Editor’s Foreword Few countries h
Page 13 and 14: Preface Writing a historical dictio
Page 15 and 16: PREFACE • xv much for the achieve
Page 17 and 18: Acronyms and Abbreviations AKEL CAP
Page 19 and 20: Map 1. Map of Ancient Greece 09_152
Page 21 and 22: Map 3. Road Map of Greece 09_152_01
Page 23 and 24: Chronology 3000-2000 BC An early Br
Page 25 and 26: CHRONOLOGY • xxv 1829 At the conc
Page 27 and 28: 1920 10 August: The Treaty of Sèvr
Page 29: CHRONOLOGY • xxix Kentrou), dismi
Page 33 and 34: Introduction Located in the souther
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION • xxxv in Greece; th
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION • xxxvii Castoriades
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCTION • xxxix ism to the G
Page 41 and 42: INTRODUCTION • xli The conflict b
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCTION • xliii NEW CHALLENG
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION • xlv of the develop
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCTION • xlvii all Greek wo
Page 49 and 50: The Dictionary - A - ADMINISTRATION
Page 51 and 52: AGRICULTURE • 3 rades, and after
Page 53 and 54: ALBANIA • 5 Change came abruptly
Page 55 and 56: ALEXANDER THE GREAT • 7 the popul
Page 57 and 58: ANENDOTOS • 9 defeat of the invad
Page 59 and 60: ANGELOPOULOS, THEODOROS • 11 side
Page 61 and 62: ARAB WORLD • 13 Apostasia was the
Page 63 and 64: ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE • 15 of Ni
Page 65 and 66: ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE • 17 Veniz
Page 67 and 68: ATHENS • 19 More recently, there
Page 69 and 70: BALKANS • 21 give up much of Mace
Page 71 and 72: BARTHOLOMEW I • 23 Today, there a
Page 73 and 74: BYZANTINE EMPIRE • 25 century, wa
Page 75 and 76: CAPODISTRIAS, IOANNIS • 27 Greece
Page 77 and 78: CENTER UNION • 29 CAVAFY, CONSTAN
Page 79 and 80: CINEMA • 31 the identity cards is
Page 81 and 82:
CIVIL WAR • 33 local socioeconomi
Page 83 and 84:
COALITION OF THE RADICAL LEFT • 3
Page 85 and 86:
COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE • 37 cu
Page 87 and 88:
CONSTANTINE I GLÜCKSBURG • 39 ab
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CONSTANTINOPLE • 41 took power in
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CONSTRUCTION • 43 Since then, Gre
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The question of how to delineate th
Page 95 and 96:
CYCLADES • 47 dependence on Great
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CYPRUS QUESTION • 49 and the incr
Page 99 and 100:
DECEMBER AFFAIR • 51 the National
Page 101 and 102:
DEMOCRACY • 53 DELIGIORGIS, EPAMI
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DIMAS, PYRROS • 55 Today’s Gree
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ECONOMY • 57 and dependent on rev
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EDUCATION • 59 he continues to le
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ENERGY • 61 so-called generation
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ENVIRONMENT • 63 the Cypriot gove
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EURO • 65 leadership of an ambiti
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FERAIOS, RIGAS • 67 of the econom
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FINOS FILMS • 69 FINANCES. The Gr
Page 119 and 120:
FOREIGN POLICY • 71 tions, Florak
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FRANCE • 73 leader. As the riches
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GEOGRAPHY • 75 Frederika played a
Page 125 and 126:
GEORGE II • 77 George was the sec
Page 127 and 128:
GOUNARIS, DIMITRIOS • 79 Gonatas
Page 129 and 130:
GREAT BRITAIN • 81 or, better, pa
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GREEK-OTTOMAN WAR • 83 long-term
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choreographer Rallou Manou, and man
Page 135 and 136:
IRREDENTISM • 87 British protecti
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JUNTA • 89 nio in downtown Athens
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KARAMANLIS, KONSTANTINOS • 91 194
Page 141 and 142:
KAZANTZAKIS, NIKOS • 93 the first
Page 143 and 144:
KOUN, KAROLOS • 95 Capodistrias,
Page 145 and 146:
LEGAL SYSTEM • 97 east. Koine was
Page 147 and 148:
MACEDONIA • 99 in which some of t
Page 149 and 150:
MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC
Page 151 and 152:
MAKARIOS III • 103 independent re
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MAKARIOS III • 105 proposed chang
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people, and their character. It has
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MINORITIES • 109 Metaxas’ rule
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MONARCHY • 111 while trying to br
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MUSIC • 113 In Athos, fortresslik
Page 163 and 164:
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT • 115 N
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CYPRIOT FI
Page 167 and 168:
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
Page 169 and 170:
ORTHODOX CHURH OF GREECE • 121 ca
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OTTO WITTELSBACH • 123 Orthodoxy
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PANHELLENIC SOCIALIST MOVEMENT •
Page 175 and 176:
PAPAGOS, ALEXANDROS • 127 his sea
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PAPANDREOU, ANDREAS • 129 At his
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PAPANDREOU, GEORGIOS • 131 in Ath
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PAUL, KING OF GREECE • 133 tive n
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POLITICAL PARTIES • 135 hold over
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PUBLIC POWER COMPANY • 137 the un
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confined to house arrest. In 1974,
Page 189 and 190:
REVOLUTION • 141 REVOLUTION. Ther
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SEFERIS, GEORGIOS • 143 military
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SHIPPING • 145 appeared as a Gree
Page 195 and 196:
SOFOULIS, THEMISTOKLIS • 147 agre
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TERRORISM • 149 style; since the
Page 199 and 200:
THESSALONIKI • 151 of the new fre
Page 201 and 202:
THRACE • 153 ficient in cereals a
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TREATY OF LAUSANNE • 155 ecotouri
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TRIKOUPIS, HARILAOS • 157 Empire
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TURKEY • 159 Moralis, established
Page 209 and 210:
UNITED STATES • 161 its tradition
Page 211 and 212:
VENIZELOS, ELEFTHERIOS • 163 The
Page 213 and 214:
VENIZELOS, ELEFTHERIOS • 165 Schi
Page 215 and 216:
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • 167 second
Page 217 and 218:
WOMEN • 169 against civilians att
Page 219 and 220:
WORLD WAR II • 171 tility between
Page 221 and 222:
ZORBAS, ALEXIS • 173 is further c
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Appendix A: Kings of Greece 1833-19
Page 225 and 226:
Appendix B: Presidents of Greece 18
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix C: Prime Ministers of Mode
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PRIME MINISTERS OF MODERN GREECE
Page 231 and 232:
PRIME MINISTERS OF MODERN GREECE
Page 233 and 234:
Appendix D: National Election Resul
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NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS IN GREECE
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Appendix E: Basic Data on Greece GE
Page 243 and 244:
BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 195 PEOPLE
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BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 197 time d
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BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 199 Distri
Page 249 and 250:
BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 201 thus i
Page 251 and 252:
Appendix F: Economic Statistical Ch
Page 253 and 254:
Graph 4. Greece: Public Deficit Gra
Page 255 and 256:
Bibliography I. General A. General
Page 257 and 258:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 209 of the Balkans
Page 259 and 260:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 211 century Greece
Page 261 and 262:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 213 New Geopolitic
Page 263 and 264:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 215 Hellander, Pau
Page 265 and 266:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 217 Driault, Edoua
Page 267 and 268:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 219 Hussey, Joan M
Page 269 and 270:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 221 Clogg, Richard
Page 271 and 272:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 223 Mackenzie, Com
Page 273 and 274:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 225 Theodorakis, M
Page 275 and 276:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 227 Papacosma, Vic
Page 277 and 278:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 229 Eddy, Charles.
Page 279 and 280:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 231 Tsoukalis, Lou
Page 281 and 282:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 233 Orfanos, Spyro
Page 283 and 284:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 235 Ethier, Diane.
Page 285 and 286:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 237 Askouni, N.
Page 287 and 288:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 239 Kakridis, Ioan
Page 289 and 290:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 241 Walcot, Peter.
Page 291 and 292:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 243 Tsaktsiras Lam
Page 293 and 294:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 245 ———. The
Page 295 and 296:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 247 Papadiamantis,
Page 297 and 298:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 249 Alexiou, Marga
Page 299 and 300:
C. History www.agp.gr The Andreas G
Page 301 and 302:
About the Author Dimitris Keridis i
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