HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE Jon Woronoff, Series ...

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xxxii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 Greece enters the Economic Monetary Union (EMU). Greece supports FYROM’s integrity during its ethnic crisis. 2004 Georgios Papandreou, son of Andreas, is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Party. 7 March: New Democracy, led by Karamanlis, wins the election. Greek-Cypriots overwhelmingly reject the Annan Plan of the United Nations for the reunification of the island. The Republic of Cyprus enters the EU. Greece successfully hosts the 2004 Olympic Games. 2005 Karolos Papoulias is elected president of the republic. 2007 16 September: New Democracy, led by Karamanlis, wins reelection. After a tough intraparty struggle, Papandreou is reelected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Party Movement. 2008 Following the failure to reach a compromise with FYROM, Greece vetoes its neighbor’s entry into NATO. 09_152_01_Front.indd xxxii 3/30/09 9:45:30 AM
Introduction Located in the southernmost tip of the Balkan Peninsula in Europe’s southeast, Greece is a small country of some 11 million people. It is also a fairly young country, founded in 1830, although it has a long history. This is where much of Europe’s civilization emerged from and later flourished as evidenced by the cultural, political, and scientific achievements of classical Hellas. Organized around self-governed city-states, ancient Greece expanded its influence across much of the Mediterranean before succumbing to the unifying force of Macedonia. Its king, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persian Empire and brought Greek civilization to the Middle East, creating the common cultural space from which Christianity later arose and spread. Alexander’s empire fragmented after his premature death in Babylon and, in the middle of the second century BCE, the Greek lands were conquered by Rome. The Romans assimilated much of the Greek culture and ethos, while the Greek language continued to be widely spoken in the eastern Mediterranean. After the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and the loss of the western provinces to the invading Germanic tribes, the surviving Roman Empire in the East was progressively further Hellenized and came to be known in the West as Byzantium. This was a medieval civilization that lasted for a millennium before succumbing first to the Crusaders and then to the rising Ottomans. The Ottomans used a few of the Byzantine traditions and recognized some rights for their subjects, including their Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians. In a sense, the Ottoman conquest prolonged the Middle Ages in the Greek lands, although some limited contact with the emerging Europe of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment in the West did occur. The Greeks’ secession from the Ottoman imperial order was a long and gradual process that had a lot to do with the increasing influence of xxxiii 09_152_01_Front.indd xxxiii 3/30/09 9:45:30 AM
Page 1 and 2: HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE J
Page 3 and 4: 56. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopo
Page 5 and 6: Historical Dictionary of Modern Gre
Page 7 and 8: To Roula and all my teachers 09_152
Page 9 and 10: Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
Page 11 and 12: Editor’s Foreword Few countries h
Page 13 and 14: Preface Writing a historical dictio
Page 15 and 16: PREFACE • xv much for the achieve
Page 17 and 18: Acronyms and Abbreviations AKEL CAP
Page 19 and 20: Map 1. Map of Ancient Greece 09_152
Page 21 and 22: Map 3. Road Map of Greece 09_152_01
Page 23 and 24: Chronology 3000-2000 BC An early Br
Page 25 and 26: CHRONOLOGY • xxv 1829 At the conc
Page 27 and 28: 1920 10 August: The Treaty of Sèvr
Page 29 and 30: CHRONOLOGY • xxix Kentrou), dismi
Page 31: CHRONOLOGY • xxxi territorial cla
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION • xxxv in Greece; th
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION • xxxvii Castoriades
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCTION • xxxix ism to the G
Page 41 and 42: INTRODUCTION • xli The conflict b
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCTION • xliii NEW CHALLENG
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION • xlv of the develop
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCTION • xlvii all Greek wo
Page 49 and 50: The Dictionary - A - ADMINISTRATION
Page 51 and 52: AGRICULTURE • 3 rades, and after
Page 53 and 54: ALBANIA • 5 Change came abruptly
Page 55 and 56: ALEXANDER THE GREAT • 7 the popul
Page 57 and 58: ANENDOTOS • 9 defeat of the invad
Page 59 and 60: ANGELOPOULOS, THEODOROS • 11 side
Page 61 and 62: ARAB WORLD • 13 Apostasia was the
Page 63 and 64: ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE • 15 of Ni
Page 65 and 66: ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE • 17 Veniz
Page 67 and 68: ATHENS • 19 More recently, there
Page 69 and 70: BALKANS • 21 give up much of Mace
Page 71 and 72: BARTHOLOMEW I • 23 Today, there a
Page 73 and 74: BYZANTINE EMPIRE • 25 century, wa
Page 75 and 76: CAPODISTRIAS, IOANNIS • 27 Greece
Page 77 and 78: CENTER UNION • 29 CAVAFY, CONSTAN
Page 79 and 80: CINEMA • 31 the identity cards is
Page 81 and 82: CIVIL WAR • 33 local socioeconomi
Page 83 and 84:
COALITION OF THE RADICAL LEFT • 3
Page 85 and 86:
COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE • 37 cu
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CONSTANTINE I GLÜCKSBURG • 39 ab
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CONSTANTINOPLE • 41 took power in
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CONSTRUCTION • 43 Since then, Gre
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The question of how to delineate th
Page 95 and 96:
CYCLADES • 47 dependence on Great
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CYPRUS QUESTION • 49 and the incr
Page 99 and 100:
DECEMBER AFFAIR • 51 the National
Page 101 and 102:
DEMOCRACY • 53 DELIGIORGIS, EPAMI
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DIMAS, PYRROS • 55 Today’s Gree
Page 105 and 106:
ECONOMY • 57 and dependent on rev
Page 107 and 108:
EDUCATION • 59 he continues to le
Page 109 and 110:
ENERGY • 61 so-called generation
Page 111 and 112:
ENVIRONMENT • 63 the Cypriot gove
Page 113 and 114:
EURO • 65 leadership of an ambiti
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FERAIOS, RIGAS • 67 of the econom
Page 117 and 118:
FINOS FILMS • 69 FINANCES. The Gr
Page 119 and 120:
FOREIGN POLICY • 71 tions, Florak
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FRANCE • 73 leader. As the riches
Page 123 and 124:
GEOGRAPHY • 75 Frederika played a
Page 125 and 126:
GEORGE II • 77 George was the sec
Page 127 and 128:
GOUNARIS, DIMITRIOS • 79 Gonatas
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GREAT BRITAIN • 81 or, better, pa
Page 131 and 132:
GREEK-OTTOMAN WAR • 83 long-term
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choreographer Rallou Manou, and man
Page 135 and 136:
IRREDENTISM • 87 British protecti
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JUNTA • 89 nio in downtown Athens
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KARAMANLIS, KONSTANTINOS • 91 194
Page 141 and 142:
KAZANTZAKIS, NIKOS • 93 the first
Page 143 and 144:
KOUN, KAROLOS • 95 Capodistrias,
Page 145 and 146:
LEGAL SYSTEM • 97 east. Koine was
Page 147 and 148:
MACEDONIA • 99 in which some of t
Page 149 and 150:
MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC
Page 151 and 152:
MAKARIOS III • 103 independent re
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MAKARIOS III • 105 proposed chang
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people, and their character. It has
Page 157 and 158:
MINORITIES • 109 Metaxas’ rule
Page 159 and 160:
MONARCHY • 111 while trying to br
Page 161 and 162:
MUSIC • 113 In Athos, fortresslik
Page 163 and 164:
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT • 115 N
Page 165 and 166:
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CYPRIOT FI
Page 167 and 168:
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
Page 169 and 170:
ORTHODOX CHURH OF GREECE • 121 ca
Page 171 and 172:
OTTO WITTELSBACH • 123 Orthodoxy
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PANHELLENIC SOCIALIST MOVEMENT •
Page 175 and 176:
PAPAGOS, ALEXANDROS • 127 his sea
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PAPANDREOU, ANDREAS • 129 At his
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PAPANDREOU, GEORGIOS • 131 in Ath
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PAUL, KING OF GREECE • 133 tive n
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POLITICAL PARTIES • 135 hold over
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PUBLIC POWER COMPANY • 137 the un
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confined to house arrest. In 1974,
Page 189 and 190:
REVOLUTION • 141 REVOLUTION. Ther
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SEFERIS, GEORGIOS • 143 military
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SHIPPING • 145 appeared as a Gree
Page 195 and 196:
SOFOULIS, THEMISTOKLIS • 147 agre
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TERRORISM • 149 style; since the
Page 199 and 200:
THESSALONIKI • 151 of the new fre
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THRACE • 153 ficient in cereals a
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TREATY OF LAUSANNE • 155 ecotouri
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TRIKOUPIS, HARILAOS • 157 Empire
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TURKEY • 159 Moralis, established
Page 209 and 210:
UNITED STATES • 161 its tradition
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VENIZELOS, ELEFTHERIOS • 163 The
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VENIZELOS, ELEFTHERIOS • 165 Schi
Page 215 and 216:
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • 167 second
Page 217 and 218:
WOMEN • 169 against civilians att
Page 219 and 220:
WORLD WAR II • 171 tility between
Page 221 and 222:
ZORBAS, ALEXIS • 173 is further c
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Appendix A: Kings of Greece 1833-19
Page 225 and 226:
Appendix B: Presidents of Greece 18
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix C: Prime Ministers of Mode
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PRIME MINISTERS OF MODERN GREECE
Page 231 and 232:
PRIME MINISTERS OF MODERN GREECE
Page 233 and 234:
Appendix D: National Election Resul
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NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS IN GREECE
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Appendix E: Basic Data on Greece GE
Page 243 and 244:
BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 195 PEOPLE
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BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 197 time d
Page 247 and 248:
BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 199 Distri
Page 249 and 250:
BASIC DATA ON GREECE • 201 thus i
Page 251 and 252:
Appendix F: Economic Statistical Ch
Page 253 and 254:
Graph 4. Greece: Public Deficit Gra
Page 255 and 256:
Bibliography I. General A. General
Page 257 and 258:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 209 of the Balkans
Page 259 and 260:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 211 century Greece
Page 261 and 262:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 213 New Geopolitic
Page 263 and 264:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 215 Hellander, Pau
Page 265 and 266:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 217 Driault, Edoua
Page 267 and 268:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 219 Hussey, Joan M
Page 269 and 270:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 221 Clogg, Richard
Page 271 and 272:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 223 Mackenzie, Com
Page 273 and 274:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 225 Theodorakis, M
Page 275 and 276:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 227 Papacosma, Vic
Page 277 and 278:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 229 Eddy, Charles.
Page 279 and 280:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 231 Tsoukalis, Lou
Page 281 and 282:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 233 Orfanos, Spyro
Page 283 and 284:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 235 Ethier, Diane.
Page 285 and 286:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 237 Askouni, N.
Page 287 and 288:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 239 Kakridis, Ioan
Page 289 and 290:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 241 Walcot, Peter.
Page 291 and 292:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 243 Tsaktsiras Lam
Page 293 and 294:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 245 ———. The
Page 295 and 296:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 247 Papadiamantis,
Page 297 and 298:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 249 Alexiou, Marga
Page 299 and 300:
C. History www.agp.gr The Andreas G
Page 301 and 302:
About the Author Dimitris Keridis i
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