B.Sc. - Acharya Nagarjuna University

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Second Year PHYSICS Syllabus Paper – II: Thermodynamics and Optics 120 hrs (4hrs/week) Unit – I Part A: Thermodynamics 1. Kinetic theory of gases: (6) Introduction – Deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, Experimental verification Toothed Wheel Experiment, Transport Phenomena – Viscosity of gases – thermal conductivity – diffusion of gases. 2. Thermodynamics: (12) Introduction – Reversible and irreversible processes – Carnot’s engine and its efficiency – Carnot’s theorem – Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin’s and Claussius statements – Thermodynamic scale of temperature – Entropy, physical significance – Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy and disorder – Entropy of universe – Temperature Entropy (TS) diagram – Change of entropy of a perfect gaschange of entropy when ice changes into steam. 3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: (10) Unit – II Thermodynamic potentials – Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations – ClausiusClayperon’s equation – Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas. Joule Kelvin effect – expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal’s gas. 4. Low temperature Physics: (12) Introduction – Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion – Expression for Joule Thomson cooling – Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza’s method – Adiabatic demagnetization – Production of low temperatures – Principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type. Working of refrigerator and Air conditioning machines. Effects of Chloro and Fluro Carbons on Ozone layer; applications of substances at low temperature. 5. Quantum theory of radiation: (12) Black bodyFerry’s black body – distribution of energy in the spectrum of Black body – Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s law, RayleighJean’s law – Quantum
theory of radiation Planck’s law – deduction of Wein’s law, RayleighJeans law, from Planck’s law Measurement of radiation – Types of pyrometers – Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – experimental determination – Angstrom pyroheliometer determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun. 6. Statistical Mechanics: (10) Introduction to statistical mechanics, concept of ensembles, Phase space, MaxwellBoltzmann’s distribution law, Molecular energies in an ideal gas, Bose Einstein Distribution law, FermiDirac Distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws, Black Body Radiation, RayleighJean’s formula, Planck’s radiation law, Weins Displacement, Stefan’s Boltzmann’s law from Plancks formula. Application of FermiDirac statistics to white dwarfs and Neutron stars. PART – B Unit III OPTICS 7 The Matrix methods in paraxial optics: (8) Introduction, the matrix method, effect of translation, effect of refraction, imaging by a spherical refracting surface. Imaging by a coaxial optical system. Unit planes. Nodal planes. A system of two thin lenses. 8 Aberrations: (6) Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic doublet – Removal of chromatic aberration of a separated doublet. 9 Interference: (15) Principle of superposition – coherence – temporal coherence and spatial coherence – conditions for Interference of light Interference by division of wave front: Fresnel’s biprism – determination of wave length of light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism – change of phase on reflection – Lloyd’s mirror experiment. Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films – Non reflecting films – interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source – Interference by a film with two nonparallel reflecting surfaces (Wedge shaped film) – Determination of diameter of wireNewton’s rings in reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate, Newton’s
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MODIFIED CURRICULUM B.Sc. From the
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Second Year ENGLISH Syllabus PAPER
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B.Sc. - Acharya Nagarjuna University

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