Vision 2025 - National Research Centre for Grapes

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5.3.2 Crop Production The compatibility of rootstocks and table /wine varieties in long term has not been established so far. Canopy standardization could not be done to determine the optimum leaf : fruit ratio for the different varieties under various agro climatic conditions of soil and water resulting in poor quality fruits. Optimum yield levels for the different varieties under various agro climatic conditions of soil and water could not be determined thus affecting the quality of fruits and productivity of vines. The agrotechniques for table varieties like Flame Seedless was not standardized for its fruitfulness and production under Indian condition. Hence, the area under cultivation is reducing. Many wine varieties have been introduced but their performance in various parts of country yet to be evaluated and their package of practices is yet to be standardized. Standardization of training system and pruning practices based on the vigour of vine in table / wine grapes needs to be taken up variety wise. Till now, the quantitative relationship has not been established between petiole nutrient content and nutrient application. Further, there is a need to integrate soil test values with petiole nutrient norms for improving fertilizer use efficiency. A sequential manurial schedule is to be evolved for different age groups. Recycling of on farm wastes in the vineyards has not been popularized due to disease related apprehensions. However, this needs rethinking as substantial quantities of nutrients are removed through pruned biomass. Petiole nutrient norms have been worked out for two stages (bud differentiation and flowering) only and this will not be reflective of the yield and quality of the produce keeping in view the recent fertilization practices. There is need to work out the petiole nutrient norms for different stages in vine. No studies have been undertaken for determining nutritional needs of wine varieties under Indian conditions. The problems of salinity and water scarcity have resulted in the decline in productivity of own rooted vineyards. The rootstocks offer scope for raising vineyards in these areas and they also modify the nutrient uptake pattern of the vine. There is a need to screen different rootstocks tolerant to various stresses and their adaptability to different nutrient load in the soil. Many times it has been observed that disease pressure is high in stressed vines due to nutrient imbalance. Potassium has been implicated in many situations. However, intensive work needs to be carried out to understand this mechanism. The amount of water to be given per vine on a given day in relation to its stage of growth and evapo-transpiration demand has been worked out for grafted Thompson Seedless vines only in heavy soils. Further, application of fertilizer doses under different soil moisture levels needs to be worked out in view of frequent drought like situations in major grape growing areas. Further studies also need to be carried out in other commercial varieties of interest. 5.3.3 Crop Protection Software adopted and developed for managing downy mildew, anthracnose and powdery mildew based on weather parameters need to be tested under various agroclimatic conditions and developed further the cost-effective software based on wireless system of weather station. Machines / tools for uniform coverage of pesticide spray on whole canopy are not available and need to be introduced or designed locally within country. This also equally applies for the management of insect pests of mealy bugs and thrips. Integrated plant protection management schedule including biocontrol agent not available 16
today for both the management of insect / pests and diseases. The over dependence on pesticide use could be reduced considerably. Newer and safer chemical molecule needs to be introduced and used in future to manage the problem of pesticide residues in grapes. 5.3.4 Pre and post-harvest technology to improve shelf life Alternate technology in place of use of sulphur dioxide pad is not available and need to be developed keeping in view the likely ban in using SO 2 in future. Technology to harvest produce without injuries and further improving the cooling efficiency in cold storage need to be developed in view of more problem of rot during storage of grape at low temperature. 5.4 LESSONS LEARNT, SUGGESTIONS AND OPTIONS FOR FUTURE 5.4.1 Crop Improvement Germplasm is a great asset. In addition to acquiring more and more germplasm, it is essential to conserve the available germplasm. It will be very difficult to recoup the lost germplasm, as the countries possessing the same will not spare it as easily as they did in the past. The following options are suggested for future in respect of the germplasm conservation and genetic improvement. 1. Collection, evaluation, characterization and cataloguing of indigenous wild and other useful germplasm to be intensified further. 2. Systematic evaluation of germplasm for all desirable characters under ideal cultural and management conditions in the country. 3. In-vitro conservation of Vitis germplasm is not economically viable. 4. Clonal selection to identify superior clones in the existing commercial vineyards and also among the introduced varieties. 5. Breeding with specific objectives to induce disease resistance in vinifera cultivars, increase the berry size in Thompson Seedless, evolve early ripening seedless variety with bold green berries, besides self thinning and fruitfulness at basal buds. 6. Work on non-conventional breeding methods such as marker assisted selection and transgenic hybridization to evolve varieties with all desirable characters need to be intensified. 5.4.2 Crop Production Considering high initial investment and maintenance cost in vineyard establishment, following are the options suggested for undertaking the future strategy. 1. Compatibility of rootstocks with various commercial table and wine varieties and is adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions. 2. Newer nursery techniques to reduce gestation period. Modifications in training and pruning practices to reduce the initial investment and increasing yield to make available fruits in off-season. 3. Management of soil ecosystem favourable for vine root proliferation, their healthy growth and optimum functioning. 4. Nutrient budgeting taking into account the organic nutrient reserves in the vine for varying ages besides recycling of waste generated by vines. 17
Page 2 and 3: Vision - 2025 NRC for Grapes, Pune,
Page 4 and 5: 9. RESEARCH PROGRAMMES 9.1 Research
Page 7: PREFACE The country is in the midst
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE INDIAN GRAPE
Page 12 and 13: diurnal variations in temperature h
Page 14 and 15: 3. GROWTH 3.1 INFRASTRUCTURE 3.1.1
Page 16 and 17: 3.3 MANPOWER Manpower position is g
Page 18 and 19: consecutive years in same vines of
Page 20 and 21: esistance. Analysis of these access
Page 22 and 23: • Similarly use of Cycocel (CCC),
Page 24 and 25: associations of various states, esp
Page 26 and 27: 5.1.3 Crop Protection The imported
Page 30 and 31: 5. Standardization of fertigation t
Page 32 and 33: Table 4. Export-import of various p
Page 34 and 35: 6.1 INDIAN SCENARIO -REGION-WISE In
Page 36 and 37: Both the vinifera varieties viz., A
Page 38 and 39: • Although the Indian raisins com
Page 40 and 41: 8. ISSUES AND STRATEGIES 8.1 CROP I
Page 42 and 43: 7. Nutrient and soil management in
Page 44 and 45: Research Programme 7. Nutrient and
Page 46 and 47: Research Programme 14.4 Improving r
Page 48 and 49: International 1. University of Cali
Page 50 and 51: 11.4 LABOUR Grape is a highly manip
Page 52: Improved production technology, pre

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