Marketing Compost (EAWAG) - The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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9 Annexes Annex 1 Compost quality standards Comparison of selected heavy metal maximum safe levels in Europe and the USA (in mg/kg DS). The table also provides the references to these quality standards. Country Quality Standard Cd Cu Ni Pb Zn Austria Biowaste Ordinance Class A 1 150 60 120 500 Denmark Agricultural Ministry 0.4 1000 30 120 4000 Germany Biowaste Ordinance Type II 1.5 100 50 150 400 Switzerland Federal Ordinance OHW 1 100 30 120 400 The Netherlands Class “Standard Compost” 1 60 20 100 200 UK TCA Quality Label 1.5 200 50 150 400 USA EPA CRF40/503 Sludge Rule 39 1500 420 300 2800 Table adapted from Fuchs et al. (2004) Further regulations address hygienic requirements (e. g. minimum temperatures during composting process) or organic pollutants, such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Marketing Compost—Annexes 97
This table compares compost quality standards for agricultural use of compost in Switzerland, India and Great Britain. Criteria Switzerland Association of Swiss Composting Plants (ASCP) Indicators for Maturity/Stability India Indian Institute for Soil Science (04 Task Force) Great Britain PAS 100 (BSI) and Apex Standard* pH < 8.2 6.5–7.5 7.5–8.5* Organic matter < 50 % > 16 % C org 30–40 % NO 3 -N/NH 4 -N ratio > 2 --- - C/N ratio > 21:1 20:1 15:1–20:1* Dry weight > 50 % 75–85 % 65–55 % Decomposition Plant compatibility feedstock unrecognisable, except for wood planting tests (cress, salad, beans, ...) dark brown no odour Respiratory test --- < 15 mg CO 2 -C per 100 g TOC/day Indicators for Nutrients --- --- 20 % below control < 16 mg CO 2 /g organic matter/day Phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) > 0.7 % 0.5–0.8 % 25–40 mg/l* Potassium (K 2 O) --- 1–2 % 0.5–0.7 %* Total nitrogen > 1 % DS** > 0.8 % DS 0.7–1.0 % NO 3 -N > 40 mg/kg WS --- 15–120 mg/l* NH 4 -N > 300 mg/kg WS --- 1–5 mg/l* Indicators for Pollution Impurities < 1 %, no visible plastic, glass or metal < 1 % inert material and foreign matter < 0.5 % of total air-dried sample by mass Cadmium (mg/kg DS) 1 5 1.5 Chromium (mg/kg DS) 100 50 100 Copper (mg/kg DS) 100 300 200 Lead (mg/kg DS) 120 300 200 Nickel (mg/kg DS) 30 50 50 Mercury (mg/kg DS) 1 2.5 1 Zinc (mg/kg DS) 400 500 400 * Apex is a voluntary standard launched by UK’s three largest waste management firms. ** DS = dry solids 98 Marketing Compost—Annexes
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Sandec: Department of Water and San
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Impressum Publisher: Eawag, P.O. Bo
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7 Key principles of promotion 79 7.
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1 Introduction For many years, busi
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marketing is not a one-off task: it
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Create value for customers and buil
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Successful compost marketing in Sri
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Successful compost marketing in Sri
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Chemical fertilisers usually consis
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Composting methods Photograph: Jona
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2.4 Basics of market research and m
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Data collection in the Palestinian
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epresent those of the population at
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Choosing appropriate respondents A
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30 Marketing Compost—Background P
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3.1 Competition Competitors are the
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Enforced environmental laws as an o
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an awareness of the need for organi
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4 Market assessment So far, you hav
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20 per cent of the compost market i
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Potential market The potential mark
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Willingness and ability to pay A co
Page 48 and 49: Farmers’ willingness but inabilit
Page 50 and 51: 4.4 Quantifying market demand We ar
Page 52 and 53: 4.5 Profiles of market segments You
Page 54 and 55: 5 Product, positioning and location
Page 56 and 57: Various compost brands Photograph:
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 Quality A satisfied customer wi
Page 60 and 61: Photograph: PWEG Quality depends mo
Page 62 and 63: 5.3 Meeting demand through producti
Page 64 and 65: 5.4 Business location Many factors
Page 66 and 67: The farmers pay $ 2.80 per truckloa
Page 68 and 69: This map illustrates a typical situ
Page 70: Once the business relationship with
Page 73 and 74: Production costs include variable c
Page 75 and 76: quality products. You may also find
Page 77 and 78: Terms of payment depend on the impo
Page 80 and 81: 7 Key principles of promotion So fa
Page 82 and 83: Marketing communication methods Wor
Page 84 and 85: 7.2 Promotion in practice Budgeting
Page 86 and 87: use of compost. They can also corre
Page 88 and 89: Getting the wording right The words
Page 90 and 91: Packaging The main purpose of packa
Page 92 and 93: Consider developing a simple ‘vis
Page 94: Compost Associations Worldwide Comp
Page 97: Final comments We asked a number of
Page 101 and 102: Annex 3 Examples of market segment
Page 103 and 104: Template Customer Group: Geographic
Page 105 and 106: B. Questionnaire for Nurseries in N
Page 107 and 108: Acknowledgements The authors would
Page 109 and 110: Bibliography References Some of the
Page 111 and 112: Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. 2006. Pri
Page 113 and 114: The authors Jonathan Rouse is an in
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Marketing Compost (EAWAG) - The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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