(Ed) 2006. Energy policies for sustainable development in South Africa

3.2.4 Concluding remarks on main issues 40
3.3 Outlook for the future of energy demand 41
3.3.1 How is demand expected to change in future 41
3.3.2 Drivers of energy demand 42
3.4 Emerging gaps 43
4 Energy supply in South Africa 45
4.1 Energy reserves and primary production 45
4.1.1 Coal 46
4.1.2 Oil 47
4.1.3 Natural gas and coalbed methane 48
4.1.4 Uranium 48
4.1.5 Biomass 48
4.1.6 Hydroelectric power 50
4.1.7 Solar 50
4.1.8 Wind 51
4.2 Energy transformation 52
4.2.1 Electricity generation 52
4.2.2 Production of liquid fuels 56
4.2.3 Renewable energy 58
4.3 Issues for future energy supply 59
4.3.1 Energy reserves and prices 59
4.3.2 Electricity supply 59
4.3.3 Liquid fuels 60
4.3.4 Renewables 60
5 Social issues 61
5.1 Analysis of the current situation 61
5.1.1 Introduction 61
5.1.2 Household energy access 61
5.1.3 Household energy use 64
5.2 Sustainability issues for energy development 68
5.2.1 Access, affordability and acceptability 68
5.2.2 Subsidies 69
5.2.3 Energy and job creation 69
5.2.4 Economic empowerment of the historically disadvantaged 70
5.2.5 The need to inform and educate the poor on energy issues 70
5.2.6 Gender and energy 70
5.3 Energy-related social issues 71
5.3.1 Future energy generation and job creation 71
5.3.2 Effects of electricity prices and subsidies 71
5.3.3 Energisation approaches 72
5.3.4 Energy and integrated development approaches 75
5.3.5 The challenge of inter-sectoral linkages 75
5.4 Emerging gaps 76