Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa - PROFOR

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34 MANAGING THE MIOMBO WOODLANDS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
3 DIAGNOSIS: WHY IS MIOMBO NOT BETTER MANAGED The many opportunities for expanding the use and management of miombo to meet specifi c market demands and reduce rural poverty pose a compelling question: Why is miombo so poorly managed What is causing its degradation, and why have institutions and organizations not been able to effectively respond to the pressures being placed on it The barriers that are preventing miombo from being better managed can be characterized in four ways: • First, biophysical barriers, which can simply refl ect the limits posed by ecology for improving productivity; • Second, there are clear policy barriers which can be tackled by governments, but which are preventing better management of miombo; • Third, economic barriers can limit the incentives for improving management; and • Last, the capacity for managing miombo is sometimes hobbled by both organizational and institutional barriers. 3.1 BIOPHYSICAL BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MIOMBO The inherently low productivity of miombo and the problem of managing it for the production of multiple products pose some of the most important biophysical barriers to its sustainable management. Low inherent productivity Limited research has been done on miombo productivity, but the available data suggest that productivity is low. This is because miombo woodlands are located on some of the poorest soils in some of the driest regions Africa. Frost (1996) has compiled available yield data. Dry miombo coppice plots in Zambia had yields of about 2 m³ per ha per year. In some of the best remaining miombo in Africa, Marzoli (2007) estimated yields (in Mozambique) ranged from 2.0 to 4.8 m 3 per ha per year for all species. Lower yields were found in open woodlands in drier regions, while higher yields came from wet miombo woodlands of northern Mozambique. In Tanzania, Misana et al. (2005) estimated yields of 2.3 m 3 per ha per year from regrowth of miombo woodland, suggesting that it takes 8 to 15 years for degraded woodlands to recover for charcoal production. 16 Although growth is slow, strong coppicing occurs, so coppice management is possible (Luoga et al. 2004). Indeed, miombo regenerates relatively easily. Provided that miombo is not permanently converted to farmland, regeneration can be robust and requires relatively few silvicultural interventions. Caro et al. (2005), however, 16 Providing that trees are allowed to grow to a minimum size of greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) before burning to charcoal. POLICIES, INCENTIVES, AND OPTIONS FOR THE RURAL POOR 35
Page 1 and 2: MANAGING THE MIOMBO WOODLANDS OF SO
Page 3 and 4: NOVEMBER 2011 MANAGING THE MIOMBO W
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Miombo woodlands
Page 9 and 10: Low margins and shallow markets for
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was pre
Page 13 and 14: 1 INTRODUCTION Miombo woodlands are
Page 15 and 16: TABLE 1.1. DEFORESTATION RATES IN C
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 1.3. INDICATORS OF POVERTY FO
Page 19 and 20: BOX 1.1. POVERTY TRAPS AND THE MIOM
Page 21 and 22: 2 CONTEXT: EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES F
Page 23 and 24: growing on scarce, clay-rich soils
Page 25 and 26: These studies all record high level
Page 27 and 28: project-driven, and interest was ca
Page 29 and 30: forest-dwelling communities. PES sc
Page 31 and 32: BOX 2.1. TAPPING NEW MARKETS: PHYTO
Page 33 and 34: Urbanization rates are high for mos
Page 35: 2.6 SUMMARY We have attempted to sh
Page 39 and 40: a few, high-value resources. They h
Page 41 and 42: and getting timber through checkpoi
Page 43 and 44: environmental policies) are seldom
Page 45 and 46: Moving beyond the level of househol
Page 47 and 48: has a number of negative consequenc
Page 49 and 50: of beeswax annually (Nhantumbo and
Page 51 and 52: Forest policies have not been condu
Page 53 and 54: 4 SOLUTIONS: HOW CAN THE MANAGEMENT
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 4.1. FORESTRY AND POVERTY RE
Page 57 and 58: particularly if carbon markets deve
Page 59 and 60: 4.4 FOUR IMMEDIATE ENTRY POINTS FOR
Page 61 and 62: the right instrument for achieving
Page 63 and 64: health services and weak political
Page 65 and 66: 5 REFERENCES Abbot, J.I.O. and K.A.
Page 67 and 68: Chidumayo, E.N., J. Gambiza, and I.
Page 69 and 70: Kambewa, P.S., B.F. Mataya, W.K. Si
Page 71 and 72: Moore, K. and J.E. Hall. 1987. “R
Page 73 and 74: Shackleton, S., B.M. Campbell, H. L
Page 75 and 76: Wunder, S. Forthcoming. “Payments
Page 77: THE MIOMBO WOODLANDS ARE THE MOST E

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