Girma-Eshete-Jenbere-thesis - Ethiopian Wolf Conservation ...

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Chapter II: Literature Review 2.1. Afro-alpine ecosystem in Ethiopia Ethiopia‟s unique geology sets it apart from other African countries. In the high mountains of East Africa the climate determines three broad altitudinal belts: an Afro-alpine zone, subafroalpine and montane forests or grassland belt (Kingdon, 1990). The Ethiopian massif is characterized by marked altitudinal variations that produce a range of climates affecting plant and animal distribution and the concentration of people (Yalden and Largen, 1992). Most people live in the fertile highlands of the Woina Dega (warm temperate) and Dega (temperate) zones. The Wurch zone (alpine, >3,000m) is colder and less favorable for agriculture and broadly corresponds with the distribution of habitats suitable for the Ethiopian wolf. Within the Wurch, ericaceous heathlands dominated by Phillipia and Erica spp. (Miehe and Miehe, 1993) are replaced at higher elevations by the Afro-alpine grasslands, scrubs and meadows above about 3,200m. The Afro-alpine areas experiences regular night frosts, diurnal temperature fluctuations that far exceed seasonal ones, and intense irradiation. Marked altitudinal variations characterize the climate, fauna and flora of the Ethiopian highlands (Yalden and Largen, 1992) temperature decreases with altitude and rainfall begins to decrease above 3,850 m (Hillman, 1986; Sillero- Zubiri, 1994) determining an altitudinal component in the diversity of Afro-alpine plants and rodents. The most recent glaciers retreated within the last 10,000 years and as the climate warmed the Afro-alpine ecosystem became restricted to the highest mountains. The end of the Pleistocene 5
ought a change in the climate, and the extensive Ethiopian Afro-alpine steppes shrunk to their present state, reducing the habitat available to Ethiopian wolves by an order of magnitude (Gottelli and Sillero-Zubiri, 1992). Global warming during the last 10,000 years progressively confined the Afro-alpine ecosystem to the highest mountains, and 60% of all Ethiopian land above 3,000m has been converted to farmland. The central Sanetti Plateau located within the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in Southwestern Ethiopia is one of the most distinctive of all Ethiopian habitats and represents the type of characteristic Afro-alpine vegetation that would have spread over a wide area of highland during the peak of the glacial. Apart from Bale and Arsi in Southern highlands, Afro-alpine ecosystems are located in the Simien Mountain National Park (SMNP) the largest Afro-alpine range North of the Rift Valley and the third most important in wolf population in Ethiopia. The other Afro-alpine units are North Wollo (1150 km 2 above 3200 m), South Wollo (1220km 2 ), Mt.Guna (960 km 2 ), Mt.Choke (500km 2 ) Guassa-Menz (124km 2 ) and Gosh Meda (90km 2 ) (Marino, 2003). The major three primary mountain ranges: Bale, Arsi and Simen receive some recognition as protected areas under the EWCO. In Northern highlands 680 km 2 of Afro-alpine and sub-afroalpine habitat in the Simen Mountains (ANRS) only 180 km 2 fall within the SMNP and the remainder the buffer zone around the park. One area of Afro-alpine habitat in Menz (ANRS) is managed by a committee of the community (Ashenafi et al., 2005), and all other including the Mt. Abune Yoseph have no formal protection. 6
Page 1 and 2: Mekelle University CDANR College of
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Mt. Abune Yoseph has high
Page 5 and 6: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents page ABSTRACT ...
Page 9 and 10: 4.4. HUMAN-LIVESTOCK INTERFERENCE T
Page 11 and 12: Table 20: HHs response on wolf obse
Page 13 and 14: xiii
Page 15 and 16: subjected to greater land use press
Page 17: 1.4. Objectives 1.4.1. General Obje
Page 21 and 22: The present community of high altit
Page 23 and 24: In addition, Afro-alpine ecosystem
Page 25 and 26: The continued decline of the Ethiop
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2: Ethiopian wolf sighting o
Page 29 and 30: The Afro-alpine habitats in North W
Page 31 and 32: In Afro-alpine ecosystems the life
Page 33 and 34: In Northern highlands the livestock
Page 35 and 36: takes place in the dry season and a
Page 37 and 38: In Ethiopia the history of resource
Page 39 and 40: Lasta Woreda Figure 4: Location of
Page 41 and 42: soil differ from place to place bas
Page 43 and 44: Based on results of the pre-test, a
Page 45 and 46: Chapter IV: Results and Discussion
Page 47 and 48: Communities living closer to Mt. Ab
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5:.Land ownership status and
Page 51 and 52: Even though the pattern of resource
Page 53 and 54: Table 10: Factors determining the p
Page 55 and 56: management (Table 10). This means t
Page 57 and 58: Table 11: Factors determining the p
Page 59 and 60: indicated in Table 8 than the study
Page 61 and 62: Table 15: Livestock population grow
Page 63 and 64: Fire wood collection was another ty
Page 65 and 66: The conflict between wildlife and l
Page 67 and 68: Sheep predators Figure 8: HHs respo
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Table 20: HHs response on wolf obse
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time on wolf number enabled the HHs
Page 73 and 74:
Table 23: Bivariate fit analysis of
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in 2.2.2; this difference could be
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Table 27: Analysis of wolf sighting
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Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommend
Page 81 and 82:
Since the attitude and action of hu
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References Alcorn, J.B, 1997. Indig
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Kingdon, J., 1990. Island Africa. C
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Sillero-Zubiri, C., A. A. King and
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During wet season for ___________ m
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No Wild animal Type of crop damaged
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2: Contingency tables Table 1: Chi-
Page 95 and 96:
Table 5: Chi-square test of HHs bas
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Girma-Eshete-Jenbere-thesis - Ethiopian Wolf Conservation ...

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