A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
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Fernando López-Menchero Díez<br />
Ópitjī eurōpā́ iosjo kṓnātijā kómtagtis<br />
A tentative syntax <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Version 1. March 2013
Énduktis<br />
Sindhueuropājās átidemtis dn̥ ghwās məgnós áiwesi bhébhowe wighowos. Káputlom wenghos<br />
ghi egēsmn̥ dhn̥ ghewós skribhtī ́ tristimónjosjo wéseti, ítətom telom stúdjosjo dhugtr̥ dn̥ ghwãm<br />
wr̥ dhomeni keitoi. Bheustjos paukom ad wr̥ tnóm esti nū ad kómtagtijoi wóqqejmenos wilowoi.<br />
Polā ́ sā swḗristā aw esti werijosei dn̥ ghuwidjōi əptéwijōi.<br />
Tosjo enskroibhī meinom nē newī sindhueuropājosjo kómtagtjos pl̥ nowr̥ gnā́<br />
aposkroibhodeiktim esti, ghina spekjẽm plḗjestā n̥ gnōtā́ dāiteī ́ nū́tenāi wéseti. Ati káiwonim<br />
démomos áitijom aw móghnijom protimonom bhocóis cójistois kowésmn̥ bhos sm̥ bhodhóm.<br />
Protimonos so oqoskīrḗd krītós órtujēd esti, qos penqe sm̥ ghesla átnōm prāi bhāstor.<br />
Bhod ólterom sesgesmn̥ sindhueuropājāi ambhi kómtagteī ghoretum chélomos, jota kṓnāiwos<br />
enskroibhos so bhrougis sjēti newōm jékmonom ordhésmenei awti eti práiloghom proti<br />
gnōnom déikmenei, enpronktī newa dhébhjosawe ékslegmona atidemtipropodōi n̥ serṓi.<br />
Prówelutijom jekmn̥ stānom dektéwijom esti sólwotos bhātrodeqsteī ́ .<br />
Pelúwijes pr̥ kskās wḗropropēd dew n̥ lūtās, mənḗsonti, déikmn̥ tos kem ptōtis pérəmāms regonts<br />
sjūtra. Esti weteljājãm dn̥ ghwãm pérəmom próitijom, jóqodhei ántitjom sedleinom preismēd<br />
sémlibhos génesjom bhrū́gjetoi démtibhos; komsqr̥ teinom awti stā́nejom awti génesjom;<br />
ghōdheinom, loudhweinom senoprekonjokloweinomqe dətēiwom. Nūper dúsqoristom<br />
kómmoinim rektum tosmei ádklētm̥ , ud edqom an bhūt.<br />
Jotna bholetum wélīmes toqe peluwom loisṓm, qoi kóbotos peros ékosmi stéighmenei<br />
ménmenjoi onənḗr. Tōdem bhúrtjolom epidhídhēntes, epi gígantom skándomos omsons.<br />
Introduction<br />
The reconstruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong> language has always been a big challenge. The main<br />
difficulty is the lack <strong>of</strong> direct written testimony, so that the base for study lies mainly on the<br />
vocabulary <strong>of</strong> its daughther languages. Little attention has been paid until now to its syntactic<br />
grammar analysis. This approach is however very important to attain a wider knowledge <strong>of</strong> the<br />
language.<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this document is not to present a fully fledged description <strong>of</strong> the new <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
syntax, since most <strong>of</strong> its aspects remain unknown at the present time. We just reconstruct a<br />
partial but possible pattern squaring with the current understanding <strong>of</strong> Late <strong>Indoeuropean</strong> in<br />
accordance with prevailing theories. This pattern is obviously different from the original one<br />
which was spoken some five millennia ago.<br />
We definitely wish to encourage further research on indoeuropean syntax, so that this<br />
temptative document may be useful to raise further issues or even counter the available<br />
information, bringing in new or more solid items into our reconstruction process. An evolutive<br />
state <strong>of</strong> the issue has to be accepted in the presentation <strong>of</strong> the model as whole.<br />
Many questions will probably long remain unsolved, as for instance the case governing the<br />
absolute clauses. Italic languages have an absolute ablative, whereas Ancient Greek uses<br />
mainly the genitive for similar constructions; Sanskrit either the locative or the genitive;<br />
Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic the dative. It is for the moment very difficult to<br />
determine a common denominator for this, if it ever existed.<br />
We would also like to highlight the efforts <strong>of</strong> many scholars who have successfully contributed<br />
to step further in this monumental domain. By just laying a little brick, we ride on giants’<br />
shoulders.<br />
2
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Udbholowédheta<br />
Pronunciation guide<br />
c /g u̯ /<br />
ch /g u̯ h /<br />
dh /d h /<br />
bh /b h /<br />
gh /g h /<br />
j, w /i̯ /, /u̯ /<br />
djo, tjo, kje, bhje /di̯ o/, /ti̯ o/, /ki̯ e/, /bhi̯ e/<br />
dwo, two, kwe, bhwe /du̯ o/, /tu̯ o/, /ku̯ e/, /bhu̯ e/<br />
qa, qe, qi, qo, qu /k u̯ a/, /k u̯ e/, /k u̯ i/, /k u̯ o/, /k w u/<br />
gt, ght, kt<br />
/kt/<br />
bt, bht, pt<br />
/pt/<br />
ss<br />
/ss/ /s/<br />
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3
Endiks<br />
A.-Bhāniqestjes<br />
1.-Sentmn̥ ptōtjesqe<br />
2-Epikeimn̥<br />
3.-Rēidhmōs<br />
Kluwēiwā<br />
Kəlēiwā<br />
Loktēiwā<br />
Génesjā<br />
Dətēiwā<br />
Stā́ nejā<br />
Dhḗtlejā<br />
Próitijā<br />
Genos<br />
Sreidhmos<br />
Ptōtimojos<br />
Gwā́mona<br />
Bhéwtijom<br />
Səmostāiwom/eksóptijom<br />
Səmodhēiwom<br />
Perəmóm uperdhēiwom<br />
Séqijom uperdhēiwom<br />
4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe)<br />
5.-Doljās<br />
Énonmija<br />
Widíktija<br />
Éiktija<br />
Pr̥ktija<br />
Réidhmeja<br />
Anabhr̥tija<br />
6.-Ənawərēmn̥<br />
Index<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
The substantive and cases 7<br />
Nominative<br />
Vocative<br />
Accusative<br />
Genitive<br />
Dative<br />
Locative<br />
Instrumental<br />
Ablative<br />
The adjective 20<br />
Gender<br />
Number<br />
Case variation<br />
Grades<br />
Positive/ natural<br />
Equative<br />
Comparative<br />
Absolute superlative<br />
Relative superlative<br />
Numerals 24<br />
Pronouns and determinants 39<br />
Personal<br />
Demonstrative<br />
Possessive<br />
Interrogative<br />
Numeral<br />
Relative<br />
Particles 49<br />
The adverb 58<br />
4
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
7.-Wərēmn̥<br />
Énonmōs<br />
Prāwos<br />
Dwóteros<br />
Tritjos<br />
Woqes<br />
Qíqerjā<br />
Medhjā<br />
Pətjomnī<br />
Éksonmis<br />
Ambhítowā spekjēs wr̥tjōm<br />
modesomqe<br />
Wr̥tja<br />
Módesa<br />
Enstānt<br />
N̥roki<br />
Kómsqr̥tom<br />
Bhewsont<br />
Déiktijom<br />
Próknejom<br />
Upotágtijom<br />
Óptijom<br />
Éntagtijom<br />
Bhrūgtjes/ wəlēntjom<br />
Bhéutijā<br />
Stāiwā<br />
Kéntijā<br />
Propódejā<br />
Éntonwā<br />
Ménghijā<br />
Wéistijā<br />
Wn̥skāiwā<br />
The verb 69<br />
Persons<br />
First<br />
Second<br />
Third<br />
Voices<br />
Active<br />
Middle<br />
Passive<br />
Impersonal<br />
General outlook <strong>of</strong> tenses and moods<br />
Tenses<br />
Moods<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Indicative<br />
Precative<br />
Subjunctive<br />
Optative<br />
Imperative<br />
Usages/ valency<br />
Natural<br />
Stative/ essive<br />
Inceptive/ fientive<br />
Progressive<br />
Intensive<br />
Frequentative<br />
Causative<br />
Desiderative<br />
5
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
B.-Bhānis<br />
1.-Bhānipr̥ptus<br />
Sm̥ plobhānis<br />
Apṓgnujā bhānis<br />
Pr̥ ktijā bhānis<br />
Skrígtijā bhānis<br />
Énbhətijā bhānis<br />
N̥dhigsnimobhrūgtjes<br />
Atikōpjobhrūgtjes<br />
Qr̥tr̥ nōmn ̥ /Pətjomnonōmn̥<br />
Perəmá kómtagmona<br />
Sm̥ bhondhos<br />
2.-Bhānism̥bhendhmn̥<br />
Komjougos<br />
Upojougos<br />
Wedhmosjūtra<br />
Delmosjūtra<br />
Winomosjūtra<br />
Enbhorosjūtra<br />
Praiqinasjūtra<br />
Protiwr̥tnosjūtra<br />
Ekswōqosjūtra<br />
Kómplēsjūtra<br />
Anábhōrsjūtra<br />
Ambhistānosjūtra<br />
Soikowōdos<br />
Sānowōdos<br />
Mēlowōdos<br />
• Antimēlowōdos<br />
• Səmitiwōdos<br />
• Posmēlowōdos<br />
Upódhētiwōdos<br />
Səmostātíwōdos<br />
Wéismn̥ wōdos<br />
Sqérmn̥ wōdos<br />
Protistoupowōdos<br />
Koituwōdos<br />
3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom,<br />
wr̥ tjōm esomqe kómseqmenos<br />
4.-Kómseqtis módesom<br />
References<br />
The sentence<br />
Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence 106<br />
The simple sentence<br />
The negative sentence<br />
The interrogative sentence<br />
The exclamative sentence<br />
The emphatic sentence<br />
Uses <strong>of</strong> the infinitive<br />
Uses <strong>of</strong> the participles<br />
Agent/ patient noun<br />
The absolute clauses<br />
Agreement<br />
Sentence combination 136<br />
Coordination<br />
Copulative clauses<br />
Disyuntive clauses<br />
Distributive clauses<br />
Illative clauses<br />
Causal clauses<br />
Adversative clauses<br />
Explicative clauses<br />
Subordination<br />
Completive clauses<br />
Relative clauses<br />
Circumstancial clauses<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> finality<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> place<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> temporality<br />
• The expression <strong>of</strong> anteriority<br />
• The expression <strong>of</strong> simultaneity<br />
• The expression <strong>of</strong> posteriority<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> condition<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> comparison<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> cause<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> effect/ consecution<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> concession<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> manner<br />
General pattern <strong>of</strong> moods, tenses and their<br />
sequence 227<br />
Sequence <strong>of</strong> moods 231<br />
Ənábhorās 232<br />
6
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
A.-Bhāniqestjes<br />
1.-Sentmn̥ ptōtjesqe<br />
Kluwēiwā<br />
Qis, qid<br />
Upológhejā<br />
Marijā séncheti<br />
Petros bhúdhmeni swépeti<br />
Nū smeustrom crújeti<br />
Anadókejā<br />
Swesōr mene māmjā esti<br />
Domos məgnā<br />
Dəlkú tod<br />
Westā ghortei bhewti<br />
Kluwējō Markos<br />
Práidoikwā<br />
Smaurós kéideti dānus<br />
Ksērā́ āmrei bhebhowe westis<br />
Rōdos molét kwōn<br />
Gerōn cəlēnós propāt<br />
Komnopraiseds nōmnājeto<br />
Glēkis sā klújetor / kərjetór<br />
Glēkis sā kn̥ sḗjeti / kn̥ séjetor<br />
Maqā kom wr̥ stā ́ esti cenā<br />
Maqā cenā genét<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
The substantive and the cases<br />
Nominative<br />
Who, what<br />
Subject<br />
Mary is singing<br />
Peter sleeps on the floor<br />
The computer is loading now<br />
Attribute<br />
My sister is nurse<br />
The house is big<br />
This is sweet<br />
The party is in the garden<br />
My name is Markos<br />
Predicative<br />
The river goes down turbid<br />
The clothes appeared dry in the morning<br />
The dog appeared joyful<br />
The old man look tired<br />
He was appointed chairman <strong>of</strong> the board<br />
She is reputed (to be) intelligent<br />
She is considered (to be) intelligent<br />
The girl became a woman<br />
The girl became a woman<br />
7
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Kəlēiwā<br />
Anagā́ rujā<br />
Susanna, cəmje kom-ke<br />
O, qoleu, snētrīprija…<br />
Gheuse, Kaison, mərísomnōs twoi<br />
koiluwérjonti<br />
Qote wólneswn̥t (=wólneswents)<br />
bhúgjesi<br />
Skrígtijā<br />
N̥widlé!<br />
Wīré paukreddhēs (=pau kreddhēnt<br />
wīré)<br />
Vocative<br />
Appellative<br />
Susana, come here<br />
Oh distaff, friend <strong>of</strong> them who spin…<br />
Hail, Cesar, those who are going to die<br />
salute you<br />
Whither are you fleeing, full <strong>of</strong> wounds<br />
(pro nominative)<br />
Exclamative<br />
You, ignorant!<br />
You, man <strong>of</strong> little faith (=little trusting man)<br />
8
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Loktēiwā<br />
Qim, qid<br />
Dhn̥ghuqermenjā<br />
Nāwn̥s dr̥kō<br />
Ekwom éikesi<br />
Práidoikwā<br />
Tewom adwésontm̥ modnei chelō<br />
Komnopráisedm̥ em nōmnājónt<br />
Ins “n̥ káputins” werjont/nōmnājont<br />
Dhwolnom te kn̥ sejō<br />
Glēkim tewom qeisō<br />
Regm ̥ tewom dhēsō/ wortesō<br />
Wítn̥stijā<br />
Apo km̥tom stāwāt léiteses metrōm<br />
awonjom<br />
Dhochōu stighomes<br />
Upológhosoikejā<br />
Rōmām eiti<br />
Lugtētjām n̥knunti<br />
Nebhos skandét<br />
Dóljakómoqesardijā<br />
Platnām qelónt ambhí<br />
Accusative<br />
Whom, what<br />
Of direct object<br />
I see some ships<br />
You’ve got a horse<br />
Predicative<br />
I want you present at the meeting<br />
They appointed him chairman <strong>of</strong> the board<br />
They name(d) them “the headless”<br />
I think you are a fool<br />
I consider you (to be) intelligent<br />
I’ll make you a king<br />
Of extension<br />
The hotel was separated one hundred<br />
meters from the beach<br />
We walked during two days<br />
Of destination <strong>of</strong> the subject<br />
He goes to Rome<br />
They arrive to Paris<br />
It went up to the sky<br />
Of point <strong>of</strong> view relating a particle<br />
They circulated around the square<br />
9
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Génesjā<br />
Qejos/ qesjo<br />
Swéljonejā: genesbhenstijā<br />
Gorlos, Marijās sūnús, twe koilújeti<br />
Dúghterm̥ lubhējō dā́ mosjo-two<br />
Potēiwā<br />
Pətros domus<br />
Deiwōm weqtjes<br />
Órenom némētom (=orn̥ némētom)<br />
Cows Martéinosjo esti<br />
Augtōros<br />
Swónatās Mózartjos<br />
Aitis sólwosjo<br />
Domõs dhworis pətḗjeti<br />
Apo louksām werjom nē moghō<br />
peqónjosjo<br />
Swégonis qáljotā<br />
Stebhanjā, uruwijós widjās cenā<br />
Ortus<br />
Dhūlās pērom (dhūlapērom)<br />
Áitijā<br />
Kūmós álchosjo<br />
Méiwijestā dhghómenom<br />
Pau wídjosjo / sn̥stewos<br />
Magjṓs (mā́səmos) bhrātrom<br />
Tritjos rēgom<br />
Qis maqōm<br />
Edqid prī́smosjo ménenos<br />
Aw: Edqod mēmsóm<br />
Genitive<br />
Whose, <strong>of</strong> what<br />
Of kinship: Family relation<br />
Charles, the son <strong>of</strong> Mary says hello to you<br />
I am in love with your mate’s daughter<br />
Possessive<br />
The father’s house<br />
The things <strong>of</strong> the gods<br />
The sanctuary <strong>of</strong> the eagles<br />
The cow is Martin’s<br />
Author<br />
Mozart’s sonates<br />
Part <strong>of</strong> a whole<br />
The door <strong>of</strong> the house is open<br />
I cannot open the window <strong>of</strong> the kitchen<br />
Peculiar qualiy<br />
Stephania, a woman who has wide<br />
knowledge<br />
Origin<br />
The danger <strong>of</strong> the storm<br />
Partitive<br />
A lot <strong>of</strong> money<br />
The minority <strong>of</strong> the people<br />
Little wisdom / sense<br />
The elder <strong>of</strong> the brothers<br />
The third king /the third <strong>of</strong> the kings<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the boys<br />
Something <strong>of</strong> (from) the original idea<br />
However: Some meat<br />
10
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Upológhejā<br />
Pówerōm déktewi mendhos<br />
Súwoljā dhghómenom<br />
Qérmenjā<br />
Németom bhejos<br />
Ōdjom kwonom<br />
Stéimenos<br />
Westim webhe kosjo snḗmonos<br />
Awā swednās aqās<br />
Mḗtijā<br />
Roupjom penkwe eurōm<br />
(penkwḗurojom roupjom)<br />
Plāmn̥ sm̥ghéslosjo pəstrōm<br />
(=sm̥ghéslopəstri plāmn̥)<br />
Wéismenjā, woinājā́ ghaln̥ nītijāwe<br />
Glaghā ́ upostosjo dusdréwmenos<br />
Kómplēmn̥ epikéimenom<br />
Kómwids lawtlōm<br />
Ghoilos séghosjo<br />
Plēnós wóinosjo (=Plēnós/pl̥nós woinō)<br />
Bhōwijóm qéronom<br />
Bheugtum bhīluwóm<br />
Wərḗmənīs<br />
Kelutjos tosjo mémona (=kélutim<br />
mémona, =kélutibhi mémona)<br />
Colnōm bhibhjai (=bhíbheimi colna)<br />
Subjective<br />
The children’s interest in learning<br />
The people’s goodwill<br />
Objective<br />
Fear towards the enemies (possibly<br />
subjective too: the enemies’ fear)<br />
Hatred towards dogs<br />
Of material<br />
Weave a cloth <strong>of</strong> this thread<br />
A source <strong>of</strong> fresh water<br />
Of measure<br />
A five-euro coin<br />
A book <strong>of</strong> 1000 pages<br />
Of cause, fault or mourning<br />
A complaint for alleged ill-treatment<br />
Complement <strong>of</strong> adjectives<br />
Conscious <strong>of</strong> the benefits<br />
Happy about his victory<br />
Full <strong>of</strong> wine<br />
Likely behaviour<br />
Fleeing is common among cowards<br />
With verbs<br />
I remember that trip<br />
I am afraid <strong>of</strong> airplanes<br />
11
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Dətēiwā<br />
Qismōi<br />
n̥dhn̥ghuqérmenjā<br />
Dómūnōi dəsdhi (dōdhi) klāwm̥ ati<br />
Tḗmētoprāmn̥ toibhos dō 18 atnons<br />
wetānóm<br />
Solwa epiworṓi wedét wēra<br />
Méndhesjā<br />
Élnēsāi wosjom adjḗr tod<br />
Newām sūnewéi spondjét dwírotlām<br />
Tebhei (prōd) strouda<br />
Láwtlejā lēutijāwe<br />
Wobhjā jéweti me dē peqtewei<br />
Swērū́ témōlos dusḗjeti koilutātei<br />
(=swērū ́ témōlos lēwti kóilutātm̥)<br />
Séikmenos<br />
Bherō ta eksí tewe (tebhei) gnōnōi<br />
Ágrēnoīs eiti<br />
Wismértewei píbeti<br />
Leistjos<br />
Tr̥knō tebhei kantum<br />
Potēiwā<br />
Meghei trija sonti mūrogaldhra<br />
Epikeimn̥kómplēmn̥<br />
Skousā ekā meghei sústātis<br />
Leubhtéwijom esti tebhei wergom<br />
(qr̥tṓr)<br />
Dative<br />
To whom, for whom<br />
Of indirect object<br />
Give the key back to the landlord<br />
It is forbidden to sell alcohol to minors<br />
under the age <strong>of</strong> 18<br />
He told the policeman all the truth<br />
Of interest - benefactive<br />
They have prepared this room for her<br />
He promised a new bicycle to his son<br />
I’ve been struggling for you<br />
Of benefit or damage<br />
Fibre helps me make digestion<br />
Tobacco seriously damages your health<br />
Of purpose<br />
I explain this for your information<br />
He goes for fruits<br />
He drinks to forget<br />
Of permission<br />
I allow you to sing<br />
Possessive<br />
I’ve got three mobile telephones<br />
Complement <strong>of</strong> adjectives<br />
These trousers are comfortable to me<br />
You have to love your work (agent)<br />
12
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qermn̥ sóikejā<br />
Westra mūdlonjōi nijóm<br />
Sontom nojṓi sesentét<br />
Swordiwoidōi supājét apṓdsmonom<br />
Amikonemestous<br />
Némotes sonti Barkeinolāwōi<br />
Ámēiks ámikbhos<br />
Epikéimənīs<br />
Smeustrom tebhei práiloghom<br />
Smoldom bhustejei ēsú esti<br />
Tlātis kómmoinis widubhos (esti)<br />
Dhētlom tod tétkn̥bhos bhrūgi (esti)<br />
Sm̥lis pətrei esti<br />
Ja dhídhēsi susn̥stewei prótija senti<br />
Wərḗmənīs<br />
Kr̥dītós esmi pərostətōi<br />
Doljāīs<br />
Wai n̥ wədrobhos wóikobhos!<br />
Wai wiknobhos!<br />
Of destination <strong>of</strong> the object<br />
I took the garments to the laundry<br />
He sent the letter to his director<br />
He threw the deodorant to the dustbin<br />
Of friendship and enmity<br />
They are enemies <strong>of</strong> the Barcelona team<br />
Friend <strong>of</strong> his friends<br />
With adjectives<br />
The computer is available to you<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee is good to wake up<br />
Patience is common to wise people<br />
This instrument is useful to carpenters<br />
He looks after his father (he is similar to)<br />
What you are doing is contrary to good<br />
sense<br />
With verbs<br />
I got angry with my boss<br />
With particles<br />
Woe to the villages without water!<br />
Woe to the losers!<br />
13
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Stā́ nejā<br />
Qismi<br />
Stānom qodhei qertis gígistoi<br />
Perímona, bhodis domei<br />
Lugtētjāi trebhō<br />
Pəstrei septméi molos esti<br />
Nédjotjosjo<br />
Dmudhworeī sedēbhwāt<br />
Ambhibhówosjo<br />
Anawoidos óljoisi strāt uponīmoisi<br />
uponojoisiqe<br />
Daitis qom qertis gígistoi<br />
Mēloi tosmi nē menēm qota sā kluwōjāt<br />
Énteronejā<br />
Ati tritjei stéstōwe diwí<br />
Jektrom tod kswekstoi qā́ qosmi<br />
emtéwijom loudei<br />
Ambhístānejā<br />
Wipodoi amēikn̥ s gnēses<br />
Pérəmom kómtagmn̥<br />
Anateplói, eksí sodét<br />
Cādhésmenjā<br />
Mē egneī supāje apṓdsmonom<br />
Cītakórsokos-two en swordikorbheī<br />
dhghomést<br />
Locative<br />
In what, where<br />
Place where action happens<br />
Experiments...better at home<br />
I live in Paris<br />
There is a mistake on page seven<br />
Of proximity<br />
He was sitting at the door <strong>of</strong> his house<br />
Of environment<br />
The report spread among all the students<br />
and teachers<br />
Time when action happens<br />
At that moment I couldn’t remember what<br />
her name was.<br />
Of interval<br />
He rose again on the third day<br />
This medicine has to be taken every six<br />
hours (every sixth hour)<br />
Of circumstance<br />
In adversity you will know your friends<br />
Absolute clause<br />
By a mild weather, he went out<br />
Of immersion<br />
Don’t throw the deodorant into the fire<br />
Your cv landed in the dustbin<br />
14
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Méntijā- menesqérmenjā<br />
Cogitative – <strong>of</strong> mental activity<br />
Tosmi proksútəmōs ejes<br />
Dólmoisi-swo wistr̥nós cnānokom nē<br />
pr̥tet<br />
Wērom bhūt monjom praiwodei tosmi<br />
(=tom ambhí praiwodom)<br />
They are vey demanding about this<br />
Distracted with (on) his calculations, he<br />
did not notice his wife’s arrival.<br />
The report was right on that prediction<br />
(=about that prediction)<br />
Dhabhrotagnṓtijā<br />
Bhūtiwidjei suwids<br />
Tjēmn̥ plokjoi esti bhlogós<br />
(=Tjēmn̥ plókjosjo esti bhlogós,<br />
tjēmn̥ plókjejos esti bhlogós,<br />
tjēmn̥ plokobhlogós so)<br />
Qā́ litjejā<br />
Ismi widējō pelu stórgosjo<br />
Dokosjo<br />
Ghesr̥ sí-two, potei, ā́tmonm̥ bhistujō<br />
mene<br />
Regs regnāpowoqnostins swojéi<br />
minésterei mn̥ dāst<br />
Wərēmənī́s<br />
Lóndhomom mākesjāi glínāmi<br />
Of ability and knowledge<br />
Expert in physics<br />
He is a genius in origami<br />
(=He is a genius <strong>of</strong> origami, he is an<br />
origamic genius, he is an origamigenius)<br />
Of quality<br />
I see a lot <strong>of</strong> love in him<br />
Of recipient<br />
Into your hands, Lord, I commend my<br />
spirit.<br />
The king entrusted the responsibilities <strong>of</strong> the<br />
kingdom to his minister<br />
With verbs<br />
I stick the map on the wall<br />
15
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Dhḗtleyā<br />
Qī<br />
Móghtrosjo<br />
Thoms pedīs spārkons klawdét<br />
Omsō nijét kwonm̥ atqe putlom ghesnḗ<br />
Dolō ēpe wergopedom Hannibalis<br />
Solwa per leudherotā́ lukḗ plewet<br />
Kómopjom/septis<br />
Opejō ghortom r̥stāis<br />
Wéismenjā<br />
Wərstã wī spordhā remetor<br />
Məgnã prósātī (=məgnād prósātjes)<br />
mərijeto edōn<br />
Qr̥tros<br />
Dhonghos Guttenbherghē wertós esti<br />
Atiloiqōs mormeikāis cr̥ontor<br />
Jā́ tlejā<br />
Douknom bolkō trāt<br />
R̥kḗsmenjā<br />
Wodã dəsdhi moi pōtlom<br />
Stānom móghmoni<br />
Sm̥ séqejā<br />
Dhochei alājai qāqei pətrē<br />
Kattã robhéjeti<br />
Instrumental<br />
With what, through what<br />
Of means<br />
Tom closed the drawers with his feet<br />
He bore the dog on his shoulder taking the<br />
child by the hand<br />
Hannibal got his job by fraud<br />
Liberty penetrates everything with its light<br />
Equipment/arrangment<br />
I equip the garden with plants<br />
Of cause<br />
The match was cancelled because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rain<br />
Of big satiation the glutton dies<br />
Of agent<br />
Press was invented by Guttenberg<br />
The remnants were devoured by ants<br />
Of transit place<br />
The train passed through the tunnel<br />
Of content<br />
Give me a glass <strong>of</strong> water<br />
A place with energy<br />
Comitative<br />
I go for a walk every day with my father<br />
He is playing with the cat (and the cat is<br />
delighted)<br />
16
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Plā́ mənīs eiti sī donsonjom<br />
Koitús<br />
Káttābhi robhéjeti<br />
Ougtū n̥két melō sī<br />
Léubhnijā bhewtī<br />
Swontī bhréneti (=swonteī ́ bhréneti)<br />
Londhoswēdhū (=lóndhosjo swēdhum<br />
ad)<br />
Weltū préponti kom<br />
Daitispāmn̥ épmenei/ n̥kēiwā daitis<br />
dhabhrotēpteī ́<br />
Penqe dédoka poleinom mēnsbhís<br />
Dédoke angleinom seks mēnsīs<br />
Wī tribhís pəstroīs (trisú pəstrosí)<br />
wergom wijét<br />
Anabhondhos<br />
Oqō kaikos<br />
Pretjom<br />
Qā́ wn̥tō kólsomom solta<br />
Epikéimənīs<br />
Stornotepstī kómopnā domus<br />
Potlā woinō plēnā ́ (=plēnā ́ /pl̥nā́<br />
wóinosjo)<br />
Ghl̥tō opnis dheghoms<br />
Wərḗmənīs<br />
Jewesājō deiwoīs mene<br />
Sprigējō skównobhis<br />
She goes to school with her books<br />
Manner<br />
He is playing with the cat (the cat is<br />
however quite embarrassed)<br />
She arrived with a strong cold<br />
Lovely by nature<br />
He excels in music<br />
According to the custom <strong>of</strong> the country<br />
They ressemble in their looks<br />
Of time or space for accomplishement/ Time<br />
necessary for acquiring an ability<br />
I learnt Polish in five months<br />
He learnt English in six months<br />
He developed his work in three pages<br />
Relation<br />
Blind in one eye<br />
Price<br />
For how much have you bought the scarf<br />
With adjectives<br />
A house equipped with central heating<br />
A bottle full <strong>of</strong> wine<br />
A land abundant in gold<br />
With verbs<br />
I swear by my gods<br />
I’m fed up with the exams<br />
17
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases<br />
Próitijā<br />
Qejes<br />
Proitistānom<br />
Douknom Lóndhonēd séptəmāi<br />
óighetoi<br />
Weteljād bhewmi<br />
Apóstətis məgnā́ ərésmenes<br />
Peritjes-two dídksketi<br />
Awr̥/probhowos/ortus<br />
Plámenes senēd menr̥ aimm̥ tod<br />
Práimēlos qertjos<br />
Dn̥tikormos meghei esti amrēd<br />
ékosmēd (apó)<br />
Dr̥ksmostānom<br />
Cown̥s cerjes ghénghn̥tins<br />
prōd spokjānt<br />
Deltis<br />
Dele grānóm pélowād<br />
Səmodhētis<br />
Senjós esti woghnos tewe tosmōd<br />
Wr̥dhom n̥sjes meghmonjós<br />
(meghmónterom)<br />
Kritā́ esti swésərjos<br />
Steimn̥<br />
Leimēd qeqr̥n̥tai dómewes tāi<br />
Egēsmn̥<br />
Wīrós eke sl̥wosn̥stewés egējet<br />
Ablative<br />
From what<br />
Place <strong>of</strong> departure<br />
The train departs from London at seven<br />
I am from Italy.<br />
A great distance from the starting point<br />
He is learning from your experience<br />
Source/origin<br />
I copied this idea from an old book<br />
Initial moment <strong>of</strong> an action<br />
I’ve got a toothache since this morning<br />
Place <strong>of</strong> perspective<br />
They watched the cows advancing from the<br />
mountain<br />
Separation<br />
Separate the grain from the chaff<br />
Comparison<br />
Your car is older than this one<br />
A word is mightier than a sword<br />
She is different from her sisters<br />
Material<br />
These houses are made <strong>of</strong> mud<br />
Lack<br />
This man lacks common sense<br />
18
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Epikéimənīs anawərḗmənīsqe<br />
Siktopedom newōm dhm̥ōm<br />
komjugnostātwes swebhodhjom<br />
Pətrjād porsótenos<br />
Pətrjād porsōd/dew/qeli<br />
Weismn̥<br />
Məgnād prósātjes (=məgnã prósātī)<br />
mərijeto edōn<br />
Wərḗmənīs<br />
Apo dhersoi smeughtwes<br />
Apo Markēd stəsoi<br />
Wī Alaskálistjes ghéimeni stāsi<br />
Cīmons eme nī ghrippād wr̥tewei<br />
Mātrés kéudheti<br />
Domm̥ alkéseti wr̥ stād<br />
With adjectives and adverds<br />
The destination <strong>of</strong> new employees is<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> their marital status<br />
(That which is) far from the homeland<br />
Far from the homeland<br />
Cause<br />
Of big satiation dies the glutton<br />
With verbs<br />
Refrain from smoking<br />
Steer clear <strong>of</strong> Mark<br />
Desist from going to Alaska in winter<br />
Take vitamins to ward <strong>of</strong>f flue<br />
He hides himself from his mother<br />
He will protect the house from rain<br />
19
Chapter A2: The adjective<br />
2.-Epikeimn̥<br />
Genos<br />
Paulos ekwos (mas.)<br />
Paulā owis (fem.)<br />
Paulā domus/domos (fem.)<br />
Paulom stādhlom (neu.)<br />
Akris donts<br />
Akris secūris (fem)<br />
Akris bhāmn̥ (neu)<br />
Akri ēchr̥ (neu.)<br />
Swādus bhreugs (mas.)<br />
Swādus (swādwī́) woqs (fem.)<br />
Swādu bharsjom (neu.)<br />
Juwōn wīrós (mas.)<br />
Jūnī ́ (jūnīks) cenā (fem.)<br />
Juwon weidmṇ (neu.)<br />
Piwōn wīrós (mas.)<br />
Píwerī (píwerjā/a) cenā (fem.)<br />
Píwerī edā́<br />
Piwon ednom (neu.)<br />
Sreidhmōs<br />
Paulos ekwos (sing.)<br />
Paulōs ekwōs (plur.)<br />
Paulās ówejes (plur.)<br />
Paula stādhla (plur.)<br />
Ákrejes dontes (plur.)<br />
Ákrija bhā́mona/échona (plur.)<br />
Swā́ dewes bhreuges/woqes (plur.)<br />
Swā́ duwa bharsja<br />
Júwenes/píwones wīrṓs<br />
Jū́ nijes/píwerjās cenās<br />
Júwona wéidmona<br />
Píwerijes edā́s<br />
Píwona edna<br />
Ptōtimojos<br />
Juwōn wīrós jūnīm spékjeti akrī<br />
cenām sekūrī paulei ekwoi<br />
Prāi píwenos wīrosjo bhéronti ákrejes<br />
dontes píwona edna swādewés bhrūcós<br />
The adjective<br />
Gender<br />
Small horse<br />
Small sheep<br />
Small house<br />
Small stall<br />
Sharp tooth<br />
Sharp axe<br />
Sharp speech<br />
Sharp drink<br />
Sweet fruit<br />
Sweet voice<br />
Sweet bread<br />
Young man<br />
Young woman<br />
Young science<br />
Fat man<br />
Fat woman<br />
Fat food<br />
Fat meal<br />
Numbers<br />
Small horse<br />
Small horses<br />
Small sheep<br />
Small stalls<br />
Sharp teeth<br />
Sharp speeches/drinks<br />
Sweet fruits/voices<br />
Sweet breads<br />
Young men<br />
Young women<br />
Young sciences<br />
Fat foods<br />
Fat meals<br />
Case variation<br />
The young man sees a young woman with a<br />
sharp axe on a small horse<br />
The fat man’s sharp teeth prefer fat meal<br />
than sweet fruit<br />
20
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Gwā́ mona<br />
Bhéwtijom/dhḗmenjom<br />
Albhos ekwos<br />
Paulā domus<br />
Akris donts<br />
Swādus bhreugs<br />
Jūnī́ cenā<br />
Piwon ednom<br />
Səmostāiwom/Eksóptijom<br />
Albhóteros ekwos<br />
Paulóterā domus<br />
Akríteros donts<br />
Swādúteros bhreugs<br />
Jewísteros bhrātēr<br />
Səmodhēiwom<br />
Albhjṓs ekwos owejes<br />
Bhrēwād méwijā domus<br />
Bhrēwā méwijā domū<br />
Akrijṓs sekūris dentes<br />
Swādúterom melit bhrugés kosmēd<br />
Jéwijṓs cenā kā wīrḗd óisosmēd<br />
Piwijós ednom kod bhrugés<br />
Perəmóm uperdhēiwom<br />
Albhos albhos ekwos<br />
Álbhistos ekwos<br />
Mínwistā domus esti<br />
Ákristos donts<br />
Swādútəmom melit<br />
Jéwistos wīrós<br />
Píwistom ednom<br />
Séqijom uperdhēiwom<br />
Albhósəmos ekwos óljoisōm<br />
Minwmā́ domus oisāsōm<br />
Akrísəmos donts ēsos<br />
Swādúsəmos bhreugs dhghmos<br />
Piwósəmos nósterōm<br />
Grades<br />
Natural/Positive<br />
White horse<br />
Small house<br />
Sharp tooth<br />
Sweet fruit<br />
Young woman<br />
Fat meal<br />
Equative /Elective<br />
A so white horse / The whiter horse<br />
Such a small house / The smaller house<br />
Such a sharp tooth / The sharper tooth<br />
Such a sweet fruit / The sweeter fruit<br />
Such a young brother / The younger<br />
brother<br />
Comparative<br />
The horse is whiter than the sheep<br />
The house is smaller than the bridge<br />
The bridge is smaller than the house<br />
The axe is sharper than a tooth<br />
Honey is sweeter than this fruit<br />
This woman is younger than that man<br />
This meal is fatter than the fruit<br />
Absolute superlative<br />
A very white horse<br />
A very white horse<br />
The house is very small<br />
A very sharp tooth<br />
Very sweet honey<br />
A very young man / the very young man<br />
Very fat meal<br />
Relative superlative<br />
The whitest horse <strong>of</strong> all<br />
The smallest house <strong>of</strong> these<br />
The sharpest tooth <strong>of</strong> the mouth<br />
The sweetest fruit <strong>of</strong> the earth<br />
The fattest one <strong>of</strong> us<br />
21
Chapter A2: The adjective<br />
Bheungtjes<br />
Functions<br />
Ádnomwos<br />
Mātḗr mene māmjā esti<br />
Pəter-so wetwḗs esti<br />
Wl̥dā ́ ghortei (=ghórtejā) esti<br />
Práidoikwos<br />
Éndoikwā bheungtis<br />
Reudhei kelújonti woghnei<br />
Anglom éikonti ámeikm̥<br />
Wetwesn̥s powojét stolons, nē newons<br />
aw<br />
Witórejā bheunctis<br />
Wetwesn̥s powojét stolons (oljons<br />
powojét stolons, qoi wétweses).<br />
Nōmnkómplēmn̥<br />
Stornjās agronjom<br />
Stornjāgronjom<br />
Stórnījom agronjom<br />
Ekwōm kr̥ stus<br />
Ekwokr̥ stus<br />
Ékwejos kr̥ stus<br />
Kr̥ stuwom ekwos<br />
Kr̥ stwekwos<br />
Kr̥ stujós ekwos<br />
Teutās wistoqojos<br />
Teutãm wistoqojos<br />
Teutawistoqojos<br />
Téutājos wistoqojos<br />
Nāwom katus<br />
Nawkatus<br />
Nāwikós katus<br />
Attributive<br />
My mother is nurse / a nurse / the nurse<br />
His father is old<br />
The party is in the garden (=gardenly)<br />
Predicative<br />
Especificative function<br />
They travel in a red car<br />
They’ve got an English friend<br />
He cleaned the old tables, but not the new<br />
ones<br />
Explicative function<br />
He cleaned the old tables (he cleaned all the<br />
tables, which were old).<br />
Noun complement<br />
A/the hospital <strong>of</strong> the centre<br />
A/the central hospital<br />
A/the central hospital<br />
A/the race <strong>of</strong> horses<br />
A/the horse race<br />
A/the horse race<br />
A horse <strong>of</strong> races<br />
A/the race horse<br />
A/the race horse<br />
A/the history <strong>of</strong> the people<br />
A/the history <strong>of</strong> the peoples<br />
A/the history <strong>of</strong> the people(s)<br />
A/the popular history<br />
A/the fight <strong>of</strong> ships<br />
A/the naumachia<br />
A naval fight<br />
22
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Deiwosjo énterloukjom<br />
Deiwṓm énterloukjom<br />
Deiwḗnterloukjom<br />
Diwjóm énterloukjom<br />
Rūmā́i porāi uponejər<br />
Rūmoporauponejər<br />
Rūmoporājóm uponejər<br />
Bhrēwā uper Dā́ naprim<br />
Uperdā́napribhrēwā<br />
Uperdā́ naprijā bhrēwā<br />
Márejes wentos<br />
Mariwentos<br />
Márijos wentos<br />
Sjewtewei/sjewtejei bhoungjom<br />
Sjūbhoungjom<br />
Sjéwtujom/sjéwtijom bhoungjom<br />
Bhāmnā awis<br />
*Bhāmnāwis<br />
Petonts awis<br />
*Petontawis<br />
Plējosa déikmona<br />
Ghoilos, -ā, -om esmi<br />
Rōdos, -ā, -om egṓ<br />
Lubhətós, -ā́ , -óm essi<br />
Prītós, -ā́ , -óm tū<br />
Smidhós, -ā́ , -óm esti<br />
Endhūmós so/ is (id)<br />
Tr̥ pnā sā/ sī/ is<br />
Kuprṓu/ jōrṓu, -ā́ i, -ói swos(i)<br />
Dhabhnṓu/ -ā́ i, -ói weje<br />
Komseghnṓu, -ā́ i, -ói stas<br />
Wistr̥nṓu, -ā́ i, -ói juwe<br />
Amghesnṓu, -ā́ i, -ói stes<br />
Wiqr̥ nṓu, -ā́ i, -ói tōu/ tāi/ toi/ eje<br />
Bhīluwes/ dwoisuwes, (-uwijes,) –uwa<br />
smos(i)<br />
Creughōs, -ās, -a/ ā wejes/ n̥ sme<br />
Ghislṓs, ghisnṓs, -ā́ s, -á/ -ā́ ste<br />
Kighrṓs, spudrṓs, -ā́ s, -á/ -ā́ juwes/<br />
jusmé<br />
Kr̥ dītṓs, kr̥ dīmnṓs, -ā́s, -á/ -ā́ sonti/senti<br />
Rustṓs, -ā́ s, -á/ -ā́ toi/ tāi/ ta/ tā/ ejes/ ija<br />
The God’s twilight<br />
The Gods’ twilight<br />
The twilight <strong>of</strong> the God(s)<br />
The divine twilight<br />
A/the lesson in open air<br />
An/the open air lesson<br />
An/the open air lesson<br />
A/the bridge over the Dnieper<br />
A/the bridge over the Dnieper<br />
A/the bridge over the Dnieper<br />
The wind from the sea<br />
The seawind<br />
The sea wind<br />
A/the machine to sew<br />
A/the sew machine<br />
A/the sewing machine<br />
A talking bird<br />
A talking bird<br />
A flying bird<br />
A flying bird<br />
More examples<br />
I am happy<br />
I am joyful<br />
You are in love, fascinated<br />
You are pleased, satisfied<br />
He/she/ it is cheerful<br />
He (it) is enthusiastic<br />
She is amused<br />
We both are eager<br />
We both are surprised<br />
You both are concentrated<br />
You both are distracted<br />
They both are overwhelmed<br />
They both are disappointed<br />
We are afraid<br />
We are sad<br />
You are indignated<br />
You are stressed<br />
They are angry<br />
They are furious<br />
23
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
3.-Rēidhmōs<br />
Numerals<br />
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS<br />
CARDINAL COLLECTIVE ORDINAL PARTITIVE<br />
qotjoi, qotjāi qotis qomos, qomā, qomod qowṓs, qowā́ s, qowá<br />
1 sems, smjā, sem semtis prāwos preiwṓs<br />
2 dwōu, dwāu, dwōu dwoitjom, dwoinom dwóteros dwīswṓs<br />
3 trejes trija tisres troinom tritjos trīswṓs<br />
4 qetwores, qétesres, qetwṓr qétwr̥ tis qətwr̥ tos qətwr̥ swṓs<br />
5 penqe penqtis penqtos penqswṓs<br />
6 (k)s(w)eks (k)s(w)ekstis (k)s(w)ekstos (k)s(w)ekswṓs<br />
7 septm̥ séptm̥ tis séptəmos septm̥ swṓs<br />
8 oktōu óktotis oktowós oktoswṓs<br />
9 newn̥ néwn̥ tis néwn̥ mos newn̥ swṓs<br />
10 dekm̥ dékm̥ tis dekəmós dekm̥ swṓs<br />
11 sémdekm̥ sémdekm̥ tis semdekəmós semdekm̥ swṓs<br />
12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ dwōdekm ́ ̥ tis dwṓdekəmos dwōdekm̥ swṓs<br />
13 tréjesdekm̥ tréjesdekm̥ tis tréjesdekəmos trejesdekm̥ swṓs<br />
14 qétwordekm̥ qétwordekm̥ tis qétwordekəmos qetwordekm̥ swṓs<br />
15 pénqedekm̥ pénqedekm̥ tis pénqedekəmos penqedekm̥ swṓs<br />
16 (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdekəmos (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ swṓs<br />
17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ tis septrm̥ dekəmos septm̥ dekm̥ swṓs<br />
18 óktōdekm̥ óktōdekm̥ tis óktōdekəmos oktōdekm̥ swṓs<br />
19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ néwndekm ̥ ̥ tis néwn̥ dekəmos newndekm̥ swṓs<br />
20 dwídkm̥ tī dwídkm̥ totis dwídkm̥ təmos dwidkm̥ tswṓs<br />
21 sems dwídkm̥ tīqe sémdwidkm̥ totis prāwos dwídkm̥ təmos semdwídkm̥ tswṓs<br />
30 trídkm̥ ta trídkm̥ totis trídkm̥ təmos tridkm̥ tswṓs<br />
40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ ta qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ totis qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ təmos qetwrdkm̥ tswṓs<br />
50 penqédkm̥ ta pénqedkm̥ totis penqédkm̥ təmos penqedkm̥ tswṓs<br />
60 (k)s(w)éksdkṃta (k)s(w)éksdkm̥ totis (k)s(w)éksdkm̥ təṃos (k)s(w)eksdkṃtswṓs<br />
70 séptm̥ dkṃta séptmdkm ̥ ̥ totis séptmdkm ̥ ̥ təmos septm̥ dkṃtswṓs<br />
80 oktṓdkm̥ ta óktōdkm̥ totis oktṓdkm̥ təṃos oktōdkm̥ tswṓs<br />
90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ ta néwndkm ̥ ̥ totis néwndkm ̥ ̥ təmos newndkm̥ tswṓs<br />
100 km̥ tom km̥ temtis km̥ témtəmos km̥ temswṓs<br />
200 dwikm̥ tṓs /dwoi km̥ toi dwíkm̥ temtis dwikm̥ témtəmos dwikm̥ temswṓs<br />
300 trikm̥ tṓs / trija km̥ tā ́ tríkm̥ temtis trikm̥ témtəmos trikm̥ temswṓs<br />
400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /qetwṓr km̥ tā ́<br />
qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temtis qetwrkm ̥ ̥ témtm̥ os qetwrkm̥ temswṓs<br />
500 penqekm̥ tṓs /penqe km̥ tā ́ pénqekm̥ temtis penqekm̥ témtəmos penqekm̥ temswṓs<br />
600 (k)s(w)ekskm̥ tṓs /<br />
(k)s(w)eks km̥ tā<br />
700 septmkm̥ tṓs /septm km̥ tā<br />
(k)s(w)ékskm̥ temtis (k)s(w)ekskm̥ témtəmos (k)s(w)ekskm̥ temswṓs<br />
séptmkm ̥ ̥ temtis septmkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos septmkm̥ temswṓs<br />
800 octōkm̥ tṓs /oktōu km̥ tā ́ óctōkm̥ temtis octōkm̥ témtəmos octōkm̥ temswṓs<br />
900 newnkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /newn km̥ tā<br />
néwnkm ̥ ̥ temtis newnkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos newnkm̥ temswṓs<br />
1 000 sm̥ gheslom sm̥ ghéslotis sm̥ ghéslotəmos sm̥ ghesloswṓs<br />
10 000 teusmn̥ téusmn̥ tis téusmn̥ tos teusmn̥ swṓs<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
12 354 teusmn ̥ dwoi sm̥ ghesla trija<br />
kmtā ́ qetwores<br />
penqédkm̥ taqe<br />
téusmn̥ tis dwīskā́sqe<br />
sm̥ ghéslotjes trīskā́s<br />
km̥ temtjes<br />
pénqedkm̥ totis<br />
qétwr̥ tisqe<br />
100 000 km̥ tom sm̥ ghesla km̥ temtis<br />
sm̥ gheslotjom/<br />
km̥ temskā́s<br />
sm̥ ghéslotjes<br />
dwōdekm̥ qis téusmn̥ tos trīs<br />
km̥ témtəmos qətwr̥ tos<br />
penqédkm̥ təmos<br />
km̥ tom sm̥ gheslótəmos<br />
dwōdekm̥ qis téusmn̥ swṓs<br />
trīs km̥ temswṓs<br />
penqekm̥ temswṓs<br />
qətwr̥ swṓs<br />
kmtemn̥ qis sm̥ ghesloswṓs/<br />
km̥ temswṓs sm̥ gheslōm<br />
1 000 000 weltjom wéltjonom wéltjomos weltjoswṓs<br />
1 000 000 000 próweltjom próweltjonom próweltjomos proweltjoswṓs<br />
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
ADJECTIVES<br />
DISTRIBUTIVE DISTRIBUTIVE MULTIPLICATIVE CLASSIFICATIVE CLASSIFICATIVE<br />
(I)<br />
(II)<br />
(I)<br />
(III)<br />
qonṓs, -ā́ s, -a qokṓs, -ā́ s, -á qoplós, -ā́ , -óm qogenós, -ā́ , -óm qobhujós, -ā́ , -óm<br />
1 preiwṓs preiwṓs sm̥ plos sm̥ genós sm̥ bhujós<br />
2 dwīsnṓs dwīskṓs dwoplós /dwojós dwogenós dwobhujós<br />
3 trīsnṓs trīsKṓs triplós /trojós trigenós /trojós tribhujós /trojós<br />
4 qətwr̥ snṓs qətwr̥ skṓs qətwr̥ plós qətwr̥ genós qətwr̥ bhujós<br />
5 penqsnṓs penqskṓs penqeplós penqegenós penqebhujós<br />
6 (k)s(w)eksnṓs (k)s(w)ekskṓs (k)s(w)eksplós (k)s(w)eksgenós (k)s(w)eksbhujós<br />
7 septm̥ snṓs septm̥ skṓs septm̥ plós septm̥ genós septm̥ bhujós<br />
8 oktosnṓs oktoskṓs oktoplós oktogenós oktobhujós<br />
9 newn̥ snṓs newn̥ skṓs newn̥ plós newn̥ genós newn̥ bhujós<br />
10 dekm̥ snṓs dekm̥ skṓs dekm̥ plós dekm̥ genós dekm̥ bhujós<br />
11 semdekm̥ snṓs semdekm̥ skṓs semdekm̥ plós semdekm̥ genós semdekm̥ bhujós<br />
12 dwōdekm̥ snṓs dwōdekm̥ skṓs dwōdekm̥ plós dwōdekm̥ genós dwōdekm̥ bhujós<br />
13 trejesdekm̥ snṓs trejesdekm̥ skṓs trejesdekm̥ plós trejesdekm̥ genós trejesdekm̥ bhujós<br />
14 qetwordekm̥ snṓs qetwordekm̥ skṓs qetwordekm̥ plós qetwordekm̥ genós qetwordekm̥ bhujós<br />
15 penqedekm̥ snṓs penqedekm̥ skṓs penqedekm̥ plós penqedekm̥ genós penqedekm̥ bhujós<br />
16 (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ snṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ skṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ plós (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ genós (k)s(w)eksdekm̥ bhujós<br />
17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ snṓs septmdekm ̥ ̥ skṓs septrmdekm ̥ ̥ plós septrmdekm ̥ ̥ genós septrmdekm̥ bhujós<br />
18 oktōdekm̥ snṓs oktōdekm̥ skṓs oktōdekm̥ plós oktōdekm̥ genós oktōdekm̥ bhujós<br />
19 newndekm ̥ ̥ snṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ skṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ plós newndekm ̥ ̥ genós newndekm̥ bhujós<br />
20 dwidkm̥ tsnṓs dwidkm̥ tskṓs dwidkm̥ toplós dwidkm̥ togenós dwidkm̥ tobhujós<br />
21 semdwídkm̥ tsnṓs semdwídkm̥ tskṓs semdwidkm̥ toplós semdwidkm̥ togenós semdwidkm̥ tobhujós<br />
30 tridkm̥ tsnṓs tridkm̥ tskṓs tridkm̥ toplós tridkm̥ togenós tridkm̥ tobhujós<br />
40 qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tskṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ toplós qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ togenós qetwrdkm̥ tobhujós<br />
50 penqedkm̥ tsnṓs penqedkm̥ tskṓs penqedkm̥ toplós penqedkm̥ togenós penqedkm̥ tobhujós<br />
60 (k)s(w)eksdkṃtsnṓs (k)s(w)eksdkṃtskṓs (k)s(w)eksdkm̥ toplós (k)s(w)eksdkm̥ togenós (k)s(w)eksdkm̥ tobhujó<br />
s<br />
70 septm̥ dkṃtsnṓs septm̥ dkṃtskṓs septmdkmtoplós septm̥ dkm̥ togenós septmdkmtobhujós<br />
80 oktōdkm̥ tsnṓs oktōdkm̥ tskṓs oktōdkm̥ toplós oktōdkm̥ togenós oktōdkm̥ tobhujós<br />
90 newndkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ tskṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ toplós newndkm ̥ ̥ togenós newndkm̥ tobhujós<br />
100 km̥ temsnṓs km̥ temskṓs km̥ templós km̥ temgenós km̥ tembhujós<br />
200 dwikm̥ temsnṓs dwikm̥ temskṓs dwikm̥ templós dwikm̥ temgenós dwikm̥ tembhujós<br />
300 trikm̥ temsnṓs trikm̥ temskṓs trikm̥ templós trikm̥ temgenós trikm̥ tembhujós<br />
400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temskṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ templós qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temgenós qetwrkm̥ tembhujós<br />
500 penqekm̥ temsnṓs penqekm̥ temskṓs penqekm̥ templós penqekm̥ temgenós penqekm̥ tembhujós<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
600 (k)s(w)ekskm̥ temsn (k)s(w)ekskm̥ temsk (k)s(w)ekskm̥ templós (k)s(w)ekskm̥ temgenó (k)s(w)ekskm̥ tembhuj<br />
ṓs<br />
ṓs<br />
s<br />
ós<br />
700 septmkmtemsnṓs septmkmtemskṓs septmkmtemplós septmkmtemgenós septmkmtembhujós<br />
800 octōkm̥ temsnṓs octōkm̥ temskṓs octōkm̥ templós octōkm̥ temgenós octōkm̥ tembhujós<br />
900 newnkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ temskṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ templós newnkm ̥ ̥ temgenós newnkm̥ tembhujós<br />
1 000 sm̥ gheslosnṓs sm̥ ghesloskṓs sm̥ ghesloplós sm̥ gheslogenós sm̥ gheslobhujós<br />
10 000 teusmn̥ snṓs teusmn̥ skṓs teusmn̥ plós teusmn̥ genós teusmn̥ bhujós<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
12 354 dwōdekmqis<br />
dwōdekmqis<br />
dwōdekmqis<br />
dwōdekmqis<br />
dwōdekmqis<br />
téusmn̥ snṓs trīs téusmn̥ skṓs trīs téusmn̥ plós trīs téusmn̥ genós trīs téusmn̥ bhujós trīs<br />
km̥ temsnṓs km̥ temskṓs km̥ templós<br />
km̥ temgenós km̥ tembhujós<br />
penqekm̥ temsnṓs penqekm̥ temskṓs penqekm̥ templós penqekm̥ temgenós penqekm̥ tembhujós<br />
qətwr̥ snṓs qətwr̥ skṓs qətwr̥ plós<br />
qətwr̥ genós<br />
qətwr̥ bhujós<br />
100 000 kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
sm̥ gheslosnṓs/ sm̥ ghesloskṓs/ sm̥ ghesloplós sm̥ gheslogenós sm̥ gheslobhujós<br />
km̥ temsnṓs km̥ temskṓs<br />
sm̥ gheslōm sm̥ gheslōm<br />
1 000 000 weltjosnṓs weltjoskṓs weltjoplós weltjogenós weltjobhujós<br />
1 000 000 000 proweltjosnṓs proweltjoskṓs proweltjoplós proweltjogenós proweltjobhujós<br />
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
ADVERBS<br />
ITERATIVE (I) ITERATIVE (II) ITERATIVE (III) ITERATIVE (IV) ITERATIVE (V)<br />
CONTINGENTIAL<br />
DISTRIBUTIVE<br />
qoqis qoqr̥ t qonim qotim qowr̥ tis qoqr̥ pis<br />
1 semli semqr̥ t prāwnim semwr̥ tis semqr̥ pis<br />
2 dwīs dwiqr̥ t dwonim dwiwr̥ tis dwiqr̥ pis<br />
3 trīs triqr̥ t trinim triwr̥ tis triqr̥ pis<br />
4 qəturs qəturqr̥ t qétwr̥ nim qəturwr̥ tis qəturqr̥ pis<br />
5 pénqenqis penqqr̥ t penqnim penqwr̥ tis penqqr̥ pis<br />
6 (k)s(w)éksn̥ qis (k)s(w)eksqr̥ t (k)s(w)eksnim (k)s(w)ekswr̥ tis (k)s(w)eksqr̥ pis<br />
7 séptm̥ qis séptmqr ̥ ̥ t séptm̥ nim séptmwr ̥ ̥ tis séptmqr̥ pis<br />
8 óktonqis óktoqr̥ t óktonim óktowr̥ tis óktoqr̥ pis<br />
9 néwn̥ qis néwnqr ̥ ̥ t néwn̥ nim néwnwr ̥ ̥ tis néwnqr̥ pis<br />
10 dékm̥ qis dékmqr ̥ ̥ t dékm̥ nim dékmwr ̥ ̥ tis dékmqr̥ pis<br />
11 sémdekm̥ qis sémdekmqr ̥ ̥ t sémdekm̥ nim sémdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis sémdekmqr̥ pis<br />
12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥ t dwōdekm ́ ̥ nim dwōdekmwr ́ ̥ ̥ tis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
13 tréjesdekm̥ qis tréjesdekmqr ̥ ̥ t tréjesdekm̥ nim tréjesdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis tréjesdekmqr̥ pis<br />
14 qétwordekm̥ qis qétwordekmqr ̥ ̥ t qétwordekm̥ nim qétwordekmwr ̥ ̥ tis qétwordekmqr̥ pis<br />
15 pénqedekm̥ qis pénqedekmqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedekm̥ nim pénqedekmwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedekmqr̥ pis<br />
16 (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ qis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ nim (k)s(w)éksdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr̥ pis<br />
17 séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ qis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ nim séptrmdekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
18 óktōdekm̥ qis óktōdekmqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdekm̥ nim óktōdekm̥ wr̥ tis óktōdekmqr̥ pis<br />
19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ qis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndekm ̥ ̥ nim néwndekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
20 dwídkm̥ tonqis dwídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t dwídkm̥ tonim dwídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis dwídkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
21 sémdwidkmton ̥ ̥ qis sémdwidkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t sémdwidkm̥ tonim sémdwidkm̥ towr̥ tis sémdwidkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
30 trídkmton ̥ ̥ qis trídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t trídkm̥ tonim trídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis trídkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonim qétwrdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
50 pénqedkmton ̥ ̥ qis pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedkm̥ tonim pénqedkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
60 (k)s(w)éksdkmton ̥ ̥ qis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdkm̥ tonim (k)s(w)éksdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
70 séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonim séptmdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
80 óktōdkm̥ tonqis óktōdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdkm̥ tonim óktōdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis óktōdkmtoqr̥ pis<br />
90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonqis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonim néwndkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
100 kmtemn ̥ ̥ qis kmtemqr ̥ ̥ t km̥ temnim kmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis kmtemqr̥ pis<br />
200 dwíkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis dwíkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t dwíkm̥ temnim dwíkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis dwíkmtemqr̥ pis<br />
300 tríkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis tríkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t tríkm̥ temnim tríkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis tríkmtemqr̥ pis<br />
400 qétwrkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temnim qétwrkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
500 pénqekm̥ temn̥ qis pénqekmtemqr ̥ ̥ t pénqekm̥ temnim pénqekmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqekmtemqr̥ pis<br />
600 (k)s(w)ékskmtemn ̥ ̥ qis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)ékskm̥ temnim (k)s(w)ékskmtemwr̥ tis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr̥ pis<br />
700 séptmkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmkm ̥ ̥ temnim séptmkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
800 óctōkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis óctōkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t óctōkm̥ temnim óctōkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis óctōkmtemqr̥ pis<br />
900 néwnkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwnkm ̥ ̥ temnim néwnkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ pis<br />
1 000 sm̥ ghéslonqis sm̥ ghésloqr̥ t sm̥ ghéslonim sm̥ ghéslowr̥ tis sm̥ ghésloqr̥ pis<br />
10 000 téusmn̥ qis téusmnqr ̥ ̥ t téusmn̥ nim téusmnwr ̥ ̥ tis téusmnqr̥ pis<br />
28
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
12 354 téusmn̥ qis dwīsqe<br />
sm̥ ghéslonqis trīs<br />
kmtemn̥ qis<br />
pénqedkm̥ tonqis<br />
qətursqe<br />
téusmnqr̥ t dwīsqe<br />
sm̥ ghésloqr̥ t trīs<br />
kmtemqr̥ t<br />
pénqedkmtoqr̥ t<br />
qétwrqr̥ tqe<br />
téusmn̥ nim dwīsqe<br />
sm̥ ghéslonim trīs<br />
km̥ temnim<br />
pénqedkm̥ tonim<br />
qétwr̥ nimqe<br />
téusmnwr̥ tis dwīsqe<br />
sm̥ ghéslowr̥ tis trīs<br />
kmtemwr̥ tis<br />
pénqedkmtowr̥ tis<br />
qétwrwr̥ tisqe<br />
téusmnqr̥ pis dwīsqe<br />
sm̥ ghésloqr̥ pis trīs<br />
kmtemqr̥ pis<br />
pénqedkm̥ toqr̥ pis<br />
qétwrqr̥ pisqe<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
100 000 kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemqrt<br />
km̥ temnim<br />
kmtemwrtis<br />
kmtemqrpis<br />
sm̥ ghéslonqis sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/ sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/ sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/ sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
kmtemnqis<br />
sm̥ ghésloqr̥ t sm̥ ghéslonim sm̥ ghéslowr̥ tis sm̥ ghésloqr̥ pis<br />
1 000 000 wéltjoqis wéltjoqr̥ t wéltjonim wéltjowr̥ tis wéltjoqr̥ pis<br />
1 000 000 000 próweltjoqis próweltjoqr̥ t próweltjonim próweltjowr̥ tis próweltjoqr̥ pis<br />
29
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
ADVERBS<br />
MULTIPLICATIVE PARTITIVE SEQUENTIAL<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
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̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
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qodhē qogha qokn̥ s<br />
1 semdhē semgha semkn̥ s<br />
2 dwidhē dwigha dwikn̥ s<br />
3 tridhē trigha trikn̥ s<br />
4 qəturdhē qəturgha qəturkn̥ s<br />
5 penqdhē penqgha penqkn̥ s<br />
6 (k)s(w)eksdhē (k)s(w)eksgha (k)s(w)ekskn̥ s<br />
7 séptm̥ dhē séptm̥ gha séptmkns<br />
8 óktodhē óktogha óktokn̥ s<br />
9 néwn̥ dhē néwn̥ gha néwnkns<br />
10 dékm̥ dhē dékm̥ gha dékmkns<br />
11 sémdekm̥ dhē sémdekm̥ gha sémdekmkns<br />
12 dwōdekmdhē dwōdekmgha dwōdekmkns<br />
13 tréjesdekm̥ dhē tréjesdekm̥ gha tréjesdekmkns<br />
14 qétwordekm̥ dhē qétwordekm̥ gha qétwordekmkns<br />
15 pénqedekm̥ dhē pénqedekm̥ gha pénqedekmkns<br />
16 (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ dhē (k)s(w)éksdekm̥ gha (k)s(w)éksdekmkns<br />
17 séptrmdekmdhē séptrmdekmgha séptrmdekmkns<br />
18 óktōdekm̥ dhē óktōdekm̥ gha óktōdekmkns<br />
19 néwndekmdhē néwndekmgha néwndekmkns<br />
20 dwídkm̥ todhē dwídkm̥ togha dwídkmtokns<br />
21 sémdwidkm̥ todhē sémdwidkm̥ togha sémdwidkmtokns<br />
30 trídkm̥ todhē trídkm̥ togha trídkmtokns<br />
40 qétwrdkmtodhē qétwrdkmtogha qétwrdkmtokns<br />
50 pénqedkm̥ todhē pénqedkm̥ togha pénqedkmtokns<br />
60 (k)s(w)éksdkm̥ todhē (k)s(w)éksdkm̥ togha (k)s(w)éksdkmtokns<br />
70 séptmdkmtodhē séptmdkmtogha séptmdkmtokns<br />
80 óktōdkm̥ todhē óktōdkm̥ togha óktōdkmtokns<br />
90 néwndkmtodhē néwndkmtogha néwndkmtokns<br />
100 km̥ temdhē km̥ temgha kmtemkns<br />
200 dwíkm̥ temdhē dwíkm̥ temgha dwíkmtemkns<br />
300 tríkm̥ temdhē tríkm̥ temgha tríkmtemkns<br />
400 qétwrkmtemdhē qétwrkmtemgha qétwrkmtemkns<br />
500 pénqekm̥ temdhē pénqekm̥ temgha pénqekmtemkns<br />
600 (k)s(w)ékskm̥ temdhē (k)s(w)ékskm̥ temgha (k)s(w)ékskmtemkns<br />
700 séptmkmtemdhē séptmkmtemgha séptmkmtemkns<br />
800 óctōkm̥ temdhē óctōkm̥ temgha óctōkmtemkns<br />
900 néwnkmtemdhē néwnkmtemgha néwnkmtemkns<br />
1 000 sm̥ ghéslodhē sm̥ ghéslogha sm̥ ghéslokn̥ s<br />
10 000 téusmn̥ dhē téusmn̥ gha téusmnkns<br />
12 354 téusmn̥ dhē dwīsqe sm̥ ghéslodhē trīs téusmn̥ gha dwīsqe sm̥ ghéslogha trīs téusmnkns dwīsqe sm̥ ghéslokn̥ s<br />
km̥ temdhē pénqedkm̥ todhē km̥ temgha pénqedkm̥ togha trīs kmtemkns pénqedkmtokns<br />
qétwr̥ dhēqe<br />
qétwr̥ ghaqe<br />
qétwrknsqe<br />
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100 000 km̥ temdhē sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/ kmtemn̥ qis<br />
sm̥ ghéslodhē<br />
km̥ temgha sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/ kmtemn̥ qis<br />
sm̥ ghéslogha<br />
kmtemkn̥ s sm̥ ghéslon̥ qis/<br />
kmtemn̥ qis sm̥ ghéslokn̥ s<br />
1 000 000 wéltjodhē wéltjogha wéltjokn̥ s<br />
1 000 000 000 próweltjodhē próweltjogha próweltjokn̥ s<br />
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
Gérbhtijōs rēidhmōs<br />
Cardinal numbers<br />
'1' to '4' '5' to '19' '5' to '19' from '20' onwards<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> construction<br />
Concordant numeric Juxtaposed numeric Genitival numeric Genitival numeric<br />
phrase<br />
phrase<br />
phrase<br />
phrase<br />
Order <strong>of</strong> elements<br />
Indiferent<br />
Cardinal number + Quantified noun +<br />
quantified noun cardinal number<br />
Indiferent<br />
The numeral is inflected Yes No No Optionally a∙10 b<br />
Case for the cardinal number in<br />
subject/ object clauses<br />
Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable<br />
Case for the quantified noun in subject/<br />
object clauses<br />
Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Genitive Genitive<br />
Case for the cardinal number in oblique Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./<br />
clauses<br />
instr.<br />
Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable<br />
Case for the quantified noun in oblique<br />
clauses<br />
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./<br />
instr.<br />
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./<br />
instr.<br />
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./<br />
instr.<br />
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./<br />
instr.<br />
Bhūt sems wīrós welpowosjoi<br />
Kómopjom smei dhghómenei kod<br />
Dwāi áwejes nisdoi sénchonti<br />
Dwāi áweje nisdoi sénchetes<br />
Trins eikō prokóns<br />
En penqe wínāti bhrēwāns olnom<br />
En bhodesmn ̥ wínāti penqe bhrēwãm<br />
olnom<br />
Kom poréseti oktōu kr̥ keróns<br />
Kom poréseti kr̥ kerṓm oktōu<br />
Cówqolos newn̥ steighet gwewbhis<br />
Dekm̥ eikō bhrātern̥ s<br />
Bhrātrom dekm̥ eikō<br />
Pénqedekm̥ eikō swésorn̥ s<br />
Swéserom pénqedekm̥ eikō<br />
There was one man in the waiting-room<br />
This is the equipment for one person<br />
Two birds are singing in their nest<br />
Two birds are singing in their nest<br />
I have three suitors<br />
The project involves five bridges<br />
The project involves the upgrading <strong>of</strong> five<br />
bridges<br />
He will contribute with eight chickens<br />
He will contribute with eight chickens<br />
The cowboy walked with nine cows<br />
I have ten brothers<br />
I have ten brothers<br />
I have fifteen sisters<br />
I have fifteen sisters<br />
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Ud dwídkm̥ tī dhijō álomnōm tewe<br />
Ud dwídkm̥ totim dhijō álomnōm tewe<br />
Ludhónt penqe dwídkm̥ tīqe judhmṓm<br />
mimódhochei.<br />
Deiktins dōnt penque trídkm̥ tobhosqe<br />
judhmobhos<br />
Kom km̥ tom ambhirōjṓm bhíbherti/<br />
bhíbhr̥ nti sulnóm latom<br />
Nē gheghjājō km̥ tom adkl̥ nṓm agonts<br />
Opḗs (opsús) esmi km̥ tom dhḗlíjomnos<br />
ambhirōjóīs<br />
Dwikm̥ tóns epmes adchodhons /dwoi<br />
km̥ toi epmes adchodhōm<br />
Glaghās sm̥ gheslēd ludhónt stānōm<br />
Dwōdekm ̥ átnomēnoses dinologjei koi<br />
sonti: ougrónijos, dhechrónijos,<br />
taurónijos, wesónijos, bhlṓnijos,<br />
ekwónijos, aidhrónijos, karpónijos,<br />
wl̥ qónijos, woinónijos, dhoncónijos,<br />
kwentónijos.<br />
I admire your twenty pupils<br />
I admire twenty <strong>of</strong> your pupils<br />
Twenty-five soldiers came on Wednesday<br />
They gave indications to thirty-five soldiers<br />
A hundred tourists (is)/ are taking<br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> the sunny day<br />
I don’t get bored managing one hundred<br />
clients<br />
I am busy dealing with a hundred tourists<br />
We received two hundred applications<br />
The protests came from one thousand<br />
places<br />
The twelve months <strong>of</strong> year in the calendar<br />
are these: January, February, March, April,<br />
June, July, August, September, October,<br />
November, December.<br />
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Ridhmēpikéimona<br />
Kérdhesja<br />
Prāwos wosos nē ərḗjeti kr̥ pjobhim-two<br />
Tod antjei gisto sm̥ ghéslosjo<br />
newnkm̥ témtəmī néwndkm̥ təmī<br />
októwosjo átnosjo<br />
Edjḗw esti prāwos karpólijosjo dwóterī<br />
sm̥ ghéslosjo dekəmosjo<br />
Ausrom dékəmom éikomos<br />
kwentónijosjo<br />
Áitija<br />
Trejes qətwr̥ wōs eksignṓs/ghóstejes<br />
kómjugtōs sonti<br />
Trejes qətwr̥ tōs eksignṓs kómjugtōs<br />
sonti<br />
Trejes qətwr̥ wās eksignṓm kómjugtās/<br />
kómjugtōs sonti<br />
Trejes qətwr̥ tās eksignṓm kómjugtās/<br />
kómjugtōs sonti<br />
Krenghom moitāja penqwã kā́posjo<br />
kosjo<br />
Numeral adjectives<br />
Ordinal<br />
The first dress does not pass with your<br />
shoes<br />
This happened by the end <strong>of</strong> the year<br />
nineteen ninenety eight<br />
Today is first <strong>of</strong> August <strong>of</strong> two thousand<br />
ten<br />
Tomorrow we have tenth <strong>of</strong> December<br />
Partitive<br />
Three out <strong>of</strong> four foreigners are married<br />
Three out <strong>of</strong> four foreigners are married<br />
Three quarters <strong>of</strong> the foreigners are<br />
married<br />
Three quarters <strong>of</strong> the foreigners are<br />
married<br />
I exchanged the ring for a fifth <strong>of</strong> this land<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Winómeja<br />
Ékslegtiwortija<br />
Wétesi wétesi (=qā́kosmi wétesi)<br />
Diwí diwí (=qā́kosmi diwí)<br />
Dwóterei (qā́ qosmi) wétesi<br />
Péluplektiwortija<br />
Dwīsnā ́ wétesa<br />
Jektrom tod kəpsāis qríjetor<br />
dwódekm̥ skōm cl̥ kōm<br />
Sm̥legtiwortija<br />
Sweksnā ́ éiketi putlā́<br />
(=swekstim éiketi putlōm)<br />
Kaiwopelúwijogrébhtija<br />
Kūmā́ túmolōm trīsnoisu wórbhoisu<br />
sonti<br />
Ridhmogromogrébhtija<br />
Dekm̥ bhūnt wənmā́s, newrā́s, kənistā́s,<br />
térunās, krákontes, chaisās, súerqejes<br />
morignās joqe dekm̥ dhl̥ rṓs, kaljṓs,<br />
súnorōs, wéjesjōs, moiwṓs, júwones<br />
móghewes.<br />
Dwisnā ́ dekm̥ nāwí kelujont.<br />
Qórostija<br />
Wóghokoi trejes bhūnt westrodhōnja.<br />
Wīrṓu trija nijetām westrodhōnja.<br />
Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trija<br />
wóghokoi qā́qosmi. Wīrṓu trīsnā́<br />
nijetām westrodhōnja, t.e. wóghokom<br />
semm ̥ qāqos.<br />
Distributive<br />
Of selective value<br />
Each year / year by year<br />
Each day/ day by day<br />
Every two years<br />
Of multiplicative value<br />
Two consecutive years<br />
This medicine is sold in boxes <strong>of</strong> twelve<br />
pills<br />
Collective<br />
She has six children (=he has a sextet <strong>of</strong><br />
children)<br />
Cardinal <strong>of</strong> pluralia tantum<br />
There are lots <strong>of</strong> riots all three outskirts<br />
Cardinal <strong>of</strong> a numeral group<br />
There were ten pretty, fresh, youthful,<br />
tender, graceful, comely, splendid lasses and<br />
ten budding, gorgeous, lusty, sturdy, sappy,<br />
young lads.<br />
The two groups <strong>of</strong> ten travelled on a boat.<br />
Classificative<br />
There were three suitcases on the cart. Two<br />
men carried the three suitcases.<br />
There were six suitcases, three on each cart.<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> the two men carried three suitcases,<br />
i.e. one cart each<br />
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Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trija<br />
wóghokoi qā́qosmi, qetworesqe wīrṓs.<br />
Dwīsnṓu wīrṓu trīsnā́ nijónt<br />
westrodhōnja.<br />
Newn̥ bhūnt westrodhōnja trejesqe<br />
wīrṓs. Wīrós preiwos trīsnā ́ (trija) nijét<br />
westrodhōnja.<br />
Apo épītn̥ s oktosnóns kowesn̥ t<br />
Apo épītes oktosnṓs kowésn̥ to<br />
Péluplektija<br />
m̥ gā́ tiwortija<br />
Dwoplóm luwét awoqrojom<br />
Wr̥ dhom tod dwoplóm éiketi usdoikom<br />
Triplóm ghedāt kousnom<br />
Áitiwortija<br />
Dwoplóm westrodhōnjom<br />
(=dwóbhudhmi westrodhōnjom)<br />
Dwoplā ́ domus (=dwóplāris domus)<br />
There were six suitcases, three on each cart,<br />
and four men. Every two men carried three<br />
suitcases.<br />
There were nine suitecases and three men.<br />
Each man carried three suitcases.<br />
They evacuated the passengers eight by<br />
eight<br />
The passengers were evacuated eight by<br />
eight<br />
Multiplicative<br />
Of augmentative value<br />
He paid a double fee<br />
This word has a double meaning<br />
She received a triple rent<br />
Of partitive value<br />
A double-bottom suitcase<br />
A two-storey house<br />
Qórostija<br />
Komwodhos so dwoplós: ənapadṓs nē<br />
wekānt kəptolondhom leiktum, joqe<br />
enignṓs wedr ̥ erktum nē wekānt<br />
Aigjom esjo dwogenóm: nē moghāt<br />
ghostum neqe sweptum<br />
Aigjom esjo dwobhujóm: neqe ghosāt<br />
neqe lówāto<br />
Classificative<br />
It (was) a tw<strong>of</strong>old conflict: the invaders did<br />
not want to leave the captured ground and<br />
the native population did not want to share<br />
the water<br />
His illness had double consequences: he<br />
could neither eat nor sleep<br />
His illness had a double origin: he neither<br />
ate nor washed himself<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Ridhmēpiwərḗmona<br />
Iterā́ tija<br />
Tebhei dékm̥ qis (=dékmqr̥ t) woqa:<br />
smeustrom neqom klawde prījósm̥<br />
nedhskōrknetim əneu.<br />
Stéleswortija<br />
Sm̥ weghtom nē qid peum;<br />
dwóweghtom trija labhóm wr̥ dha;<br />
tríweghtom galmoupologhom labhóm;<br />
qétwr̥ weghtom solwāns peum bhānins,<br />
enim pénqeweghtom galmom seghtum<br />
moghóm.<br />
Kswéksweghtom<br />
cm̥ jonts<br />
(=kswéksweghtom jom ludhóm),<br />
júwonm̥ medóm médodikm̥<br />
Udbhórowortija<br />
Dhghjesi newom bhrūgtós esmi<br />
prāwnim woghnom<br />
Dwonim (=dwīs) məgsomobhrēunās<br />
epitərunā́s<br />
Nū trinim (=trīs) peqonjom klewtum<br />
skelō<br />
Wétesi kosmei seghtṓr so sperstim<br />
qétwr̥ nim (qəturs) wikét<br />
Edjḗw médodikm tom pénqenim setíjai<br />
Ksweksnim cm̥ jonts (=jom ksweksnim<br />
ludhóm) senom medóm médodikm̥<br />
Winómowortija<br />
Dōwn̥ kleitrom adést pénqewr̥ tis /<br />
pénqeqr̥ pis (=pénqe séstisu)<br />
Numeral adverbs<br />
Iterative adverbs<br />
I’ve told it ten times to you: never close the<br />
computer without first saving (your) files.<br />
With locative value<br />
The first time I did not understand<br />
anything; the second time I catched three<br />
words; the third time I got the topic <strong>of</strong> the<br />
conversation; the fourth time I understood<br />
whole sentences, and the fifth time I was<br />
able to hold a conversation.<br />
The sixth time I came, I met a young<br />
doctor.<br />
With contingential value<br />
Yesterday I used the new car for the first<br />
time<br />
For the second time (=twice), the<br />
maximum limits have been surpassed.<br />
This is the third time (=three times) now I<br />
have to clean the kitchen<br />
This year this champion has won the<br />
competition for the fourth time (=four<br />
times)<br />
Today I visit this doctor for the fifth time<br />
When I came for the sixth time, I met an<br />
old doctor.<br />
With distributive value<br />
She prepared the database in five times (=in<br />
five sessions)<br />
37
̥<br />
Chapter A3: Numerals<br />
Péluplektija<br />
Dékm̥ dhē lōbām qīt<br />
Ambhimojā́ bhrūgtis<br />
Tridhē kādr ̥ tod leutéwijom (=tribhís<br />
koitubhis)<br />
Áitija<br />
Londhom medōn trigha widhét (=trija<br />
en kérora)<br />
Épiseqesja<br />
Mḗlowortija<br />
Prāwom, gerjā (bhudhjā) joqe ud<br />
sistām. Dwóterom dr̥ kām lowom,<br />
dontn̥ s melkō tribhís méiwn̥ bhis joqe<br />
ā́mreja (prṓtera) dhidhēm éukesa.<br />
Tritjom, prā́mēdjom edmi joqe owō<br />
Prokónsowortija<br />
Krōtós enā ́ dhghōmōn, semkn̥ s prijṓm<br />
prowodhōm rōdhí, dwikn̥ s mlōdhrṓ<br />
ártijō wergō, trikn̥ s sənitjóīs gousnoīs<br />
joqe qétwrkn̥ s (enim ántjokn̥ s) ejos<br />
widjolubhjóīs awonomoīs.<br />
Multiplicative<br />
He paid ten times for his crime<br />
Alternative use<br />
This problem can be solved in three ways<br />
(=through three manners)<br />
Partitive<br />
The governor divided the country in three<br />
parts (=in three regions)<br />
Sequential<br />
Of chronological value<br />
Firstly, I wake and get up in the morning.<br />
Secondly, I wash my face, brush my teeth in<br />
three minutes and do my morning exercises.<br />
Thirdly, I have a breakfast and get dressed.<br />
Of argumentative value<br />
She is a reputed person; firsly because <strong>of</strong><br />
her friendly manners, secondly, because <strong>of</strong><br />
her excellent artistical work, thirdly,<br />
because <strong>of</strong> her exquisite tastes and fourthly<br />
(and finally) because <strong>of</strong> her philosophical<br />
contributions.<br />
38
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe)<br />
Énonmija<br />
Widíktija antinṓmona<br />
Pronouns and determinants<br />
Personal<br />
Demonstrative<br />
Is, id<br />
Def. nom os(i), ac. om/em, dat. esmei,<br />
gen. s. esjo, pl. esom, altern. ad im,<br />
ismei, ejos, eisom<br />
This, he, she<br />
Qismei jāmi cotēnṓi anábhorma<br />
(anabhorikós wertos)<br />
Petrōi pr̥kom qid eitr̥ ambhí mənjet, atqe<br />
neqid is proti wewqét<br />
Referred to something already mentioned<br />
(anaphoric value)<br />
I asked Peter what he thought about the trip,<br />
but he didn’t answer anything<br />
Trīs woida bhloigom, nē lubhjō aw ejos<br />
antjom<br />
I’ve seen the film three times, but I don’t<br />
like the end <strong>of</strong> it<br />
So, sā, tod<br />
Komkṓpotos anáwesn̥ta<br />
bhətorklutr̥bhom<br />
Ordhēsmn̥ tod meghei ménestom prépeti<br />
Bhādhjom tosmōi wīrōi skelō prīsnim<br />
qām ati medoim<br />
Ghoi-ke, ghāi-ke, ghod-ke<br />
Bhū́ mn̥tos anáwesn̥ta<br />
bhətorklutr̥bhom<br />
Eme bheitlom ghod-ke enim kl̥dom<br />
sékādhi ghom-ke<br />
Qis domei trébheti ghesāi<br />
Ghod-ke chelō wesmn̥orkjom<br />
This<br />
Conceptually present to both speaker and<br />
hearer<br />
This proposal seems reasonable to me<br />
I have to speak to this man before I meet<br />
him again<br />
This<br />
Physically present to both speaker and<br />
hearer<br />
Take this axe and cut this piece <strong>of</strong> wood<br />
Who lives in this house<br />
I want this cupboard<br />
39
Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants<br />
(E)ko, (e)kā, (e)kod<br />
This<br />
Bhū́ mn̥tos komkṓpotoswe anáwesn̥ta<br />
oinim bhətorei<br />
Porsógaldhrom kod nē sū bhúngetoi<br />
Chedhjō proti mē déwmenei kosmōi<br />
skréibhete<br />
Physically or conceptually present just to<br />
speaker<br />
This telephone does not work well<br />
Please do not reply to this message<br />
Édqismei tértinōi anábhorma<br />
(km̥tabhorikós wertos)<br />
Septəm bhūtiswenwornōs sonti koi: mū,<br />
bē, miau, bau, kol, qa, crī<br />
Referred to something which will be<br />
explained (cataphoric value)<br />
The seven natural musical notes are these:<br />
C, D, E, F, G, A, B<br />
Oiso, oisā, oisod<br />
Bhətores qeli, klūtori proqēd<br />
Prāi enke sedlām oisām<br />
Qori pn̥ tē stéighesi óisāsōd<br />
That, yonder<br />
Far from speaker, near to hearer<br />
Bring that chair to me<br />
Why are you going that way<br />
Eno, enā, enod (elno, elnā, elnod)<br />
Bhətorklūtr̥bhem qeli<br />
Enod spekje ceri<br />
Kṓnāswo wəronkim elnām leintum<br />
That, yonder<br />
Both from speaker and from hearer far<br />
Look at that mountain<br />
Try to avoid that dip<br />
Widíktijās doljās<br />
Ke, ki<br />
An<br />
Aw<br />
Demonstrative particles<br />
This<br />
This other<br />
That, yonder<br />
Sontom lege ke, pl̥nādhi em an kom<br />
joqe em aw olēje wī<br />
Read this letter, complete this other one<br />
and destroy that one<br />
40
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qā́ wn̥tera antinṓmona<br />
Edqis, edqid (qis, qid)<br />
Esti qis kei an domei<br />
Edqid colnei me bhojəjet cīwei mene<br />
ambhí<br />
Neqos, neqā, neqod<br />
Neqos klāwm̥ kām nānke<br />
Préimonē néwostis ghēdnā ́ esti neqō<br />
Edqos, edqod<br />
Prōd dhēljognātjes edqā cece daitis<br />
Nē édqosmi plakējō sméudhmeni<br />
Qisqe, qidqe<br />
Dəsdhi qísmeiqe séwijom<br />
Dekm̥ senti dómewes, qismiqe qetwora<br />
sweptorja<br />
Quantitative pronouns<br />
Someone, anyone, something, anything<br />
Is there anyone here at home<br />
Something on the plane caused me to fear<br />
for my life<br />
Someone, something<br />
Someone has found this key<br />
The news was received with a certain<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> pleasure<br />
Some<br />
Some time has elapsed since the baby’s<br />
birth<br />
I don’t agree with some idea<br />
Each (one)<br />
Give to each one his share<br />
There are ten houses with four bedrooms<br />
each one<br />
Qāqos, qāqā, qāqod<br />
Wergom ejos qāqos gnōwe<br />
Wergom sewe qāqos gnōwe<br />
Epi dókmeni deiktrom qāqei dhētum<br />
skélesi<br />
Eacb one<br />
Each one knows his work (<strong>of</strong> his)<br />
Each one knows his own work<br />
You have to put a stamp on each document<br />
Qéjespejoi<br />
Dwīspokna sonti dom qéjespeja kəpsāi<br />
Drugholtōm glóghejes qéjespejoisom<br />
bhrēgnā́s sonti<br />
A few, some<br />
There are still a few biscuits in the box<br />
The tips <strong>of</strong> some pencils have been broken<br />
41
Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants<br />
Solwos, solwā, solwod<br />
Dhochom solwom kei nē bhowe<br />
Solwō tosjo alchō ōighei<br />
Oljoi, oljāi, olja<br />
Oljoīs tosjo ambhíqoloīs ōighei<br />
Drewa āsḗjonti olja<br />
All, the whole<br />
He hasn’t been here in all the day<br />
He departed with all his money<br />
All, every<br />
He departed with all his servants<br />
All the trees are dry<br />
Neqis, neqid<br />
Neqis woide qid gégoisissēt PLPF. PREC.<br />
Apo neqī tod wérutum móghsesi<br />
No one, none, nothing<br />
No one knew what had happened<br />
You won’t be able to open it with anything<br />
Nōinos, nōinā, nōinod<br />
Upéri qertim elnām dokots bhowāt<br />
nōinos skewonts<br />
Eksí nōinā einjom dhworī esti<br />
Totjoi, totjāi, totja<br />
Totjoi bhewent wīrṓs jotjāi cenās<br />
Tótjābhis sprigējō mōrotābhis<br />
Tā́ wn̥tos, tā́ wn̥tā, tā́ wn̥tod<br />
Meghei tā́ wn̥tom kobī (kobom) esti<br />
jā́ wn̥tom wolpsām<br />
Tā́ wn̥tō ednom (ghosmom) loda wergō<br />
No<br />
There was no teacher supervising that<br />
activity<br />
It is not possible to go out through any<br />
door<br />
So/as many<br />
There were so many men as women<br />
I am fed up with so many stupid things<br />
So/as much<br />
I am as successful as I had expected (I have<br />
so much success as I had expected)<br />
I have forgotten the meal because <strong>of</strong> so<br />
much work<br />
42
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Idémtera antinṓnoma<br />
Indentity pronouns<br />
Enis, enid<br />
Anta jíjn̥ti énija gnōtla oknos epíloghei<br />
tosmei bhātrei<br />
Me énijom (dhghomenom) ənaisunās<br />
wístətjes pigḗjonti<br />
Some (one), a certain (one)<br />
Certain signals cast doubt on this optimistic<br />
scenario<br />
I get annoyed at some people’s irrespectful<br />
attitudes<br />
Səmos, səmā, səmod<br />
Rətjes sonti səmāi kandostóm kom<br />
wolḗtewei<br />
Troudons wéwora səmons kā́denei<br />
tosmōi eksleutéwijōi<br />
Ambhōu, ambhāi, ambhoi/ qóterosqid,<br />
qóterā-qid, qóterod-qid<br />
Ambhōu albhōu (stes)<br />
Qóteros-qid albhos (esti)<br />
Aljos, aljā, aljod<br />
Trins jāmi ēde ábelons, nū aw aljom<br />
gléubheti<br />
Epi aljod n̥kḗjesi an (=epi aw n̥kḗjesi<br />
qid)<br />
Onjos, onjā, onjod<br />
Dəsdhi-moi ábelom onjom, pūlós ke<br />
Nē kei stounom, onjosmei plā́meni<br />
wertéwijom<br />
Álteros, álterā, álterod / Ónteros,<br />
ónterā, ónterod<br />
Álteros wr̥isdḗjeti, álteros bhlēti<br />
Ónterobhi terpō, ónterobhi qn̥tjō<br />
Some, certain<br />
There are certain reasons to choose this<br />
candidate<br />
I found some difficulties to solve this<br />
problem<br />
Both<br />
Both are white<br />
Both are white (=each one is white)<br />
Another (one), more <strong>of</strong> the previous (one)<br />
He has already eaten three apples and now,<br />
he is peeling another one<br />
Do you need anything else<br />
Another (one), a different one<br />
Give me another apple, this one is putrid<br />
The information is not here, it has to be<br />
found in another book<br />
The one, the other (one)<br />
If one <strong>of</strong> them is laughing, the other one is<br />
weeping<br />
With one <strong>of</strong> them, I feel pleasure, with the<br />
other one, I suffer<br />
43
Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants<br />
Éteros, éterā, éterod<br />
m̥ dhrom édnijom, éterod qid wisowent<br />
(=loiqá wisówenta)<br />
So gnōwe, (te-/ke-) éteroi ngnōsā́jonti<br />
Somós, somā́ , somód<br />
Dhworins peltum krī́tijāns móghesi trins<br />
somã klāwē<br />
Wr̥stjes senti qétesres somosjo sqelī<br />
Isem, idem<br />
Wīrós elno isem qom dhjesi woida<br />
Douknei kelúseti ijo-em (=somō) qām<br />
bhrātēr tewe<br />
So-pe, sā-pe, tod-pe / S(w)el (e)pe<br />
Praiseds so-pe (=swelpe) moi<br />
koiluwertum ludhét<br />
Sī tesãi-pe (=swélpesãi) drā́jeti<br />
Qisqis, qidqid<br />
Qisqis árgumona peuti ta<br />
Wənmā ́ qīqī westī essi<br />
Qisqomqe, qidqomqe / josqis, jāqis,<br />
jodqid<br />
Prāi qimqomqe widḗjēsi kasjom enke<br />
Alchom dídōmi qismeiqomqe n̥kḗjēti<br />
Tālis, tāli<br />
Tāli gáudhjom mene seghom pos esti<br />
Nē tāljom woida upelōm protimoghtrom<br />
Tāli chelō wesmn̥orkjom<br />
The other, any other<br />
The blue one is edible, any other one is<br />
poisonous (=the rest is poisonous)<br />
He knows it, the rest ignore it<br />
The same (one)<br />
You can open three different doors with the<br />
same key<br />
There are four versions <strong>of</strong> the same story<br />
The same (one)<br />
That is the same man that I saw yesterday<br />
He will travel on the same train as your<br />
brother<br />
Himself, herself, itself<br />
The president himself came to salute me<br />
She works for helself<br />
Any, anyone, anything<br />
Anyone understands these argumentations<br />
You are pretty with any garment<br />
Whoever, whatever<br />
Bring whatever hare you may see<br />
I give money to whoever needs it<br />
Of such kind/quality<br />
Such is my joy after the victory<br />
I don’t know the remedy to such evils<br />
I want a wardrobe like this one<br />
44
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Neqóteros, neqóterā, neqóterod<br />
Neqóteros wēra gnōwe<br />
Neqóterō móghnijom drātum<br />
None <strong>of</strong> the two<br />
None <strong>of</strong> the two knows the truth<br />
It is impossible to work with any <strong>of</strong> these<br />
two ones<br />
45
Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants<br />
Pr̥ktijá antinṓmona<br />
Qis, qid (swebhodhja)<br />
Qis bhətoi<br />
Qid wéqesi<br />
Qis so bhətoi (Bhókejom)<br />
Qis so léwseti (Bhókejom)<br />
Qos, qā, qod (n̥swebhodhja)<br />
Qos ambhíqolos cēme<br />
Qom somosodm̥ chélesi<br />
Qod tod pējr ̥ woqta (Bhókejom)<br />
Qóteros, qóterā, qóterod<br />
Qóterām plējós gnōwta cenām<br />
Qóterosmi ghéseni tebhei wolsnos<br />
Qótəmos, qótəmā, qótəmod<br />
Qótəmā regtā́ protíweqtis<br />
Qótəmom pl̥nim bhéidhesi perilóm<br />
Qotjoi, qotjāi, qotja<br />
Qotja lēgta plā́mona<br />
Qótjoisu qrī́njoisu pr̥nāntor skousās kāi<br />
Qā́ wn̥tos, qā́ wn̥tā, qā́ wn̥tod<br />
Qā́ wn̥tom n̥kḗjesi alchom<br />
Qā́ wn̥tī póndesos ēme kr̥pusjām<br />
Qālis, qāli<br />
Qāli eksi gusés estlom<br />
Qálismi poleī wésēsi<br />
Interrogative pronouns<br />
Who, what (independent)<br />
Who is speaking<br />
What are you saying<br />
Who is this who is speaking (Focal)<br />
Who is the one who is paying (Focal)<br />
Who, what (dependent)<br />
What servant has come<br />
What car do you want<br />
What is this insult you have uttered (Focal)<br />
Which <strong>of</strong> two<br />
Which woman do you know best<br />
In which hand do you have the wound<br />
Which <strong>of</strong> many / which <strong>of</strong> all<br />
Which one is the right answer<br />
Which expert do you fully trust<br />
How many<br />
How many books have you read<br />
In how many shops are these trousers sold<br />
How much<br />
How much money do you need<br />
Of how much weight did he/she take the<br />
water melon<br />
How, <strong>of</strong> what type<br />
How was the dish you chose<br />
In what kind <strong>of</strong> a city do you intend to<br />
stay<br />
46
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Atibhr̥tija antinṓmona<br />
Jos, jā, jod<br />
Kwonm̥ jos bherti bhrātēr esti mene<br />
(=kwn̥bhr̥tṓr bhrātēr mene esti / Kwonm̥<br />
[so] bheronts bhrātēr esti mene )<br />
Eme jod welāsi<br />
Sā esti klāws josjo tā́wn̥tāms r̥kḗjeti<br />
rūnāms<br />
(=Tosjo esti sā klāws, qos tā́wn̥tāms<br />
r̥kḗjeti rūnāms)<br />
Qos, qā(i), qod<br />
Wīrós qos ekwō wéghetor jentēr esti<br />
tewe (=ekwoweghmos wīrós jentēr esti<br />
tewe)<br />
Kei esti nemots, qesjo n̥sī sūnús tewe<br />
chn̥tós esti<br />
Sā esti klāws qesās potis tā́wn̥tāms<br />
r̥kḗjeti rūnāms<br />
Jóteros, jóterā, jóterod<br />
Plā́mone dwoi stom skolpei, dəsdhi-moi<br />
jóterod məgsi lubhojta<br />
Jemō tloqsai joterō bheidhmn̥ plējós<br />
meghei esti (=jóterom plējós bheidhō)<br />
Jótəmos, jótəmā, jótəmod<br />
Jótəmos pr̥tóm məgnom ghedēt, drātum<br />
strigā́sēti<br />
Relative pronouns<br />
The one who, the one hat<br />
The one who is carrying the dog is my<br />
brother<br />
Take what you want<br />
This is the key <strong>of</strong> the one who conceals so<br />
many secrets<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the one this is the key, who conceals so<br />
many secrets)<br />
Who, that<br />
The man who is being conveyed by a horse<br />
is my cousin (=The man riding the horse is<br />
my cousin)<br />
Here is the enemy, by whose sword your<br />
son has been killed<br />
This is the key the master <strong>of</strong> which conceals<br />
so many secrets<br />
The one <strong>of</strong> two who/which<br />
There are two books on the shelf. Give me<br />
the one you liked most<br />
I’ll talk to the twin which I trust the most.<br />
The one among many who/which<br />
The one who wins the big price will stop<br />
working<br />
Ersājēr jótəmoi ənagesn̥s (əgesmuktóns)<br />
lā́jonti<br />
Those who scold innocent people are<br />
mistaken<br />
47
Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants<br />
Jotjoi, jotjāi, jotja<br />
Jotjoi bhn̥toi ersā́jonti<br />
Jewe jotjons n̥kḗjōnti<br />
Jā́ wn̥tos, jā́ wn̥tā, jā́ wn̥tod<br />
Jā́ wn̥tod welāsi eme<br />
Rēimn̥ kod jā́ wn̥tosjo qéqəmai<br />
Jālis, jālid<br />
Odsām jā́ lija wiweqt<br />
Anábhorām ghōda jā́ lismi pikāt<br />
Áinuja antinṓmona<br />
Mene tod (=menjom tod)<br />
Those many, so many<br />
Those (many) who are speaking are wrong<br />
Help those who may need it.<br />
That much<br />
Take as much as you want<br />
This is a list <strong>of</strong> all I have acquired<br />
Of that kind, <strong>of</strong> that quality<br />
I detested the kind <strong>of</strong> things he used to say<br />
I took as reference the kind <strong>of</strong> things he<br />
painted<br />
Posessive pronouns<br />
This is mine<br />
48
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
5.-Doljās<br />
Particles<br />
əneu acc. olsí, ólteri oltrōd* acc., loc.<br />
apo / apó / apsí abl. pəra acc.<br />
apóteri abl. pəros abl.<br />
ad acc. per(i)/perti acc., loc.<br />
ambhí acc, loc. perom loc., abl.<br />
ana (əna) acc, loc. pos(ti), pósteri postrōd* acc.<br />
anta acc. poti acc.<br />
antí acc., loc. prāi loc., abl.<br />
awou abl. práiteri acc.<br />
dē / de abl. prōd / pro acc., dat., abl.<br />
dō/ do acc, dat. próteri acc.<br />
ek / eksí / éksteri ekstrōd gen., abl. proti acc., dat., abl.<br />
en / ení / ensí / endo entrōd* acc., loc. pūnim acc.<br />
énteri acc, loc. rōdhí gen.<br />
ektós abl. səní / sn̥ terí abl.<br />
epi / opi acc., loc., instr. seqi gen.<br />
jāwn̥ ts (qomdom) acc. teni / tenos gen.<br />
kəmti instr. trāntis / teres / tr̥ qe acc.<br />
kom komtrōd* instr, loc. upo acc., loc.<br />
n̥ dheri n̥ dhertrōd* acc., loc. úperi / upsí úpertrōd* acc., loc.<br />
n̥ dhi acc., loc. ud(i) / udsí abl.<br />
nī nītrōd* acc., loc. wī / wi loc., abl.<br />
obhi acc., loc. wr̥ stom acc.<br />
*Káiwonim lokteiwã ptōtī<br />
*Only with the accusative case<br />
49
Chapter A5: Particles<br />
Əneu<br />
Smoldom welmi goldom əneu<br />
Sukēnstim əneu óighoighei<br />
Ad<br />
Ad gálgaljānt āsām<br />
Ad léitomos sm̥mādom<br />
Petrom ad, wērom tod nē bhūt<br />
Without<br />
I want c<strong>of</strong>fee without sugar<br />
He departed without saying good-buy<br />
At, to, towards, according to<br />
They were talking by the fireplace<br />
We are going to the party<br />
According to Peter, this was not true<br />
Ambhí<br />
Ambhí dāmõs swepónt oljoi<br />
Ciwānt dekm̥ ambhí dólsjobhis dhochoi<br />
Ambhí kolsom dhēt kolsowospom<br />
Ambhí wedhrom gólgoljomos<br />
Ana (əna)<br />
Somosóds douknostātoriom əna wérgeti<br />
Ana bhuwḗr tégesi<br />
Nāwis əna (=práiteri) pluwét dānum<br />
Ana okrim montjos stighóm<br />
Woghoi əna (=woghō) ludhét<br />
Around, about<br />
All the colleagues were sleeping around<br />
They lived approximately on ten dollars a<br />
day<br />
He put the scarf around the neck<br />
We are talking about the weather<br />
To, on, along in an upwards direction<br />
The train heads to the train station<br />
They were on board<br />
The ship navigated along the river<br />
I hiked up to the top <strong>of</strong> the hill<br />
He came on cart (=by cart)<br />
50
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Anta<br />
Somosóds douknostātoriom anta<br />
wérgeti<br />
Pr̥kskā newans rirḗgseti anta<br />
snitómestins<br />
Antí<br />
Domom antí stāt(o)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod antí sontjes, tétrudme<br />
Towards<br />
The car heads towards the train station<br />
The question aims at the new restriction<br />
measures<br />
In front <strong>of</strong><br />
He stopped in front <strong>of</strong> the house<br />
We are worried by the situation we are<br />
facing<br />
Apo / apó /apsí<br />
Pútlotjēd lépeti apó<br />
Domēd apó mene sentum ad km̥ tom<br />
sonti podes<br />
Apó meghei dede ghornóm plāmn̥<br />
Ghwedhō, krāsi mewom ghawe apó<br />
Apóteri<br />
Dhóighēd apóteri sedḗjonti maqôs<br />
From, since, back<br />
He stutters since his childhood<br />
From my house to the path there are one<br />
hundred steps.<br />
He gave the lent book back to me<br />
Please call me back tomorrow<br />
Behind/ after<br />
The boys are sitting behind the wall<br />
Kaiwodáitibhes apóteri uksórm ̥ wedhét<br />
Awo(u)<br />
Awo dhobhnóm dhghjesi protipornjom<br />
aanoke<br />
Awo porsógaldhrom stolom leloghóm<br />
After his bachelor times he got married<br />
Back<br />
The spoiled goods came back yesterday<br />
I laid the phone back on the table<br />
51
Chapter A5: Particles<br />
Dē/de<br />
Dē nébheses kádeti wr̥stā<br />
Dē km̥tom dólsjobhes pornetum<br />
skélomos<br />
Dō/ do<br />
Dō stighét drómāntjom<br />
Dō oltrōd sr̥tā dānewi tetnēt<br />
Ek / eksí / éksteri / ekstrōd<br />
ektós<br />
Dhūmājet eksí skreibhtorjēd<br />
Ekstrōd awmēd sodét prōnkom<br />
ghwātewei<br />
Skownous eksí trijom nuwətṓs esti<br />
En / ení / ensí / endo / entrōd<br />
Kleitlām ení mijomes<br />
Skreibhtorjei nē esti en<br />
En te spektewi matérm̥ -two mímnāskō<br />
Énteri<br />
Démese énteri esti prótimā<br />
Bhewet katus oljans énteri wénjāsi<br />
Gnōtos esti óiwowidsi énteri<br />
Epi / opi<br />
Domus ēsāt dhm̥ bhonjoi epi<br />
Epi tūrjóm bhūt woinos<br />
Epi wr̥ stã, chádhsomos dom<br />
From upwards<br />
Rain falls from the sky<br />
We have to negotiate from one hundred<br />
dollars downwards<br />
Until<br />
He walked until the end <strong>of</strong> the corridor<br />
The queue reached the other side <strong>of</strong> the river<br />
Outside<br />
He uses to smoke out <strong>of</strong> his <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
He went our <strong>of</strong> the hotel to call for a taxi<br />
He passed two (out) <strong>of</strong> the three exams<br />
Inside<br />
We entered the cabin<br />
He isn’t in his <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
When I look at you I remember your mother<br />
Between, among<br />
There is a statue between the two buildings<br />
The was a fight among all the families<br />
He is known among specialists<br />
On, in addition, despite<br />
The house was situated on a graveyard<br />
There was cheese in addition to wine<br />
Despite the rain, we’ll keep walking<br />
52
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Jāwn̥ts (momdom)<br />
Kelutim jāwn̥ts swpónt<br />
Probhoudhos: solwom dhochom swpont<br />
Km̥ti<br />
Domus ēsāt arwō km̥ti<br />
Km̥ti bhokom mēmsóm dhēt<br />
Kom, komtrōd<br />
Kom dhēt wodr̥ glaktiqe = kom dhēt<br />
wodr̥ glaktī<br />
N̥dheri n̥dhertrōd<br />
Dhghmi n̥dheri esti kowṛ<br />
Dhghomm̥ n̥dheri kidḗr<br />
N̥dhi<br />
Weqmn̥ ejos qid ordhésmenes n̥dhi<br />
bhūt<br />
Tāi pr̥ kskās ghi jenti pūrḗd n̥dhi<br />
lubhobhoudhēd<br />
Tr̥stje n̥dhi spordhṓs pōtum skélonti<br />
Nī, nitrōd<br />
Klopnim nitrōd kéidonti ekwō<br />
Nī klopneī esti lakus<br />
Nī sā n̥bhudhnóm spekét<br />
During<br />
They slept during the journey<br />
Caveat: They slept (during) all the day<br />
Next to, beside<br />
The house was situated beside a field<br />
He put the meat close to the fire<br />
Together<br />
He put the water and the milk together = he<br />
put the water together with the milk<br />
Deep under, underneath<br />
There is a cavern underneath the ground<br />
They descended deep under the ground<br />
Further than, in addition to<br />
His comment was something more than a<br />
proposal<br />
These questions go well beyond mere<br />
curiosity<br />
Athletes must drink beyond thirst<br />
Down, downwards, at the bottom<br />
They go down the valley on horse<br />
At the bottom <strong>of</strong> the valley there is a lake<br />
She looked down the abyss<br />
53
Chapter A5: Particles<br />
Obhi<br />
Obhi sentoi lougos ēst<br />
Obhi dhworim sedlām stelét<br />
Olsí /ólteri/ oltrōd<br />
Olsí kreekwāi bhrankonim bhār<br />
Oltrōd loidom bhətos esti<br />
Olsí Reinom sodónt twr̥mās<br />
Pəra<br />
Polnins pəra senti toqe stṓnejes stoighei<br />
Pəra drātim minusterjei, léismona<br />
wéspenja dídōti donsonjei<br />
Tosjo pəra aiwos, yuwoon prépeti<br />
Pəros<br />
Domēd pəros swepet ekwos<br />
Stətos Johannis Claudyād pəros esti<br />
Per(í)/perti<br />
Gerjai perí ausōsm̥<br />
Kwōn drewom wr̥tetói perí<br />
Perom<br />
Perom wergēd, trudná kā́dena wéwora<br />
Gheris bhod esti, wənmotāi perom<br />
In the middle <strong>of</strong><br />
There was a log in the middle <strong>of</strong> the path<br />
He put a chair before the door<br />
Beyond, on the other side<br />
Beyond the border French is spoken<br />
He has spoken more than permitted<br />
Thee troops went beyond the Rhein.<br />
Close, beside(s)<br />
Beside the shops there are stands in the<br />
street<br />
Besides his work at the ministry, he gives<br />
classes in an evening school<br />
He looks young for his age<br />
Before, in front <strong>of</strong><br />
The horse was sleeping in front <strong>of</strong> the house<br />
John was appointed as Claudia’s boss<br />
About, around<br />
I am waking up about dawn<br />
The dog is turning around the tree<br />
Apart from, besides<br />
Apart from work, I found severe problems<br />
She is really friendly, to say nothing <strong>of</strong> her<br />
beauty<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Pos(ti), pósteri / postrōd<br />
Pos wórsotrom praikonkei esti<br />
Jodqid daitim pos pr̥kskesi, jewos<br />
skémbesi<br />
ṓighei óbhjēdjom pósteri<br />
Poti (=wr̥ stom)<br />
Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlom<br />
poti<br />
Mənjēs téwijā neustum poti welis qām<br />
spartum esti<br />
Prāi /prai<br />
Prāi n̥ket Petros Marjād<br />
Rēgi kr̥seti prāi<br />
Kersnād prāi ghighḗj!<br />
Práiteri<br />
Nāwis práiteri (=ana) pluwét dānum<br />
Dikāns legm̥ práiteri dōt<br />
Prōd / pro<br />
Pro stighomes séqomnom woikom<br />
Léudhseti Marjā Klaudjād pro<br />
(=Klaudjās stānei)<br />
Ednom tod meghei (prōd) péqeti<br />
(sudhēiwom)<br />
Próteri<br />
Bhāmn̥ adést ejos modnom próteri<br />
Teksnastānom m̥ gəmí próteri ménena<br />
tewe sonti<br />
Behind, after<br />
The umbrella is behind the curtain<br />
Since you ask after time, you lose your right<br />
He departed after lunch<br />
Towards<br />
The three wise men advance towards the<br />
stable<br />
You are more favourable to spending than to<br />
saving<br />
Before<br />
Peter arrived before Maria<br />
He runs before the king<br />
Come back before dinner!<br />
Along, depassing, laying aside<br />
The ship navigated along the river<br />
He gave orders laying aside the law<br />
Forwards, onwards, instead <strong>of</strong> , in favour<br />
<strong>of</strong><br />
We went on walking towards the next<br />
village<br />
Maria will come instead <strong>of</strong> Claudia (=in<br />
lieu <strong>of</strong> Claudia)<br />
He’s cooking this fodd for me (benefactive)<br />
In advance, further<br />
He prepared his speech in advance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
meeting<br />
Your ideas are much further than the state<br />
<strong>of</strong> technique<br />
55
Chapter A5: Particles<br />
Proti<br />
Trosopoljom proti stréudoime<br />
(dusdhēiwom)<br />
Bhrū́gjomnons proti qérponti loughās<br />
Daitrom meghei dedōwe upóstānojos<br />
proti<br />
Markōi proti wewqét (=Markōi apo<br />
wewqét)<br />
Markōi proti (=apo) wewqét cotōi<br />
Markōi proti (=apo) wewqét cotom<br />
Márkosjo proti cotom wewqét<br />
Pūnim<br />
Sr̥ tām eiti pūnim<br />
Dewmn̥ n̥ ket pūnim sontətorm̥<br />
Rōdhí<br />
Wī wr̥ stās wr̥ tēnā ́ rōdhí spordhā esti<br />
Nē enmemeiteto esti, néitosjo prótijosjo<br />
sewe rōdhí<br />
Against, in exchange <strong>of</strong><br />
Let us fight against terrorism (malefactive)<br />
Lies turn against people who use them<br />
He gave me a watch in exchange <strong>of</strong> (my)<br />
services<br />
He answered to Mark<br />
He answered to Mark’s comment<br />
He answered to Mark’s comment<br />
He refuted Marks’s comment<br />
Behind, back<br />
He goes to the rear <strong>of</strong> the queue<br />
The message arrived back to its emissor<br />
Because <strong>of</strong>, due to<br />
The match was suspended because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rain<br />
He was not allowed in, due to his rival’s<br />
rancour<br />
Səní/ sənterí<br />
Sm̥stōs oljoi ḗdāmes, Markos aw nobhes<br />
səní sēdāt<br />
Səní loiqēd kəmertom tom Annãi dhēka<br />
lodis gwémsn̥ tei<br />
Seqi<br />
Ispanjās seqi, Márokom bhod wesolijós<br />
esti<br />
Prótijosjo ejos seqi kn̥sḗjeti/ kn̥séjetor<br />
Apart<br />
We were eating together, but Mark was<br />
sitting apart, though<br />
I’ve put this lobster apart from the rest for<br />
Anna, who is coming later<br />
Vis-à-vis, in comparison to, relating<br />
In comparison to Spain, Marocco is really<br />
cheaper<br />
He is considered on a par with his rival<br />
56
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Teni / tenos<br />
Snām kanenántjósjo tenos<br />
Ucēbhwānt ostjom tenos<br />
Trāntis / teres / tr̥qe<br />
Wedṛ robhoi reimām teres soilāt<br />
(=Wedr̥ robhoreimã soilāt)<br />
Probhupropodom trāntis eitum<br />
skélomos<br />
Ud(i) / udsí<br />
Ud lákuwes sodét sā́weljos<br />
Polmēd ud dhrāghe roupjom<br />
Uperi / upsí / úpertrōd<br />
Oros uperi skandét<br />
Óresi uperi bhūt s’mmādos<br />
Until<br />
I swam until the end <strong>of</strong> the channel<br />
They were wet until their bones<br />
Through<br />
Water dripped through a crack in the ro<strong>of</strong><br />
We have to go through a test process<br />
Out (to a visible place), from under<br />
The sun came out from the lake<br />
He pulled a coin out <strong>of</strong> his pocket<br />
Up, upwards, up to, over<br />
He hiked up to the mountain<br />
There was a party up on the mountain<br />
Upo<br />
Noinloi upo senti penkwe cā́mona<br />
Dhghmi upo bhūt dānus<br />
Oisoi Percéjwonta mūsá dhghomm̥ upo<br />
teqḗr<br />
Wī / wi<br />
Wī dhghmí skedḗr koimsās<br />
Wī dew ghordhjēd dūtjōs dūlijēro<br />
mḷgātéwijābhos nówostibhos<br />
Wr̥ stom (=poti)<br />
Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlom<br />
wr̥ stom<br />
Mn̥jēs téwijā neustum wr̥ stom welis<br />
qām spartum esti<br />
Under, below<br />
We have five degrees below zero<br />
There was a river (just) under the ground<br />
Those surviving mice fled under the<br />
ground<br />
Asunder<br />
The drawing pins got scattered on the floor<br />
The messengers dispersed far from the<br />
palace to anounce the news<br />
Towards<br />
The three wise men advance towards the<br />
stable<br />
You are more favourable to spending than to<br />
saving<br />
57
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
6.-Ənawərēmn̥<br />
An<br />
Dā, jāi<br />
Drūtṓ<br />
Oqoskīrḗd<br />
Nāi<br />
Ghi, ka, smā, toi<br />
Uta dā, uta jāi<br />
Wḗropropēd<br />
Bhewtum mógheti<br />
Móghnijom<br />
Optī<br />
Bhéwonim<br />
Wērēd<br />
An nē<br />
Uta nē<br />
n̥ móghnijom<br />
Nē<br />
Ghawōd<br />
Nei<br />
Ghi nē<br />
Énbhətidoljās<br />
-i, -em, -ka<br />
The adverb<br />
Perhaps<br />
Yes<br />
Surely<br />
Obviously<br />
Absolutely yes<br />
Certainly<br />
Rather yes<br />
Probably<br />
Maybe<br />
Optionally<br />
Possibly<br />
In reality<br />
Truly<br />
Maybe not<br />
Rather not<br />
Impossible<br />
No<br />
Not at all<br />
Absolutely not<br />
Not at all<br />
Emphatic particles<br />
(This) right here, right now<br />
58
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qom<br />
Nū<br />
Mēlei kosmi/tosmi<br />
Mēlei tosmi/énosmi<br />
Tom(-ke)<br />
Qomqe /qomqid<br />
Edqom<br />
Neqom<br />
Áiwesi/ aiwi<br />
Jomqid<br />
Qā́qom<br />
Ambhom<br />
Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe<br />
Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe<br />
Aljom<br />
Onjom<br />
Weghtei kosmi/tosmi<br />
Weghtei tosmi/énosmi<br />
Nūnoi<br />
Nūper<br />
Prāi<br />
Pos(ti)/ pósteri<br />
Jāwn̥ts/ momdom<br />
Migí/ bhroqoi (migí gisto)<br />
Meigm ̥ pos/ bhroqom pos (meigm ̥ pos<br />
qoksū ́ bhewsō)<br />
Meigm̥ / bhroqom<br />
Prestim<br />
Bhwiteī ́ /pārjei<br />
Antjoi<br />
Pauper/ nedūdom<br />
Nedūdēd<br />
Nedūdoi<br />
Dūdom/ dwāróm/ djēwks<br />
Dūdr̥ d<br />
Dūdoi<br />
Qoilēd<br />
Qr̥ tusí<br />
Bhn̥ ghū<br />
Mn̥ ghū<br />
Apomomdomom<br />
Qm̥dōqid(qe)<br />
R̥ dhē<br />
When<br />
Now<br />
At this moment<br />
At that moment<br />
Then<br />
At any moment<br />
At some moment<br />
Never<br />
Always<br />
Whenever<br />
At each moment<br />
In both moments<br />
In this very moment<br />
In that very moment<br />
In another moment again<br />
In another moment else<br />
This time<br />
That time<br />
Nowadays<br />
For the moment<br />
Before<br />
Afterwards<br />
During<br />
In a moment (it happened in a moment)<br />
In a moment (in a moment I’ll be with the<br />
client)<br />
For a while/for a moment<br />
On time<br />
At the beginning<br />
At the end<br />
For a short time<br />
Short time ago<br />
Since short time ago<br />
For a long time<br />
Since long ago<br />
A long time ago<br />
After a while<br />
Sometimes<br />
Often<br />
Frequently<br />
From time to time<br />
Occasionally, incidentally<br />
Rarely<br />
59
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
Sm̥ per<br />
Tn̥tom/protn̥tóm/sm̥ tn̥tom<br />
Edjḗw, kéidiwi<br />
Dhghjesi<br />
Ausrom/ krāsi<br />
Auseri/ ausrí/ kwijós<br />
Sūnpādei/ sūnpādoi<br />
Praidhghjesi<br />
Posausrom<br />
Pernódiwi<br />
Səmitū / səmitī<br />
Jāmi/jām<br />
Dom<br />
Nedom /nē dom<br />
Penqedíwijoi (énklawstijom dolos)<br />
Penktḗd prāi diwés<br />
Penqe dwām diwbhés<br />
āmroi/ prṓteri<br />
Wesproi<br />
Medhidiwí<br />
Medhinoqtí<br />
Noqtí<br />
Noqtm̥<br />
Ati<br />
Ájeri/ ghrēw<br />
Lodi<br />
Sḗtjosi/ pósqoterom<br />
Mogsū́<br />
Pósqoterom mogsúteromwe<br />
Wétesi kekn̥ dwesí/ procecəwesí<br />
Wétesi (é)kosmi<br />
Wétesi nédsəmoi<br />
Pārjei<br />
Olnim/ Antjei<br />
Udhū́/ kitōd<br />
Térmn̥ tos<br />
Épitəmēd<br />
Éksemtī<br />
Once and for all<br />
Continously/continually<br />
Today<br />
Yesterday<br />
Tomorrow<br />
At dawn<br />
At sunset<br />
On the day before yesterday<br />
After tomorrow<br />
In a few days<br />
At the same time<br />
Already<br />
Still<br />
Not yet<br />
In four days (inclusive counting)<br />
Four days ago<br />
Since four days ago<br />
In the morning<br />
In the evening<br />
At noon<br />
At midnight<br />
By night<br />
During the night<br />
Again<br />
Early<br />
Late<br />
Later<br />
Soon<br />
Sooner or later<br />
Last year<br />
This year<br />
Next year<br />
At first<br />
At last/ finally<br />
Immediately<br />
Finally<br />
Definitively<br />
Exceptionally<br />
60
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qom apo<br />
Nū-apo<br />
Mēlei kosmi/tosmi apo<br />
Mēlei tosmi/énosmi apo<br />
Tom(-ke) apo<br />
Qomqe /qomqid apo<br />
Edqom apo<br />
Neqom apo<br />
Áiwesi/ aiwi apo<br />
Jomqid apo<br />
Qā́qom apo<br />
Ambhom apo<br />
Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe apo<br />
Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe apo<br />
Aljom apo<br />
Onjom apo<br />
Since when<br />
From now on<br />
From this moment<br />
From that moment<br />
Since then<br />
From any moment<br />
From some moment<br />
Since never<br />
Ever since<br />
Since whenever<br />
From each moment<br />
From both moments<br />
From this very moment<br />
From that very moment<br />
From another moment again<br />
From another moment else<br />
Qom dō<br />
Nū-dō<br />
Mēlei kosmi/tosmi dō<br />
Mēlei tosmi/énosmi dō<br />
Tom(-ke) dō<br />
Qomqe /qomqid dō<br />
Edqom dō<br />
Neqom dō<br />
Áiwesi/ aiwi dō<br />
Jomqid dō<br />
Qā́qom dō<br />
Ambhom dō<br />
Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe dō<br />
Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe dō<br />
Aljom dō<br />
Onjom dō<br />
Until when<br />
Until now<br />
Until this moment<br />
Until that moment<br />
Until then<br />
Until any moment<br />
Until some moment<br />
Until never<br />
For ever<br />
Until whenever<br />
Until each moment<br />
Until both moments<br />
Until this very moment<br />
Until that very moment<br />
Until another moment again<br />
Until another moment else<br />
61
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
Qām<br />
Sū<br />
Bhl̥ gū<br />
Dus<br />
Bhodis<br />
Wolis<br />
Pedis<br />
Qā́ wəntom<br />
Kā́wəntom/ tā́wəntom<br />
Óisā́wəntom<br />
Enā́wəntom<br />
Qā́wəntomqid<br />
Édqāwəntom<br />
Néqāwəntom<br />
Ólāwəntom<br />
Jā́wəntomqid<br />
Áljāwəntom/ ónjāwəntom<br />
Ligom<br />
Ge<br />
Sətū, sətī<br />
Pau<br />
Meiwis/ mínusi<br />
Aitī<br />
Ambhí/ swāi-per/ ad qolom<br />
Epi, n̥ dhi<br />
Chonṓ<br />
Pelū́<br />
Məgis/ mājis/ plējis<br />
Welmí<br />
M̥ gəmí<br />
Sl̥ wotós<br />
Pl̥ nim<br />
N̥ dhi/ n̥ dhidhughnóm<br />
Káiwotos<br />
Minumṓ, km̥ bhisəmṓ<br />
Məgsəmṓ<br />
Dōris/ prī<br />
How<br />
Well<br />
Wonderfully<br />
Badly<br />
Better<br />
Preferably<br />
Worse<br />
How much<br />
This much<br />
That much<br />
That much<br />
Any quantity<br />
Some quantity<br />
No quantity<br />
Every quantity<br />
Any quantity<br />
Another quantity<br />
A bit<br />
At least<br />
Enough<br />
Little<br />
Less<br />
Partly<br />
Approximately<br />
Additionally<br />
Abundantly<br />
Much<br />
More<br />
A lot<br />
Plentily, at wide extent<br />
Completely<br />
Fully<br />
Too/ too much<br />
Only<br />
Minimum<br />
Maximum<br />
For free<br />
62
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qodhei<br />
Kei/tei<br />
Oisei /idhei<br />
Enei<br />
Qódheiqe /qódheiqid<br />
Édqodhei<br />
Néqodhei<br />
Ólodhei<br />
Jódheiqid<br />
Qā́qodhei<br />
Ámbhodhei<br />
Kei-pe/tei-pe/oisei-pe<br />
Oisei-pe/idhei-pe/enei-pe<br />
Éterodhei<br />
Áljodhei/ ónjodhei<br />
Qō(i), qote, qotrēd<br />
Kei/ kote / kotrēd<br />
Tei / tote/ totrēd<br />
Oisei/ óisote/ óisotrēd<br />
Enei /énote / énotrēd<br />
Qō(i)qe / qō(i)qid<br />
Qóteqe / qóteqid<br />
Qótrēdqe /qótrēdqid<br />
Edqō(i) / édqote/ édqotrēd<br />
Neqō(i)/ néqote/ néqotrēd<br />
Olō(i) / ólote / ólotrēd<br />
Jō(i)qid / jóteqid / jótrēdqid<br />
Qā́qō(i)/ qā́qote/ qā́qotrēd<br />
Ámbhō(i)/ ámbhote/ ámbhotrēd<br />
Kō(i)-pe/ tō(i)-pe/ oisō(i)-pe<br />
Kote-pe/ tote-pe/ óisote-pe<br />
Oisō(i)-pe/ idhō(i)-pe/ enō(i)-pe<br />
Óisote-pe/ídhote-pe/énote-pe<br />
Éterō(i)/ éterote/ éterotrēd<br />
Aljō(i) / onjō(i)<br />
Áljote / áljotrēd<br />
Ónjote/ ónjotrēd<br />
Where<br />
Here<br />
There<br />
Over there<br />
Anywhere<br />
Somewhere<br />
Nowhere<br />
Everywhere<br />
Wherever<br />
In each place<br />
In both places<br />
In this very place<br />
In that very place<br />
In the rest <strong>of</strong> places<br />
Somewhere else<br />
Whither<br />
Here<br />
Here<br />
There<br />
Over there<br />
To anywhere<br />
To anywhere<br />
To anywhere<br />
To somewhere<br />
To nowhere<br />
To everywhere<br />
To wherever<br />
To each place<br />
To both places<br />
To this very place<br />
To this very place<br />
To that very place<br />
To that very place<br />
To the rest <strong>of</strong> places<br />
To somewhere else<br />
To somewhere else<br />
To somewhere else<br />
63
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
Qeti Qotrōd<br />
Keti/ kotrōd<br />
Teti/ totrōd<br />
Óiseti/ óisotrōd<br />
Enei/ énotrōd<br />
Qétiqe /qétiqid<br />
Qótrōdqe /qótrōdqid<br />
Édqeti/ édqotrōd<br />
Néqeti/ néqotrōd<br />
Óleti/ ólotrōd<br />
Jétiqid / jótrōdqid<br />
Qā́qeti/ qā́qotrōd<br />
Ámbheti/ ámbhotrōd<br />
Keti-pe/teti-pe/óiseti-pe<br />
Kotrōd-pe/totrōd-pe/óisotrōd-pe<br />
Óiseti-pe/ídheti-pe/éneti-pe<br />
Óisotrōd-pe/ídhotrōd-pe/énotrōd-pe<br />
Étereti/ éterotrōd<br />
Áljeti/ áljotrōd<br />
Ónjeti/ ónjotrōd<br />
Wherefrom<br />
From here<br />
From here<br />
From there<br />
From over there<br />
From anywhere<br />
From anywhere<br />
From somewhere<br />
From nowhere<br />
From everywhere<br />
From wherever<br />
From each place<br />
From both places<br />
From this very place<br />
From this very place<br />
From that very place<br />
From that very place<br />
From the rest <strong>of</strong> places<br />
From somewhere else<br />
From somewhere else<br />
Qosōd<br />
Kosōd/ tosōd<br />
Óisosōd<br />
Énosōd<br />
Qósōdqid<br />
Édqosōd<br />
Néqosōd<br />
Ólosōd<br />
Jésōdqid<br />
Qā́qosōd<br />
Ámbhosōd<br />
Kosōd-pe/tosōd-pe/óisosōd-pe<br />
Óisosōd-pe/ídhosōd-pe/énosōd-pe<br />
Éterosōd<br />
Áljosōd/ ónjosōd<br />
Whereby<br />
By here<br />
By there<br />
By over there<br />
By anywhere<br />
By somewhere<br />
By nowhere<br />
By everywhere<br />
By wherever<br />
By each place<br />
By both places<br />
By this very place<br />
By that very place<br />
By the rest <strong>of</strong> places<br />
By somewhere else<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Qismōi<br />
Kosmōi/tosmōi<br />
Óisosmōi<br />
Énosmōi<br />
Qódhosmōiqe /qódhosmōiqid<br />
Édqosmōi<br />
Néqosmōi<br />
Ólosmōi<br />
Jódhosmōiqid<br />
Qā́qosmōi<br />
Ámbhosmōi<br />
Kosmōi-pe/tosmōi-pe/oisosmōi-pe<br />
Oisosmōi-pe/idhosmōi-pe/enosmōi-pe<br />
Éterosmōi<br />
Áljosmōi<br />
Ónjosmōi<br />
What for<br />
For this<br />
For that<br />
For that over<br />
For any purpose<br />
For some purpose<br />
For no purpose<br />
For every purpose<br />
For whatever purpose<br />
For each purpose<br />
For both purposes<br />
For this very purpose<br />
For that very purpose<br />
For the rest <strong>of</strong> purposes<br />
For some other purpose<br />
For another purpose<br />
Qori Qā-i Qā-tu Qija<br />
Kori/ tori<br />
Óisori<br />
Énori<br />
Qóriqid<br />
Édqori<br />
Néqori<br />
Ólori<br />
Jóriqid<br />
Qā́qori<br />
Ámbhori<br />
Kori-pe/tori-pe/óisori-pe<br />
Óisori-pe/ídhori-pe/énori-pe<br />
Éterori<br />
Áljori<br />
Ónjori<br />
Why<br />
For this reason<br />
For that reason<br />
For that reason<br />
For any reason<br />
For some reason<br />
For no reason<br />
For every reason<br />
For whatever reason<br />
For each reason<br />
For both reasons<br />
For this very reason<br />
For that very reason<br />
For the rest <strong>of</strong> reasons<br />
For some other reason<br />
For another reason<br />
65
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
Qota<br />
Kota/ tota / ita (itə)<br />
Óisota<br />
Énota<br />
Qótaqe /qótaqid<br />
Édqota<br />
Néqota<br />
Ólota<br />
Jótaqid<br />
Qā́qota<br />
Ámbhota<br />
Kota-pe/tota-pe/óisota-pe<br />
Óisota-pe/ídhota-pe/énota-pe<br />
Éterota<br />
Áljota/ ónjota<br />
How<br />
This way, like this, so<br />
That way, like that<br />
That way, like that<br />
Anyhow<br />
Somehow<br />
Nohow<br />
Everyhow<br />
In whatever way<br />
In each way<br />
In both manners<br />
In this very manner<br />
In that very manner<br />
In the rest <strong>of</strong> manners<br />
Somehow else/ otherwise<br />
Qī<br />
Kō, tō<br />
Oisō<br />
Enō<br />
Qótaqe /qótaqid<br />
Édqō<br />
Néqō<br />
Ólō<br />
Qōqid<br />
Qāqō<br />
Ambhō<br />
Kō-pe/tō-pe/oisō-pe<br />
Oisō-pe/idhō-pe/enō-pe<br />
Éterō<br />
Áljō/ ónjō<br />
By what means; In what manner<br />
This way, like this, so<br />
That way, like that<br />
That way, like that<br />
Anyhow<br />
Somehow<br />
By no means<br />
Everyhow<br />
By whatever means<br />
In each way<br />
In both manners<br />
In this very manner<br />
In that very manner<br />
In the rest <strong>of</strong> manners<br />
Somehow else<br />
66
́<br />
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Apólūtēd/ perəm<br />
Bhelnim<br />
Kr̥ dītós<br />
Ərəmi/ wəlē<br />
Dus<br />
Andhṓ<br />
Mnāmn̥ tos<br />
Sm̥ kloutnim/ sm̥ podō<br />
Próbhudhnim<br />
Skīrḗd<br />
Kómmoinī / kómmoinitos<br />
Səmojēd/ Sm̥ cānim<br />
Kr̥ diks<br />
Regtḗd<br />
Dhn̥ ghū<br />
Reidhēd<br />
Somḗd / aiqēd<br />
Arti<br />
Bhersi/ ōkū́/ twr̥ tēd<br />
Dhernim/ stərō<br />
Dhreghnim<br />
Kloutnim<br />
N̥ kū<br />
Ml̥ kē<br />
Déikmn̥ tos<br />
Swādū́<br />
Cā́mn̥ tos<br />
Ghoilēd<br />
Molis<br />
Uktim<br />
Cərū, swērū́, nokī<br />
Nṓmn̥ tos<br />
N̥ bhrūgī<br />
Ghleunim<br />
Prósednim<br />
Slagsū́<br />
Streptim<br />
Moilēd<br />
Bhewtī<br />
Kolis<br />
Gnṓsmn̥ tos<br />
Óbhidhēnim<br />
Absolutely<br />
Aloud<br />
Angry/ angrily<br />
Appropriately<br />
Bad<br />
Blindly<br />
By heart<br />
By chance<br />
Carefully<br />
Clearly<br />
Commonly<br />
Conventionally<br />
Cordially<br />
Correctly<br />
Directly<br />
Easily<br />
Equally<br />
Exactly<br />
Fast<br />
Firmly<br />
Fluently<br />
Fortunately<br />
Forcingly, necessarily<br />
By fumbling, gropingly<br />
For instance<br />
Gently, smoothly<br />
Gradually<br />
Happily<br />
Hardly<br />
Honestly<br />
Importantly<br />
In the name <strong>of</strong><br />
In vain<br />
Jokingly<br />
Kindly<br />
Loosely<br />
Loudly<br />
Mildly<br />
Naturally<br />
Nearly<br />
Normally<br />
Officially<br />
67
Chapter A6: The adverb<br />
Séikesē<br />
Pəlāmi<br />
Kómsqr̥ tim<br />
Swedhumenesbhi<br />
Orom<br />
Awis/ údsteunim<br />
Ústerotos<br />
Ksipū́<br />
Wērō/ wērēd<br />
Rēdhis<br />
Klāmi/ tājis / kustoisu<br />
Tn̥ ghū, swērū́<br />
Tausnim<br />
Ml̥ sō<br />
Ml̥ dū/ mlātim<br />
Dhn̥ ghū<br />
Krepū́/ nertō/ nertēd/ bélown̥ tē<br />
Abhnim<br />
Nekopīnḗd<br />
N̥ kloutnim, ghálerō<br />
Bhrūgī<br />
Bhelū/ lēnī /klamrḗd<br />
Sū<br />
Wəkē (wekonts)<br />
Dusmenesbhi<br />
Dusqolḗd<br />
Ernim<br />
Sumenesbhi<br />
Mr̥ sē<br />
Pedbhi<br />
Ghésr̥ tos<br />
Kérsn̥ tos<br />
Ghornim<br />
Twoisḗd<br />
Widlḗd/ widrī<br />
On purpose<br />
Openly<br />
Perfectly<br />
Politely<br />
Properly<br />
Publicly (perceptibly)<br />
Publicly (by the public)<br />
Rashly<br />
Really<br />
Regularly<br />
Secretly<br />
Seriously<br />
Silently<br />
Slowly<br />
S<strong>of</strong>tly<br />
Straightly/ directly<br />
Strongly<br />
Suddenly<br />
Unexpectedly<br />
Unfortunately<br />
Usefully<br />
Weakly<br />
Well<br />
Willingly<br />
With bad intention<br />
With difficulty<br />
With energy<br />
With good intention<br />
With neglection<br />
With the foot<br />
With the hand<br />
With the head<br />
With pleasure<br />
With violence<br />
Wisely<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
69<br />
7.-Wərēmn̥<br />
Énonmōs<br />
Prāwā<br />
Dwótera<br />
Tritjā<br />
Woqes<br />
Qíqerjā<br />
Medhjā<br />
Pətjomnī<br />
Éksonmis<br />
Wr̥tja<br />
Enstānt<br />
N̥roki<br />
Kómsqr̥tom<br />
Bhewsont<br />
Módesa<br />
Déiktijom<br />
Próknejom<br />
Upotágtijom<br />
Óptijom<br />
Éntagtijom<br />
Bhrūgtjes<br />
Bhéwtijā<br />
Stāiwā<br />
Kéntijā<br />
Propódejā<br />
Éntonwā<br />
Ménghijā<br />
Wéistijā<br />
Wənskāiwā<br />
The verb<br />
Persons<br />
First<br />
Second<br />
Third<br />
Voices<br />
Active<br />
Middle<br />
Passive<br />
Impersonal<br />
Tenses<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Modes<br />
Indicative<br />
Precative<br />
Subjunctive<br />
Optative<br />
Imperative<br />
Uses<br />
Natural<br />
Stative<br />
Inceptive<br />
Progressive<br />
Intensive<br />
Frequentative<br />
Causative<br />
Desiderative
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Énonmōs<br />
Prāwā –bhētei leghét dō<br />
(Egṓ) edqom welmi kwatsom<br />
Dwótera-klutorei leghét dō<br />
trityā<br />
Age (tū) dom<br />
Third – n̥prōtei leghét dō<br />
Knakjes cīmōm ikónt tū́smona<br />
Woqes<br />
qíqerjā<br />
Térestijā<br />
Markos dhanum ghortei óqeti<br />
n̥térestijā<br />
Markos stéigheti<br />
Bhondhwā<br />
Markos pūnwōrós esti<br />
Persons<br />
First – refers to the speaker<br />
I want some cheese<br />
Second- refers to the listener<br />
Go ahead!<br />
Third-refers to that one who’s not<br />
participating<br />
Bananas have lots <strong>of</strong> vitamins<br />
Voices<br />
active<br />
Transitive<br />
Mark sees a pinetree in the garden<br />
Intransitive<br />
Mark is walking<br />
Copulative<br />
Mark is a fireman<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Medhjā<br />
Dhnghuprótikokejā (Upologhos semli<br />
qrtirstṓr qrtijatjārdisqe esti)<br />
Tegai<br />
Kei dhejai<br />
Markos spektlei óqetoi<br />
Markos ksnújetoi<br />
Ndhn̥ghuprótikokejā -swesudhēiwā<br />
Adejai owoqətjām<br />
Pinjom sepai<br />
Aljoaljóterā<br />
Céromedha<br />
Nokéjomedha<br />
Sm̥stóterā<br />
Gr̥númedha<br />
Wertéjomedha<br />
Térestijā<br />
Gherijai<br />
Bhrūgjai<br />
Qínumai<br />
Mētijai<br />
n̥térestijā<br />
Mn̥tijai (mn̥tijā ́ wr̥dhejāwe qertis)<br />
Rēmoi (r̥moi)<br />
Bhāmoi (bhəmoi)<br />
Medai<br />
Éksemtjes<br />
Bhíbheimi<br />
Sprigējō<br />
Eusaj (Sweqr̥ tṓs propodōs)<br />
Kr̥dijai<br />
Skedhai<br />
Dhuwəlijai<br />
Éksemtjes<br />
Rudhēskō (rudhēsmi)<br />
Albhēskō (albhēsmi)<br />
R̥ gēskō (r̥ gēsmi)<br />
Senēskō (senēsmi)<br />
Middle<br />
Direct reflexive (The subject is both the<br />
initiator and the endpoint <strong>of</strong> the action)<br />
I cover myself<br />
I place myself here<br />
Mark looks himself at the mirror<br />
Mark shaves<br />
Indirect reflexive - autobenefactive<br />
I prepare myself an omelette<br />
I provide myself with a stab<br />
Reciprocal<br />
We praise each other<br />
We destroy each other<br />
Collective<br />
We gather together<br />
We appreciate ourselves<br />
Transitive<br />
I wish<br />
I use<br />
I avenge<br />
I measure<br />
Intransitive<br />
I put on, I pretend (mental o verbal activity)<br />
I reckon<br />
I speak<br />
I ponder<br />
Exceptions<br />
I am afraid<br />
I am fed up<br />
I get burnt (Spontaneous processes)<br />
I get angry<br />
I get hurt<br />
I go mad<br />
Exceptions<br />
I get red<br />
I get white<br />
I get white/ brilliant<br />
I get old<br />
71
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Ərijai (Kr̥pesmowos)<br />
Səlijai<br />
Pl̥ namaí<br />
Leghjai<br />
Bhudhjai<br />
Éksemtjes<br />
Qerpō sā́weljom əna<br />
Sisdō<br />
Eimi, steighō<br />
Chadhō<br />
Skandō, keidō<br />
Mejai (Meitis)<br />
Wr̥tai, gignai<br />
Gnāskai<br />
Mr̥ijai<br />
Éksemtjes<br />
r̥dhjō, augēskō, krēskō<br />
swājō<br />
áussketi, lukḗsketi (en)<br />
Stətijóm<br />
Keimoi<br />
Ēsmoi Bherolinjei<br />
Sū qeisai (qismoi)<br />
Éksonmis<br />
Éksemtjes<br />
Gemō<br />
Senējō<br />
Rudhējō<br />
Sedējō<br />
Leghō<br />
Smitlām kētjā́ntimenes oqer<br />
Sm̥logwos<br />
Praītā́i noqtí dus swper<br />
Pətjomnī́<br />
Markos néduwis óqetor<br />
I stand up, I set out (Body motion)<br />
I spring<br />
I get near<br />
I go to bed<br />
I wake up, I get conscious<br />
Exceptions<br />
I turn towards the sun<br />
I sit down<br />
I go, I walk<br />
I fall<br />
I go up, I go down<br />
I change (change)<br />
I become<br />
I am born<br />
I die<br />
Exceptions<br />
I grow<br />
I diminish<br />
It gets light<br />
Stative<br />
I am lying<br />
I find myself in Berlin<br />
I feel good<br />
Impersonal<br />
Exceptions<br />
I am loaded<br />
I am old<br />
I am red<br />
I am sitting<br />
I am lying<br />
The spot is seen from the other side <strong>of</strong> the<br />
room<br />
Collective<br />
Last night we slept badly<br />
Passive<br />
Mark is seen by his neighbours<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Ambhítowā spekjēs wr̥tjōm<br />
modesomqe<br />
Qíqerjā woqs<br />
deikō<br />
wíwermi<br />
gignō<br />
regō<br />
sōdejō<br />
pr̥ nāmi<br />
kupjō<br />
dídōmi<br />
newājō<br />
lubhējō<br />
mímnāskō<br />
esmi<br />
bhewmi<br />
r̥ neumi<br />
Medhjā woqs<br />
deikā̌ i/ deikōr<br />
wiwrai/ wiwrar<br />
gignā̌ i<br />
regā̌ i<br />
sōdejā̌ i<br />
pr̥ nəmai<br />
kupjā̌ i<br />
dídōwai<br />
newājā̌ i<br />
lubhējā̌ i<br />
mímnāskā̌ i<br />
seqā̌ i<br />
bhəmai<br />
r̥ nuwai<br />
General outlook <strong>of</strong> tenses and moods<br />
Active voice<br />
I show<br />
I find<br />
I produce<br />
I govern<br />
I make s.o. sit<br />
I sell<br />
I demand<br />
I give<br />
I renew<br />
I love, I like<br />
I remind<br />
I am<br />
I am, I result to be<br />
I move<br />
Middle voice/ passive/ deponent<br />
I show myself/ I am shown<br />
I find myself/ I am found<br />
I produce myself<br />
I govern myself<br />
I make myself. sit<br />
I sell myself<br />
I demand myself<br />
I give for myself<br />
I renew myself<br />
I love, I like myself<br />
I remind myself<br />
I follow<br />
I say<br />
I move myself<br />
Example: First person endings. Active and middle<br />
Active Thematic Athematic<br />
Primary * ‐oh 2 > ‐ō ‐mi<br />
Secondary ‐om ‐m<br />
Thematic<br />
Athematic<br />
Middle Primary * ‐oh 2 ei >*‐oai > ‐āi > ‐ā̌i *‐h 2 ei > ‐ai/ ‐mai<br />
Secondary *‐oh 2 e > *‐oa > ‐ā/ ‐oma *‐h 2 e > a/ ma<br />
73
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Deikō ‘show’. Active voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Present<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
deikō<br />
deikom<br />
deikõ/<br />
deikōm<br />
deikoijəm deiksēm -----<br />
déikesi deikes déikēs(i) deikois deiksēs deike<br />
déiketi deiket déikēt(i) deikoit deiksēt déiketu<br />
déikowos(i) déikowes<br />
déikōwos(i)/<br />
déikōwes<br />
déikoiwes déiksēwes -----<br />
déiketas déiketom<br />
déikētas/<br />
déikētom<br />
déikoitom déiksētom déiketanu<br />
déiketes déiketām<br />
déikētes/<br />
déikētām<br />
déikoitām déiksētām déiketenu<br />
déikomos(i) déikomes<br />
déikōmos(i)/<br />
déikōmes<br />
déikoimes déiksēmes -----<br />
déikete déikete déikēte déikoite déiksēte déikete<br />
déikonti deikont déikōnt(i) deikoijənt deiksēnt déikontu<br />
dikóm dikām dikõ / dikōm dikoijəm diksēm -----<br />
dikés dikās díkēs(i) dikois diksēs dike<br />
Aorist<br />
dikét dikāt díkēt(i) dikoit diksēt díketu<br />
dikowes díkāwes<br />
díkōwos(i)/<br />
díkōwes<br />
díkoiwes díksēwes -----<br />
diketom díkātom<br />
díkētas/<br />
díkētom<br />
díkoitom díksētom díketanu<br />
diketām díkātām<br />
díkētes/<br />
díkētām<br />
díkoitām díksētām díketenu<br />
dikomes díkāmes<br />
díkōmos(i)/<br />
díkōmes<br />
díkoimes díksēmes -----<br />
dikete díkāte díkēte díkoite díksēte díkete<br />
dikónt dikānt díkōnt(i) dikoijənt diksēnt díkontu<br />
74
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Deikō ‘show’. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.<br />
Perfect<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Future<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective<br />
Protelative<br />
doika dóikom(i) dikjḗm doiksēm -----<br />
doikta dóikes(i) dikjḗs doiksēs doikdhi<br />
doike dóiket(i) dikjḗt doiksēt doiktu<br />
dikwé<br />
dóikowos(i)/<br />
dóikowes<br />
dikīwes dóiksēwes -----<br />
dikadhum<br />
dóiketas/<br />
dóiketom<br />
dikītom dóiksētom diktanu<br />
dikate<br />
dóiketes/<br />
dóiketām<br />
dikītām dóiksētām diktenu<br />
dikmé<br />
dóikomos(i)/<br />
dóikomes<br />
dikīmes dóiksēmes -----<br />
diksté dóikete dikīte dóiksēte diksté<br />
dikḗr dóikont(i) dikī́nt doiksēnt dikn̥ tú<br />
doikm̥ doiksām dóikissēm<br />
doiks doiksās dóikissēs<br />
doikt doiksāt dóikissēt<br />
dikwés dóiksāwes dóikissēwes<br />
diktóm dóiksātom dóikissētom<br />
diktā́ m dóiksātām dóikissētām<br />
dikmés dóiksāmes dóikissēmes<br />
dikté dóiksāte dóikissēte<br />
dikn̥ t doiksānt dóikissēnt<br />
deiks(j)ō<br />
deiks(j)om<br />
déiks(j)õ/<br />
deiks(j)ōm<br />
déiks(j)oijəm -----<br />
déiks(j)esi deiks(j)es déiks(j)ēs(i) deiks(j)ois déiketōd<br />
déiks(j)eti deiks(j)et déiks(j)ēt(i) deiks(j)oit déike(tu)tōd<br />
déiks(j)owos(i) déiks(j)owes<br />
déiks(j)ōwos(i)/<br />
déiks(j)ōwes<br />
déiks(j)oiwes -----<br />
déiks(j)etas déiks(j)etas<br />
déiks(j)ētas/<br />
déiks(j)ētom<br />
déiks(j)oitom<br />
déiketanutōd<br />
déiks(j)etes deiks(j)otes<br />
déiks(j)ētes/<br />
déiks(j)ētām<br />
déiks(j)oitām<br />
déiketenutod<br />
déiks(j)omos(i) déiks(j)omes<br />
déiks(j)ōmos(i)/<br />
déiks(j)ōmes<br />
déiks(j)oimes -----<br />
déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ēte déiks(j)oite déiketetōd<br />
déiks(j)onti deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōnt(i) déiks(j)oijənt déikon(tu)tōd<br />
75
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Deikā̌ i ‘show oneself’. Middle voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
deikā̌ i deikā deikõi/ déikōma déikoija déiksēma -----<br />
déikesoi déikeso déikēso(i) déikoiso déiksēso déikeswo<br />
déiketoi déiketo déikēto(i) déikoito déiksēto déiketotu<br />
déikowesdha déikowedha déikōwe(s)dha déikoiwedha déiksēwedha -----<br />
Present<br />
deikei deikei deikēi déikoiji deiksēi deikei<br />
deikei deikei deikēi déikoiji deiksēi deikei<br />
déikomesdha déikomedha déikōme(s)dha déikoimedha déiksēmedha -----<br />
déikesdhwe déikedhwe déikē(s)dhwe déikoidhwe déiksēdhwe déikesdhwe<br />
déikontoi déikonto déikōnto(i) déikoijənto déiksēnto déikontotu<br />
dikā́ /<br />
dikoma<br />
díkāma dikõi/ díkōma díkoija díksēma -----<br />
dikeso/<br />
diketa<br />
díkāso díkēso(i) díkoiso díksēso díkeswo<br />
diketo díkāto díkēto(i) díkoito díksēto díketotu<br />
dikówedha díkāwedha díkōwe(s)dha díkoiwedha díksēwedha -----<br />
Aorist<br />
dikéi dikāi dikēi díkoiji diksēi dikei<br />
dikéi dikāi dikēi díkoiji diksēi dikei<br />
dikómedha díkāmedha díkōme(s)dha díkoimedha díksēmedha -----<br />
dikedhwe díkādhwe díkēdhwe díkoidhwe díksēdhwe díkesdhwe<br />
dikonto díkānto díkōnto(i) díkoijənto díksēnto díkontotu<br />
76
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Deikā̌ i ‘show oneself’. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.<br />
Perfect<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
dikai dóikoma(i) dikīja dóiksēma -----<br />
diktai dóikeso(i) dikīso dóiksēso doikswo<br />
dikei dóiketo(i) dikīto dóiksēto dóiktotu<br />
dikwedhai dóikowe(s)dha dikī́wedha dóiksēwedha -----<br />
dikaia doikei dikīji dóiksēi dikí<br />
dikaia doikei dikīji dóiksēi dikí<br />
dikmedhai dóikome(s)dha dikī́medha dóiksēmedha -----<br />
dikstéi dóike(s)dhwe dikīdhwe dóiksēdhwe dikdhwé<br />
dikēri/ dikēro dóikonto(i) dikīnto dóiksēnto díkn̥ totu<br />
doikma dóiksāma dóikissēma<br />
doikso doiksāso dóikissēso<br />
doikto doiksāto dóikissēto<br />
dikwedha dóiksāwedha dóikissēwedha<br />
dikí doiksāi dóikissēi<br />
dikí doiksāi dóikissēi<br />
dikmedha dóiksāmedha dóikissēmedha<br />
dikdhwé dóiksādhwe dóikissēdhwe<br />
dikn̥ to dóiksānto dóikissēnto<br />
deiks(j)ā̌ i deiks(j)om deiks(j)õi/ -ōma déiks(j)oija -----<br />
déiks(j)esoi deiks(j)es déiks(j)ēso(i) déiks(j)oiso déikeswotōd<br />
déiks(j)etoi deiks(j)et déiks(j)ēto(i) déiks(j)oito déiketotutōd<br />
déiks(j)owesdha déiks(j)owes déiks(j)ōwe(s)dha déiks(j)oiwedha -----<br />
Future<br />
deiks(j)ei déiks(j)ei déiks(j)ēi déiks(j)oiji déikeitōd<br />
deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ei déiks(j)ēi déiks(j)oiji déikeitōd<br />
déiks(j)omesdha déiks(j)omes déiks(j)ōme(s)dha déiks(j)oimedha -----<br />
déiks(j)esdhwe déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ē(s)dhwe déiks(j)oidhwe déikesdhwetōd<br />
déiks(j)ontoi deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōnto(i) déiks(j)oijənto déikontotutōd<br />
77
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Present<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
deikōr deikār deikõr déikoir deiksēr -----<br />
déikesor/ déikesor/<br />
déikoisor/ déiksēsor/<br />
déikēsor/ déikētar<br />
déiketar déiketar<br />
déikoitar<br />
déiksētar<br />
déikesoru<br />
déiketor déiketor déikētor déikoitor déiksētor déiketoru<br />
déikowor(i) déikower déikōwor(i)/ -wer déikoiwer déiksēwer -----<br />
deiketr̥ deiketr̥ deikētr̥ deikoitr̥ deiksētr̥ déiketru<br />
deiketr̥ deiketr̥ deikētr̥ deikoitr̥ deiksētr̥ déiketru<br />
déikomor(i) déikomer déikōmor(i)/ -mer déikoimer déiksēmer -----<br />
déikedhwori déikedhwer<br />
déikēdhwori/ -<br />
dhwer<br />
déikoidhwer déiksēdhwer déikedhworu<br />
déikontor(i) déikontor déikōntor(i) déikoijəntor déiksēntor déikontoru<br />
Aorist<br />
dikṓr/<br />
diktós esmi<br />
dikesor/<br />
diketar/<br />
diktós essi<br />
diketor/<br />
diktós esti<br />
dikower/<br />
diktṓu<br />
swos(i)<br />
diketr̥ /<br />
diktṓu stas<br />
diketr̥ /<br />
diktṓu stes<br />
dikomer/<br />
diktṓs<br />
smos(i)<br />
dikedhwer/<br />
diktṓs ste<br />
dikontor/<br />
diktṓs sonti/<br />
diktṓs senti<br />
díkār/<br />
diktós esm̥<br />
díkāsor/<br />
díkātar/<br />
diktós es<br />
díkātor/<br />
diktós est<br />
díkāwer/<br />
diktṓu swes<br />
dikātr̥ /<br />
diktṓu stom<br />
dikātr̥ /<br />
diktṓu stām<br />
díkāmer/<br />
diktṓs smes<br />
díkādhwer/<br />
diktṓs ste<br />
díkāntor/<br />
diktṓs sent<br />
dikõr/ diktós<br />
ésom(i)<br />
díkēsor/ díkētar/<br />
diktós éses(i)<br />
díkētor/ diktós<br />
éset(i)<br />
díkōwor(i)/ -wer/<br />
diktṓu ésowos/ -<br />
wes<br />
dikētr̥ / diktṓu<br />
ésetas/ -tom<br />
dikētr̥ / diktṓu<br />
ésetes/ -tām<br />
díkōmor(i)/ -mer/<br />
diktṓs ésomos(i)/<br />
-mes<br />
díkēdhwori/ -<br />
dhwer/ diktṓs<br />
ésete<br />
díkōntor(i)/<br />
diktṓs ésont(i)<br />
díkoir/ diktós<br />
sjēm<br />
díkoisor/<br />
díkoitar/ diktós<br />
sjēs<br />
díkoitor/ diktós<br />
sjēt<br />
díkoiwer/<br />
diktṓu sīwes<br />
dikoitr̥ / diktṓu<br />
sītom<br />
dikoitr̥ / diktṓu<br />
sītām<br />
díkoimer/ diktṓs<br />
sīmes<br />
díkoidhwer/<br />
diktṓs sīte<br />
díkoijəntor/<br />
diktṓs sīnt<br />
diksēr/ diktós<br />
essēm<br />
díksēsor/<br />
díksētar/<br />
dóiksētar/<br />
diktós essēs<br />
díksētor/ diktós<br />
essēt<br />
díksēwer/<br />
diktṓu éssēwes<br />
diksētr̥ / diktṓu<br />
éssētom<br />
diksētr̥ / diktṓu<br />
éssētām<br />
díksēmer/<br />
diktṓs éssēmes<br />
díksēdhwer/<br />
diktṓs éssēte<br />
díksēntor/<br />
diktṓs essēnt<br />
-----<br />
díkesoru/<br />
diktós esdhi<br />
díketoru/<br />
diktós estu<br />
-----<br />
díketru/<br />
diktṓu stanu<br />
díketru/<br />
diktṓu stenu<br />
-----<br />
díkedhworu/<br />
diktṓs ste<br />
díkontoru/<br />
diktṓs sentu<br />
78
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.<br />
Perfect<br />
Effective<br />
dikar/ diknós<br />
esmi<br />
diktar/ diknós<br />
essi<br />
dikor/ diknós<br />
esti<br />
dikwár/ diknṓu<br />
swos(i)<br />
dikaiar/ diknṓu<br />
stas<br />
dikaiar/ diknṓu<br />
stes<br />
dikmár/ diknṓs<br />
smos(i)<br />
dikdhwár/<br />
diknṓs ste<br />
Indicative<br />
dikn̥ tar /<br />
diknṓs sonti/<br />
diknṓs senti<br />
doikar/ diknós<br />
bhūm<br />
doiksor/<br />
doiktar/ diknós<br />
bhūs<br />
Protelative<br />
dóiksār/ diknós<br />
bhuwām<br />
doiksāsor/<br />
dóiksātar/<br />
diknós bhuwās<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
doikōr/ doikār/<br />
diknós ésom(i)<br />
dóikesor/<br />
dóiketar/<br />
diknós éses(i)<br />
dóiketor/<br />
diknós éset(i)<br />
dóikowor(i)/ -<br />
wer/ diknṓu<br />
ésowos/ -wes<br />
dóiketr̥ / diknṓu<br />
ésetas/ -tom<br />
dóiketr̥ / diknṓu<br />
ésetes/ -tām<br />
dóikomor(i)/ -<br />
mer/ diknṓs<br />
ésomos(i)/ -mes<br />
dóikedhwor(i)/<br />
-dhwer/ diknṓs<br />
ésete<br />
dóikontor(i)-/<br />
diknṓs ésont(i)<br />
dikījar/<br />
diknós sjēm<br />
dikīsor/<br />
dikītar/<br />
diknós sjēs<br />
dikītor/<br />
diknós sjēt<br />
dikīwer/<br />
diknṓu sīwes<br />
dikījetr̥ /<br />
diknṓu sītom<br />
dikījetr̥ /<br />
diknṓu<br />
sītām<br />
dikīmer/<br />
diknṓs sīmes<br />
dikīdhwer/<br />
diknṓs sīte<br />
dikīntor/<br />
diknṓs sīnt<br />
dóiksēr/ diknós<br />
essēm<br />
dóiksēsor/<br />
dóiksētar/<br />
diknós essēs<br />
dóiksētor/<br />
diknós essēt<br />
dóiksēwer/<br />
diknṓu<br />
éssēwes<br />
dóiksētr̥ /<br />
diknṓu éssētom<br />
dóiksētr̥ /<br />
diknṓu éssētām<br />
dóiksēmer/<br />
diknṓs éssēmes<br />
dóiksēdhwer/<br />
diknṓs éssēte<br />
dóiksēntor/<br />
diknṓs essēnt<br />
dóikissēr/<br />
diknós bhūsēm<br />
dóikissēsor/<br />
dóikissētar/<br />
diknós bhūsēs<br />
-----<br />
dóiksoru/ diknós<br />
esdhi<br />
dóiktoru/ diknós<br />
estu<br />
-----<br />
diktrú/ diknṓu<br />
stanu<br />
diktrú/ diknṓu<br />
stenu<br />
-----<br />
dikdhworu/<br />
diknṓs ste<br />
dikn̥ toru/ diknṓs<br />
sentu<br />
doiktor/ diknós<br />
bhūt<br />
doiksātor/<br />
diknós bhuwāt<br />
Dóikissētor/<br />
diknós bhūsēt<br />
dikwér/ diknṓu<br />
bhūwes<br />
dóiksāwer/<br />
diknṓu<br />
bhúwāwes<br />
dóikissēwer/<br />
diknós bhūsēt<br />
Pluperfect<br />
diktr̥ / diknṓu<br />
bhūtom<br />
dóiksātr̥ /<br />
diknṓu<br />
bhúwātom<br />
dóikissētr̥ /<br />
diknṓu<br />
bhū́ sētom<br />
diktr̥ / diknṓu<br />
bhūtām<br />
dikmér/ diknṓs<br />
bhūmes<br />
dikdhwér/<br />
diknṓs bhūte<br />
dóiksātr̥ /<br />
diknṓu<br />
bhúwātām<br />
dóiksāmer/<br />
diknṓs<br />
bhúwāmes<br />
dóiksādhwer/<br />
diknṓs bhúwāte<br />
dóikissētr̥ /<br />
diknṓu<br />
bhū́ sētām<br />
dóikissēmer/<br />
diknṓs<br />
bhū́ sēmes<br />
dóikissēdhwer/<br />
diknṓs bhū́ sēte<br />
dikn̥ tor/ diknṓs<br />
bhūnt<br />
dóiksāntor/<br />
diknṓs bhuwānt<br />
dóikissēntor/<br />
diknṓs bhūsēnt<br />
79
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Future.<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective<br />
Protelative<br />
deiks(j)ōr deiks(j)om deiks(j)õr deiks(j)oir -----<br />
déiks(j)esor/<br />
déiks(j)etar<br />
deiks(j)es<br />
déiks(j)ēsor/<br />
déiks(j)ētar<br />
déiks(j)oisor/<br />
déiks(j)oitar<br />
déikesorutōd<br />
Future<br />
déiks(j)etor deiks(j)et déiks(j)ētor déiks(j)oitor déiketorutōd<br />
déiks(j)owor(i) déiks(j)owes<br />
déiks(j)ōwor(i)/ -<br />
wer<br />
déiks(j)oiwer -----<br />
deiks(j)etr̥ deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ētr̥ deiks(j)oitr̥ déiketrutōd<br />
deiks(j)etr̥ deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ētr̥ deiks(j)oitr̥ déiketrutōd<br />
déiks(j)omor(i) déiks(j)omes<br />
déiks(j)ōmor(i)/ -<br />
mer<br />
déiks(j)oimer -----<br />
déiks(j)edhwor(i) déiks(j)edhwe<br />
déiks(j)ēdhwor(i)/<br />
-dhwer<br />
déiks(j)oidhwer<br />
déikedhworutōd<br />
déiks(j)ontor(i) deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōntor(i) déiks(j)oijəntor déikontorutōd<br />
80
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wíwermi ‘find’. Active voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Present<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
wíwermi wiwerm̥ wíwerom(i) wiwrīm wíwersēm -----<br />
wíwersi wiwers wíweres(i) wiwrīs wíwersēs wíwerdhi<br />
wíwerti wiwert wíweret(i) wiwrīt wíwersēt wíwertu<br />
wiwr̥ wós(i) wiwr̥ wés wíwerowos(i) /-wes wiwrīwés wíwersēwes -----<br />
wiwr̥ tás wiwr̥ tóm wíweretas/ -tom wiwrītóm wíwersētom wiwr̥ tanu<br />
wiwr̥ tés wiwr̥ tā́ m wíweretes/ -tām wiwrītā́ m wíwersēntām wiwr̥ tenu<br />
wiwr̥ mós(i) wiwr̥ més wíweromos(i) /-mes wiwrīmés wíwersēmes -----<br />
wiwr̥ té wiwr̥ té wíwerete wiwrīté wíwersēte wiwr̥ té<br />
wiwrn̥ ti wiwrent wíweront(i) wiwrīnt wíwersēnt wiwrn̥ tu<br />
wewróm wewrām wewrõ /-ōm wewroijəm wewr̥ sēm -----<br />
wewrés wewrās wéwrēs(i) wewrois wewr̥ sēs wewre<br />
wewrét wewrāt wéwrēt(i) wewroit wewr̥ sēt wéwretu<br />
wewrowes wéwrāwes wéwrōwos(i) /-wes wéwroiwes wéwr̥ sēwes -----<br />
Aorist<br />
wewretom wéwrātom wéwrētas/ -tom wéwroitom wéwr̥ sētom wéwretanu<br />
wewretām wéwrātām wéwrētes/ -tām wewroitām wewr̥ sētām wéwretenu<br />
wewromes wéwrāmes wéwrōmos(i) /-mes wéwroimes wéwr̥ sēmes -----<br />
wewrete wéwrāte wéwrēte wéwroite wéwr̥ sēte wéwrete<br />
wewront wewrānt wéwrōnt(i) wewroijənt wewr̥ sēnt wéwrontu<br />
81
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Wíwermi ‘find’. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.<br />
Perfect<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Future<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
wéwora wéworom(i) wewr̥ jḗm wéworsēm -----<br />
wéworta wéwores(i) wewr̥ jḗs wéworsēs wéwordhi<br />
wéwore wéworet(i) wewr̥ jḗt wéworsēt wéwortu<br />
wewr̥ wé<br />
wéworowos(i)/ -<br />
wes<br />
wewrīwes wéworsēwes -----<br />
wewradhum wéworetas/ -tom wewrītom wéworsētom wewr̥ tanu<br />
wewrate wéworetes/ -tām wewrītām wéworsētām wewr̥ tenu<br />
wewr̥ mé<br />
wéworomos(i)/ -<br />
mes<br />
wewrīmes wéworsēmes -----<br />
wewr̥ sté wéworete wewrīte wéworsēte wewr̥ sté<br />
wewrḗr wéworont(i) wewrī́nt wéworsēnt wewrn̥ tú<br />
wéworm̥ wéworsām wéworissēm<br />
wewors wéworsās wéworissēs<br />
wewort wéworsāt wéworissēt<br />
wewr̥ wés wéworsāwes wéworissēwes<br />
wewr̥ tóm wéworsātom wéworissētom<br />
wewr̥ tā́ m wéworsātām wéworissēnt<br />
wewr̥ més wéworsāmes wéworissēmes<br />
wewr̥ té wéworsāte wéworissēte<br />
wewrn̥ t wéworsānt wéworissēnt<br />
wers(j)ō wers(j)om<br />
wers(j)õ/<br />
wers(j)ōm<br />
wérs(j)oijəm -----<br />
wérs(j)esi wers(j)es wérs(j)ēs(i) wers(j)ois wíwerdhitōd<br />
wérs(j)eti wers(j)et wérs(j)ēt(i) wers(j)oit wíwertutōd<br />
wérs(j)owos(i) wérs(j)owes<br />
wérs(j)ōwos(i)/ -<br />
wes<br />
wérs(j)oiwes -----<br />
wérs(j)etas wérs(j)etom wérs(j)ētas/ -tom wérs(j)oitom wiwr̥ tánutōd<br />
wérs(j)etes wers(j)ont wérs(j)ētes/ -tām wérs(j)oitām wiwr̥ ténutōd<br />
wérs(j)omos(i) wérs(j)omes<br />
wérs(j)ōmos(i)/ -<br />
mes<br />
wérs(j)oimes -----<br />
wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ēte wérs(j)oite wiwr̥ tetōd<br />
wérs(j)onti wers(j)ont wérs(j)ōnt(i) wérs(j)oijənt wiwrn̥ tutōd<br />
82
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wiwrai ‘find oneself’. Middle voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Present<br />
Effective<br />
Protelative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
wiwrai wiwra wíweroma(i) wíwrīja wíwersēma -----<br />
wiwr̥ soi wiwr̥ so wíwereso(i) wíwrīso wíwersēso wíwr̥ swo<br />
wiwr̥ toi wiwr̥ to wíwereto(i) wíwrīto wíwersēto wíwr̥ totu<br />
wiwr̥ wesdha wiwr̥ wedha wíwerowe(s)dha wíwrīwedha wíwersēwedha -----<br />
wiwr̥ í wiwr̥ í wíwerei wíwrīji wíwersēi wiwrí<br />
wiwrí wiwrí wíwerei wíwrīji wíwersēi wiwrí<br />
wiwr̥ mesdha wiwr̥ medha wíwerome(s)dha wíwrīmedha wíwersēmedha -----<br />
wiwr̥ sdhwé wiwr̥ dhwé wíwere(s)dhwe wíwrīdhwe wíwersēdhwe wiwr̥ sdhwé<br />
wiwrn̥ toi wíwrento wíweronto(i) wiwrīnto wíwersēnto wíwrn̥ totu<br />
wewrā́ /<br />
wéwrõi/<br />
wéwrāma<br />
wéwroija wéwr̥ sēma -----<br />
wewroma<br />
wéwrōma<br />
wewreso/<br />
wéwrāso wéwrēso(i) wéwroiso wéwr̥ sēso wéwreswo<br />
wewreta<br />
wewreto wéwrāto wéwrēto(i) wéwroito wéwr̥ sēto wéwretotu<br />
wewrówedha wéwrāwedha wéwrōwe(s)dha wéwroiwedha wéwr̥ sēwedha -----<br />
Aorist<br />
wewréi wewrāi wewrēi wéwroiji wewr̥ sēi wewrei<br />
wewréi wewrāi wewrēi wéwroiji wewr̥ sēi wewrei<br />
wewrómedha wéwrāmedha wéwrōme(s)dha wéwroimedha wéwr̥ sēmedha -----<br />
wewredhwe wéwrādhwe wéwrēdhwe wéwroidhwe wéwr̥ sēdhwe wéwresdhwe<br />
wewronto wéwrānto wéwrōnto(i) wéwroijənto wéwr̥ sēnto wéwrontotu<br />
83
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Wiwrai ‘find oneself’. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Perfect<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
wewrai wéworoma(i) wewrīja wéworsēma -----<br />
wéwr̥ tai wéworeso(i) wewrīso wéworsēso wéworswo<br />
wewrei wéworeto(i) wewrīto wéworsēto wéwortotu<br />
wewr̥ wedhai wéworowe(s)dha wewrī́wedha wéworsēwedha -----<br />
wewraia wéworei wewrīje wéworsēi wewrí<br />
wewraia wéworei wewrīje wéworsēi wewrí<br />
wewr̥ medhai wéworome(s)dha wewrī́medha wéworsēmedha -----<br />
wewr̥ stéi wéwore(s)dhwe wewrīdhwe wéworsēdhwe wewr̥ dhwé<br />
wewrēri/<br />
wewrēro<br />
wéworonto(i) wewrīnto wéworsēnto wéwrn̥ totu<br />
wéworma wéworsāma wéworissēma<br />
wéworso wéworsāso wéworissēso<br />
wéworto wéworsāto wéworissēto<br />
wewr̥ wedha wéworsāwedha wéworissēwedha<br />
Plup.<br />
wewrí wéworsāi wéworissēi<br />
wewrí wéworsāi wéworissēi<br />
wewr̥ medha wéworsāmedha wéworissēmedha<br />
wewr̥ dhwé wéworsādhwe wéworissēdhwe<br />
wewrn̥ to wéworsānto wéworissēnto<br />
wers(j)ā̌ i wers(j)om wérs(j)ōma(i) wérs(j)oija -----<br />
wérs(j)esoi wers(j)es wérs(j)ēso(i) wers(j)oiso wíwr̥ swotōd<br />
wérs(j)etoi wers(j)et wérs(j)ēto(i) wers(j)oito wíwr̥ totutōd<br />
wérs(j)owesdha wérs(j)owes wérs(j)ōwe(s)dha wérs(j)oiwedha -----<br />
Future<br />
wérs(j)ei wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ēi wérs(j)oiji wiwritōd<br />
wérs(j)ei wers(j)ont wérs(j)ēi wérs(j)oiji wiwritōd<br />
wérs(j)omesdha wérs(j)omes wérs(j)ōme(s)dha wérs(j)oimedha -----<br />
wérs(j)esdhwe wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ē(s)dhwe wérs(j)oidhwe wíwr̥ sdhwetōd<br />
wérs(j)ontoi wers(j)ont wérs(j)ōnto(i) wérs(j)oijənto wíwrn̥ totutōd<br />
84
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Present and aorist.<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
̥ ̥ ̥ ̥<br />
̥<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
wiwrar wiwrar<br />
wíwerōr/<br />
wíwerār<br />
wíwrīr wíwersēr -----<br />
wiwr̥ sor/ wiwr̥ sor/ wíweresor/ wíwrīsor/ wíwersēsor/<br />
wiwr̥ tar wiwr̥ tar wíweretar<br />
wíwrītar<br />
wíwersētar<br />
wíwr̥ soru<br />
wiwr̥ tor wiwr̥ tor wíweretor wíwrītor wíwersētor wíwr̥ toru<br />
wiwr̥ wór(i) wiwr̥ wér<br />
wíwerowor(i)/ -<br />
wer<br />
wíwrīwer wíwersēwer -----<br />
wiwrtr wiwrtr wíweretr̥ wíwrītr̥ wíwersētr̥ wiwr̥ tru<br />
wiwrtr wiwrtr wíweretr̥ wíwrītr̥ wíwersētr̥ wiwr̥ tru<br />
wiwr̥ mor(i) wiwr̥ mér<br />
wíweromor(i)/ -<br />
mer<br />
wíwrīmer wíwersēmer -----<br />
wiwr̥ dhwori wiwr̥ dhwér<br />
wíweredhwori/ -<br />
dhwer<br />
wíwrīdhwer wíwersēdhwer wíwr̥ dhworu<br />
wíwrntor(i) wíwrentor wíwerontor(i) wíwrīntor wíwersēntor wíwrntoru<br />
wewrṓr/ wéwrār/ wewrõr/ wr̥ tós wéwroir/ wr̥ tós wéwr̥ sēr/ wr̥ tós<br />
wr̥ tós esmi wr̥ tós esm ésom(i)<br />
sjēm<br />
essēm<br />
-----<br />
wéwr̥ sēsor/<br />
wewresor/ wéwrāsor/ wéwrēsor/<br />
wéwroisor/<br />
wéwr̥ sētar/ wéwresoru/<br />
wewretar/ wéwrātar/ wéwrētar/ wr̥ tós wéwroitar/<br />
wéworsētar/ wr̥ tós esdhi<br />
wr̥ tós essi wr̥ tós es éses(i)<br />
wr̥ tós sjēs<br />
wr̥ tós essēs<br />
wewretor/<br />
wr̥ tós esti<br />
wewrower/<br />
wr̥ tṓu swos(i)<br />
wewretr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu stas<br />
wewretr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu stes<br />
wewromer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs smos(i)<br />
wewredhwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs ste<br />
wewrontor/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sonti/<br />
wr̥ tṓs senti<br />
wéwrātor/<br />
wr̥ tós est<br />
wéwrāwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓu swes<br />
wewrātr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu stom<br />
wewrātr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu stām<br />
wéwrāmer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs smes<br />
wéwrādhwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs ste<br />
wéwrāntor/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sent<br />
wéwrētor/ wr̥ tós<br />
éset(i)<br />
wéwrōwor(i)/ -<br />
wer/ wr̥ tṓu<br />
ésowos/ -wes<br />
wéwrētr̥ / wr̥ tṓu<br />
ésetas/ -tom<br />
wéwrētr̥ / wr̥ tṓu<br />
ésetes/ -tām<br />
wéwrōmor(i)/ -<br />
mer/ wr̥ tṓs<br />
ésomos(i)/ -mes<br />
wéwrēdhwori/ -<br />
dhwer/ wr̥ tṓs<br />
ésete<br />
wéwrōntor(i)/<br />
wr̥ tṓs ésont(i)<br />
wéwroitor/<br />
wr̥ tós sjēt<br />
wéwroiwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓu sīwes<br />
wéwroitr̥ / wr̥ tṓu<br />
sītom<br />
wéwroitr̥ / wr̥ tṓu<br />
sītām<br />
wéwroimer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sīmes<br />
wéwroidhwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sīte<br />
wéwroijəntor/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sīnt<br />
wéwr̥ sētor/<br />
wr̥ tós essēt<br />
wéwr̥ sēwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓu éssēwes<br />
wewr̥ sētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu éssētom<br />
wewr̥ sētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ tṓu éssētām<br />
wéwr̥ sēmer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs éssēmes<br />
wéwr̥ sēdhwer/<br />
wr̥ tṓs éssēte<br />
wéwr̥ sēntor/<br />
wr̥ tṓs essēnt<br />
wéwretoru/<br />
wr̥ tós estu<br />
-----<br />
wéwretru/ wr̥ tṓu<br />
stanu<br />
wéwretru/ wr̥ tṓu<br />
stenu<br />
-----<br />
wéwredhworu/<br />
wr̥ tṓs ste<br />
wéwrontoru/<br />
wr̥ tṓs sentu<br />
85
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Perfect<br />
Effective<br />
wewrar/<br />
wr̥ nós esmi<br />
wewr̥ tar/<br />
wr̥ nós essi<br />
wewror/<br />
wr̥ nós esti<br />
wewr̥ wár/<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
swos(i)<br />
wewraiar/<br />
wr̥ nṓu stas<br />
wewraiar/<br />
wr̥ nṓu stes<br />
wewr̥ már/<br />
wr̥ nṓs<br />
smos(i)<br />
wewr̥ dhwár/<br />
wr̥ nṓs ste<br />
wewrn ̥ ̥ tar /<br />
wr̥ nṓs senti/<br />
wr̥ nṓs sonti<br />
wéworar/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūm<br />
Protelative<br />
wéworsār/<br />
wr̥ nós bhuwām<br />
wéworōr/<br />
wéworār/ wr̥ nós<br />
ésom(i)<br />
wéworesor/<br />
wéworetar/<br />
wr̥ nós éses(i)<br />
wéworetor/<br />
wr̥ nós éset(i)<br />
wéworowor(i)/ -<br />
wer/ wr̥ nṓu<br />
ésowos/ -wes<br />
wéworetr̥ / wr̥ nṓu<br />
ésetas/ -tom<br />
wéworetr̥ / wr̥ nṓu<br />
ésetes/ -tām<br />
wéworomor(i)/ -<br />
mer/ wr̥ nṓs<br />
ésomos(i)/ -mes<br />
wéworedhwor(i)/<br />
-dhwer/ wr̥ nṓs<br />
ésete<br />
wéworontor(i)-/<br />
wr̥ nṓs ésont(i)<br />
wewrījar/<br />
wr̥ nós sjēm<br />
wewrīsor/<br />
wewrītar/<br />
wr̥ nós sjēs<br />
wewrītor/<br />
wr̥ nós sjēt<br />
wewrīwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓu sīwes<br />
wewrītr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu sītom<br />
wewrītr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu sītām<br />
wewrīmer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs sīmes<br />
wewrīdhwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs sīte<br />
wewrīntor/<br />
wr̥ nṓs sīnt<br />
wéworsēr/ wr̥ nós<br />
essēm<br />
wéworsēsor/<br />
wéworsētar/<br />
wr̥ nós essēs<br />
wéworsētor/<br />
wr̥ nós essēt<br />
wéworsēwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓu éssēwes<br />
wéworsētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu éssētom<br />
wéworsētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu éssētām<br />
wéworsēmer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs éssēmes<br />
wéworsēdhwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs éssēte<br />
wéworsēntor/<br />
wr̥ nṓs essēnt<br />
wéworissēr/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūsēm<br />
-----<br />
wéworsoru/<br />
wr̥ nós esdhi<br />
wéwortoru/<br />
wr̥ nós estu<br />
-----<br />
wewr̥ trú/<br />
wr̥ nṓu stanu<br />
wewr̥ trú/<br />
wr̥ nṓu stenu<br />
-----<br />
wewr̥ dhworu/<br />
wr̥ nṓs ste<br />
wewrn̥ toru/<br />
wr̥ nṓs sentu<br />
wéworsor/<br />
wéwortar/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūs<br />
wéwortor/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūt<br />
wewr̥ wér/<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhūwes<br />
wéworsāsor/<br />
wéworsātar/<br />
wr̥ nós bhuwās<br />
wéworsātor/<br />
wr̥ nós bhuwāt<br />
wéworsāwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhúwāwes<br />
wéworissēsor/<br />
wéworissētar/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūsēs<br />
wéworissētor/<br />
wr̥ nós bhūsēt<br />
wéworissēwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓu bhū́ sēwes<br />
Plup.<br />
wewrtr ̥ ̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhūtom<br />
wéworsātr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhúwātom<br />
wéworissētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu bhū́ sētom<br />
wewrtr ̥ ̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhūtām<br />
wéworsātr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu<br />
bhúwātām<br />
wéworissētr̥ /<br />
wr̥ nṓu bhū́ sētām<br />
wewr̥ mér/<br />
wr̥ nṓs<br />
bhūmes<br />
wewr̥ dhwér/<br />
wr̥ nṓs bhūte<br />
wewrn ̥ ̥ tor/<br />
wr̥ nṓs bhūnt<br />
wéworsāmer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs<br />
bhúwāmes<br />
wéworsādhwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs<br />
bhúwāte<br />
wéworsāntor/<br />
wr̥ nṓs<br />
bhuwānt<br />
wéworissēmer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs bhū́ sēmes<br />
wéworissēdhwer/<br />
wr̥ nṓs bhū́ sēte<br />
wéworissēntor/<br />
wr̥ nṓs bhūsēnt<br />
86
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Future.<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective<br />
Protelative<br />
wíwers(j)ōr wíwers(j)om wíwers(j)õr wíwers(j)oir -----<br />
wíwers(j)esor/<br />
wíwers(j)etar<br />
wíwers(j)es<br />
wíwers(j)ēsor/<br />
wíwers(j)ētar<br />
wíwers(j)oisor/<br />
wíwers(j)oitar<br />
wíwr̥ sorutōd<br />
wíwers(j)etor wíwers(j)et wíwers(j)ētor wíwers(j)oitor wíwr̥ torutōd<br />
Future<br />
wíwers(j)owor(i)<br />
wíwers(j)owes<br />
wíwers(j)ōwor(i)/ -<br />
wer<br />
wíwers(j)oiwer -----<br />
wíwers(j)etr̥ wíwers(j)ei wíwers(j)ētr̥ wíwers(j)oitr̥ wíwr̥ trutōd<br />
wíwers(j)etr̥ wíwers(j)ei wíwers(j)ētr̥ wíwers(j)oitr̥ wíwr̥ trutōd<br />
wíwers(j)omor(i)<br />
wíwers(j)edhwor(i)<br />
wíwers(j)omes<br />
wíwers(j)edhwe<br />
wíwers(j)ōmor(i)/ -<br />
mer<br />
wíwers(j)ēdhwor(i)/<br />
-dhwer<br />
wíwers(j)oimer -----<br />
wíwers(j)oidhwer<br />
wíwr̥ dhworutōd<br />
wíwers(j)ontor(i) wíwers(j)ont wíwers(j)ōntor(i) wíwers(j)oijəntor wíwrn̥ torutōd<br />
87
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Gignō ‘beget’, regō ‘direct’, sōdejō ‘settle’, pr̥ nāmi ‘sell’, kupjō ‘demand’, dídōmi ‘give’.<br />
First person active.<br />
Present<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
gignō gignom gignõ /-ōm gígnoijəm gign̥ sēm gigne<br />
regō regom regõ /-ōm régoijəm regsēm rege<br />
sōdejō sōdejom sōdejõ /-ōm sōdéjoijəm sōdesēm sōdeje<br />
pr̥ nāmi pr̥ nām pr̥ nājom(i) pr̥ nəjēm pr̥ nāsēm pr̥ nādhi<br />
kupjō kupjom kupjõ /ōm kúpjoijəm kupsēm kupje<br />
dídōmi dídōm didõm(i) didwīm dídsēm dídōdhi/ dəsdhi<br />
genóm genām génõ /-ōm génoijəm gensēm gené<br />
regóm/rēgsm̥ regām rḗgsom(i) regīm regsḗm rég(se)si<br />
Aorist<br />
sesedóm sesedām sésedõ /-ōm sésedoijəm sesedsēm sesedé<br />
prām/pérəsm̥ prāwām pér(ə)som(i) perīm prāsēm prādhi<br />
keupm̥ keupām kéupom(i) kéupoijəm keupsēm keupe<br />
dōm dōwām dṓwom(i) dəjḗm dōsēm dōdhi<br />
gégona gégonom(i) gegn̥ jḗm gégonsēm gegn̥ dhi<br />
rēga rḗgom(i) regjḗm rēgsēm regdhi<br />
sōdoja sōdójom(i) sōdojḗm sōdosēm sōdodhi<br />
Perfect<br />
pépora péporom(i) pepr̥ jḗm péporsēm pépr̥ dhi<br />
koupa kóupom(i) kupjḗm koupsēm kupdhi<br />
deda/dédōwa dédōwom(i) dedōjḗm dédōsēm dédədhi<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Future<br />
gégonm̥ gégonsām gégonissēm<br />
rēgm̥ rēgsām régissēm<br />
sōdojm̥ sōdosām sōdójissēm<br />
péporm̥ péporsām péporissēm<br />
koupm̥ koupsām kóupissēm<br />
dedōm dédōsām dédōissēm<br />
gens(j)ō géns(j)õ /-ōm génsoijəm gígnetōd<br />
regs(j)ō régs(j)õ /-ōm régsoijəm régetōd<br />
sōdes(j)ō sōdés(j)õ /-ōm sōdésoijəm sōdéjetōd<br />
pers(j)ō pérs(j)õ /-ōm persoijəm pr̥ nātōd<br />
keups(j)ō kéups(j)õ /-ōm kéupsoijəm kúpjetōd<br />
dōs(j)ō dōs(j)õ /-ōm dṓsoijəm dídōtōd<br />
88
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Newājō ‘renew’, lubhējō ‘like’, mímnāskō ‘remember’, esmi ‘be’, bhewmi ‘be, result to<br />
be’, r̥ neumi ‘move’. First person active.<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Effective<br />
Indicative<br />
Protelative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
newājō newājom newājõ /-ōm newā́ joijəm newāsēm newāje<br />
lubhējō lubhējom lubhējõ /-ōm lubhḗjoijəm lubhēsēm lubhēje<br />
mímnāskō mímnāskom mimnāskõ /-ōm mímnāskoijəm mímnāsksēm mímnāsketu<br />
esmi esm̥ ésomi sjēm essēm esdhi<br />
bhewmi bhewom bhewõ /-ōm bhewīm bhewsēm bhewdhi<br />
r̥ neumi r̥ neum r̥ néuwom(i) r̥ nujḗm r̥ neusēm r̥ neudhi<br />
newāsm ́ ̥ /<br />
newābhūm<br />
lubhēsm ́ ̥ /<br />
lubhēbhūm<br />
newā́ bhuwām<br />
lubhḗbhuwām<br />
newā́ som(i)/<br />
newā́ bhuwom(i)<br />
lubhḗsom(i)/<br />
lubhḗbhuwom(i)<br />
newā́ bhūjēm<br />
lubhḗbhūjēm<br />
newā́ bhusēm<br />
lubhḗbhūsēm<br />
newājé/<br />
newā́ (se)si/<br />
newā́ bhūdhi<br />
lubhējé/<br />
lubhḗ(se)si/<br />
lubhḗbhūdhi<br />
mimnāsm ́ ̥ mimnāsām mimnā́ som(i) mimnāsīm mimnāssēm mimnā́ (se)si<br />
ēsm̥ ēsām ḗsom(i) ēsīm ēssēm sdhi<br />
bhūm bhuwām bhúwom(i) bhūjḗm bhūsēm bhūdhi<br />
orm̥ orām órom(i) orīm orsēm ordhi<br />
newāja newā́ jom(i) newājḗm newāsēm newādhi<br />
lubhēja lubhḗjom(i) lubhējḗm lubhēsēm lubhēdhi<br />
mémona mémonom(i) memn̥ jḗm mémonsēm memn̥ dhi<br />
Perfect<br />
----- ----- ----- ----- -----<br />
(bhé)bhowa (bhé)bhowom(i) bhébhūjḗm (bhé)bhowsēm bhébhūdhi<br />
órōra órōrom(i) orr̥ jḗm órōrsēm orr̥ dhi<br />
Pluperfect<br />
newājəm newāsām newā́ jissēm<br />
lubhējəm lubhēsām lubhḗjissēm<br />
mémonm̥ mémonsām mémonissēm<br />
----- ----- -----<br />
(bhé)bhowəm (bhé)bhowsām (bhé)bhowissēm<br />
Future<br />
órōrm̥ órōrsām órōrissēm<br />
newās(j)ō newās(j)õ /-ōm newā́ s(jo)ijəm newā́ jetōd<br />
lubhēs(j)ō lubhēs(j)õ /-ōm lubhḗs(j)oijəm lubhḗjetōd<br />
mímnāsks(j)ō<br />
mimnāsks(j)õ /-<br />
ōm<br />
mímnāsks(j)oijə<br />
m<br />
----- ----- ----- estōd<br />
mímnāsketōd<br />
bhews(j)ō bhews(j)õ /-ōm bhéws(jo)ijəm bhewtōd<br />
r̥ neus(j)ō r̥ neus(j)õ /-ōm r̥ néus(jo)ijəm r̥ neutōd<br />
89
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Gignā̌ i ‘beget o.s.’, regā̌ i ‘direct o.s.’, sōdejā̌ i ‘settle o.s.’, pr̥ nəmai ‘sell o.s.’, kupjā̌ i<br />
‘demand o.s.’, dídōwai ‘give o.s.’. First person middle.<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Indicative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
Effective Protelative<br />
gignā̌ i gigā gígnõi /-ōma gígnoija gígn̥ sēma gígneswo<br />
regā̌ i regā régõi /-ōma régoija régsēma régeswo<br />
sōdejā̌ i sōdejā sōdéjõi /-ōma sōdéjoija sōdésēma sōdéjeswo<br />
pr̥ nəmai pr̥ nəma pr̥ nājoma(i) pr̥ nəjēma pr̥ nəsēma pr̥ nəswo<br />
kupjā̌ i kupjā kúpjõi /ōma kúpjoija kúpsēma kúpjeswo<br />
dídōwai dídōwa didõi/ dídõma dídwīja dídsēma dídəswo<br />
genā́ /<br />
genoma<br />
génāma génõi /-ōma génoija génsēma geneswo<br />
regā́ /<br />
regoma/<br />
rēgsa/<br />
régāma rḗgsoma(i) régīja regsēma rég(se)swo<br />
regsma<br />
sesedā́ /<br />
sesedoma<br />
sésedāma sésedõi /-ōma sésedoija sésedsēma sesedeswo<br />
prāma<br />
/pérəsa/ prā́ wāma pér(ə)som(i) pérīja prā́ sēma pr̥ swo<br />
pérəsma<br />
keupa/<br />
keupma<br />
kéupāma kéupoma(i) kéupoija kéupsēma kéupeswo<br />
dōwa/<br />
dōma<br />
dṓwāma dṓwoma(i) dwīja dṓsēma dəswo<br />
gegnai gégnoma(i) gegnīja gégn̥ sēma gegn̥ swo<br />
regai régoma(i) regīja régsēma regswo<br />
Perfect<br />
sōdojai sōdójoma(i) sōdojīja sōdósēma sōdoswo<br />
peprai péproma(i) peprīja pépr̥ sēma pépr̥ swo<br />
kupai kúpoma(i) kupīja kúpsēma kupswo<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Future<br />
dedwai dédwoma(i) dedwīja dédsēma dédəswo<br />
gegn̥ ma gégn̥ sāma gégnissēma<br />
regma régsāma régissēma<br />
sōdoma sōdósāma sōdójissēma<br />
pepr̥ ma pépr̥ sāma péprissēma<br />
kupma kúpsāma kúpissēma<br />
dedma dédsāma dédwissēma<br />
gens(j)ā̌ i géns(j)õi /-ōma génsoija gígneswotōd<br />
regs(j)ā̌ i régs(j)õi /-ōma régsoija régeswotōd<br />
sōdes(j)ā̌ i sōdés(j)õi /-ōma sōdésoija sōdéjeswotōd<br />
pers(j)ā̌ i pérs(j)õi /-ōma persoija pr̥ nəswotōd<br />
keups(j)ā̌ i kéups(j)õi /-ōma kéupsoija kúpjeswotōd<br />
dōs(j)ā̌ i dōs(j)õi /-ōma dṓsoija dídəswotōd<br />
90
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Newājā̌ i ‘renew o.s.’, lubhējā̌ i ‘like o.s.’, mímnāskā̌ i ‘remember o.s.’, seqā̌ i ‘follow’,<br />
bhəmai ‘speak’, r̥ nuwai ‘move o.s.’. First person middle/ deponent.<br />
Aorist<br />
Effective<br />
Indicative<br />
Protelative<br />
Subjunctive Optative Precative Imperative<br />
newājā̌ i newājā newājõi /-ōma newā́ joija newā́ sēma newā́ jeswo<br />
lubhējā̌ i lubhējā lubhējõi /-ōma lubhḗjoija lubhḗsēma lubhḗjeswo<br />
mímnāskā̌ i mímnāskā mimnāskõi /-ōma mímnāskoija mímnā́ sksēma mímnāskeswo<br />
seqā̌ i seqā seqõi /-ōma séqoija séqsēma séqeswo<br />
bhəmai bhəma bhā́ woma(i) bhīja bhā́ sēma bhəswo<br />
r̥ nuwai r̥ nuwa r̥ neuwoma(i) r̥ nuwīja r̥ néusēma r̥ nuswo<br />
newāsa/<br />
newāsma/<br />
newā́ bhūma<br />
lubhēsa/<br />
lubhḗbhūma<br />
mimnā́ sa/<br />
mimnā́ sma<br />
newā́ bhuwāma<br />
lubhḗbhuwāma<br />
newā́ soma(i)/<br />
newā́ bhuwoma(i)<br />
lubhḗsoma(i)/<br />
lubhḗbhuwoma(i)<br />
newā́ bhwīja<br />
lubhḗbhwīja<br />
newā́ bhusēma<br />
lubhḗbhūsēma<br />
newājeswo/<br />
newā́ (se)swo/<br />
newā́ bhūswo<br />
lubhējeswo/<br />
lubhḗ(se)swo/<br />
lubhḗbhūswo<br />
mimnā́ sāma mimnā́ soma(i) mimnā́ sīja mimnā́ ssēma mimnā́ (se)swo<br />
seqā́ / seqoma séqāma séqõi /-ōma séqoija séqsēma seqeswo<br />
bhāma/<br />
bhətos esmi<br />
bhā́ wāma/<br />
bhətos esm̥<br />
bhāwoma(i)/<br />
bhətos ésom(i)<br />
bhāwīja/ bhətos<br />
sjēm<br />
bhā́ sēma/<br />
bhətos essēm<br />
bhəswo/ bhətos<br />
esdhi<br />
ora/ orma orāma óroma(i) órīja órsēma r̥ swo<br />
Perfect<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Future<br />
newājai newā́ joma(i) newājīja newā́ sēma newāswo<br />
lubhējai lubhḗjoma(i) lubhējīja lubhḗsēma lubhēswo<br />
memnai mémnoma(i) memnīja mémn̥ sēma memn̥ swo<br />
sesqai sésqoma(i) sesqīja sésqsēma sesqswo<br />
bhāwai/<br />
bhā́ woma(i)/ bhāwiija/ bhā́ wisēma/ bhā́ wiswo/<br />
bhənos esmi<br />
bhənos ésom(i) bhənos sjēm bhənos essēm bhənos esdhi<br />
orərai órəroma(i) orərīja órāirsēma orr̥ swo<br />
newāma newā́ sāma newā́ jissēma<br />
lubhēma lubhḗsāma lubhḗjissēma<br />
memn̥ ma mémn̥ sāma mémnissēma<br />
sesqma sésqsāma sésqissēma<br />
bhāwma/<br />
bhənos bhūm<br />
bhā́ wisāma/<br />
bhənos<br />
bhuwām<br />
bhā́ wissēma/<br />
bhənos<br />
bhūsēm<br />
orərma órərsāma órərissēma<br />
newās(j)ā̌ i newās(j)õi /-ōma newā́ s(jo)ija newā́ jeswotōd<br />
lubhēs(j)ā̌ i lubhēs(j)õi /-ōma lubhḗs(j)oija lubhḗjeswotōd<br />
mímnāsks(j)ā̌ i<br />
mimnāsks(j)õi /-<br />
ōma<br />
mímnāsks(j)oija<br />
mímnāskeswotōd<br />
seqs(j)ā̌ i séqs(j)õi /-ōma séqsoija séqeswotōd<br />
bhās(j)ā̌ i<br />
bhās(j)õi/<br />
bhā́ s(j)ōma<br />
bhā́ s(jo)ija<br />
bhəswotōd<br />
r̥ neus(j)ā̌ i r̥ neus(j)õi /-ōma r̥ néus(jo)ija r̥ nuswotōd<br />
91
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Wr̥tja<br />
Énstānt<br />
Prosodā ́ qertis<br />
Tūbhwərdja gleubhō<br />
Oisons dréwonti setins smalons iwe<br />
Nū edsi<br />
Aposkroibhos énstāntijosjo bhéwonī<br />
Mātḗr menjā tsaim lúbhjeti<br />
Doukna óncōlm̥ jāmi nē bhrū́ gjontoi<br />
Danū polis wéidhetor<br />
Gnṓmejom (prótonwom)<br />
Sujet sei, troplōs, slibesn̥t<br />
Wodr̥ pibom, aw woinom so<br />
Oljons drewont setins smalons iwe<br />
Áiwesi eds<br />
Kōnā́ tijom (kōnātā ́ qertis)<br />
Jom wíjona leinont, en kr̥stājont<br />
prótija<br />
Wī qekmr ̥ dhidhn̥ ti<br />
Domum pr̥nām<br />
Meugont<br />
Méugonti<br />
Tenses<br />
Present<br />
Accion in progress<br />
I am peeling potatoes<br />
They are treating those visitors like an<br />
animals.<br />
You are now eating<br />
Description <strong>of</strong> a present reality<br />
My mother likes tea<br />
Trains don’t use coal anymore<br />
The city is divided by the river<br />
Gnomic (protelative)<br />
When it rains, the sidewalks get slippery<br />
I drink water, he, however, drinks wine<br />
They use to treat all visitors like animals<br />
You are always eating<br />
Conative (attempted action)<br />
While they try to avoid vices, they rush into<br />
opposite ones<br />
They are organizing a show<br />
I have my house on sale<br />
They try to cheat<br />
They are trying to cheat<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Jéktijom bhūlói (Wéidmenjom)<br />
Wl̥ dhḗdikjām widlós, tām lubhḗsketi<br />
Olnom<br />
Ausrom bardhapukom dhídhēmos<br />
Drūtós udwortos (doljã)<br />
Alchonjom tod sénqeti (nūnoi)<br />
Kom alchonjom sénqeti (=sénqēti)<br />
Prāi n̥ kneumi wesprei ékosmi<br />
(Prāi) nē prestim n̥ kneumi wesprei<br />
ékosmi<br />
Iterāiwom<br />
Dochei qāqei edqod skreibhō<br />
Upodətā́ dhētis<br />
Platōn wíweqti…<br />
Rōmām ghēti Petros 42 AP<br />
Narrative in the past (Historic)<br />
When he sees the princess, he falls in love<br />
with her<br />
Plan (= indicative future)<br />
Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue<br />
Sure result (with a particle)<br />
This bank is sinking (at present)<br />
This bank sinks (=will sink)<br />
I’m arriving this evening<br />
I’m not arriving on time this evening<br />
Iterative<br />
Everyday I write a bit<br />
Fact transmitted by tradition<br />
Plato says…<br />
Peter arrives in Rome in 42 AD<br />
93
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
N̥roki<br />
Ártija, dáititos wílūta géismona<br />
Wódmejom<br />
Enoiqe, regm̥ kekluwoses, ərijonto,<br />
wele ita, stḗr qom austroi dr̥kónt<br />
(dédr̥kn̥t/dédr̥ksānt), isí prāi sodét, dom<br />
ānokwós stāt(o) epi dhḗljosjo stānoi<br />
(epi jodhei dhēljos ḗsāto).<br />
Mḗqesjom, qr̥tibhū́ mejom<br />
Pro ordhesnom tewei dekā́<br />
Apo nijóm ta wr̥dha<br />
Dhabheso =dhédhabhta(i)<br />
Qori gelās<br />
Bhwítijom<br />
Dhghómones təkēsn̥t upokrojēd prāi<br />
AOR. EFF. II (SIGM.)<br />
Bhwitṓs səmos ghostum rōmom<br />
momdom<br />
Jom pródoikots bhwíjāto ghostum,<br />
dhghómones təkēsānt AOR. PROT. SIGM.<br />
Áiwesi bhwíjāmedha (bhwitā́jāmedha)<br />
ghostum rōmom momdom<br />
Kómstāntijom(óinokā qertis)<br />
Dhghómones təkēbhūnt upokrojom<br />
momdom AOR. EFF. I<br />
Ghosomes rōmom momdom AOR. EFF. I<br />
Qtwr̥dekmatnjom londhei solwoi<br />
rēgēbhūt AOR. EFF. I.<br />
Sm̥ sonchos n̥ tlā́nijos bhūt<br />
Aorist<br />
Concrete, temporally diluted events<br />
Narrative<br />
And they, having heard the king, set<br />
out; and lo, the star, which they saw<br />
(had seen/had been seeing) in the east,<br />
went before them, till it came and stood<br />
over where the young child was. (Matt.<br />
2.9).<br />
Instantaneous / dramatic<br />
I accept your proposal<br />
I take back my words<br />
Are you surprised<br />
Why did you laugh Why do you laugh<br />
Inchoative/ fientive (single and iterative<br />
variants)<br />
The people became silent before the show<br />
We started to have lunch during the break<br />
When the actor started to talk, people would<br />
became silent<br />
We always started to have lunch during the<br />
break<br />
Constantive (single act)<br />
The people kept silent during the play<br />
We had lunch during the break<br />
During four decades, he reigned in all the<br />
land<br />
The concert was unbearable<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Pertrāiwom<br />
Jom kaputpródoikots qr̥tibhūmom<br />
prāwnim molét AOR.EFF., dhghómones<br />
təkēbhwānt AOR. PROT. I<br />
Pəróstətos jom rōmom momdom en<br />
ludhét AOR. EFF., ghósāmes AOR PROT.<br />
Daiteī ́ énesāi, Aléksanros londhei<br />
solwoi rēgēbhwāt AOR. PROT. I<br />
Upokrojāntjoi qāqei dhghómones áiwesi<br />
təkējānt AOR. PROT. II<br />
Ghósāmes (estā́jāmes) rōmom<br />
momdom<br />
AOR. PROT.<br />
Kólmenjom<br />
Studja jom tīm, drātim enterlóndhejoi<br />
ərijā ́ dherbhmei<br />
Ī plākājontor<br />
Ádōgjejom<br />
Mághoisu bhlōtis iwe, ita dhchīt<br />
ghōdhos<br />
n̥sī chenlós, n̥sī mr̥tós PART. AOR.<br />
Daitis bheugt, aiwom wesét<br />
Pūpōs silēbhūnt jom altjoses bhənto<br />
Prólegtijom<br />
Upo labhō jod wergom tewe dhḗjesi<br />
(AOR. SUB.) / dhḗsēsi (FUT. SUB.)<br />
Durative (single and iterative variants)<br />
When the main actor came on stage for the<br />
first time, people were silent<br />
When the boss came in during the break, we<br />
were having lunch<br />
At that time Alexander reigned in all the<br />
land<br />
At the end <strong>of</strong> each play, people were always<br />
silent<br />
We always had lunch during the break<br />
Culminative<br />
When I ended my studies, I began to work<br />
in an international company<br />
They were persuaded by him<br />
Proverbial or gnomic<br />
As a flower in the fields, thus public esteem<br />
passes away.<br />
He who wounds by the sword, dies by the<br />
sword.<br />
Time flees, eternity remains. The grass<br />
withers and the flower falls <strong>of</strong>f<br />
Children keep quiet when adults talk<br />
Prolectic<br />
I assume you will do your work<br />
95
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Kómsqr̥tom<br />
Tómkejom<br />
Épiworjom upōptēmóm Moskówijāi<br />
kōpe<br />
Sl̥wogonjom-Rētrospéktijom<br />
Lidjām gnōwa 1960 apo<br />
Udbhū́ tijom<br />
Lugtētjāi bhūt Bhredos<br />
Kn̥jóm bhūlóm/qr̥tibhū́ mejom<br />
(kl̥tonowostjes)<br />
Mémr̥tai belopotis Mohammed Aidid<br />
Mogadishuwi áiwestū 61 atnōm.<br />
(wálmolgēd)<br />
Bhewsn̥ téi qertjei anabhornóm<br />
Me pretēti an, ólōlai<br />
Stāiwom enstānt<br />
Trija kakawatja wosḗr<br />
Nē woida, nē mémona<br />
Epikómsqr̥tom<br />
Bhūloqertis perəmēd preiwijós onjād<br />
bhūloqertjes<br />
Regtóm eitr̥ emt jodqid dhghmóskermn̥<br />
spokt (effective)<br />
Perfect<br />
Resultative<br />
The police has caught the suspect in<br />
Moscow.<br />
Universa-retrospective<br />
I have known Lidia since 1960.<br />
Existential<br />
Fred has been to Paris.<br />
Recent past/dramatic (hot news)<br />
General Mohammed Aidid has died in<br />
Mogadishu at age 61. (From an<br />
obituary)<br />
Related to a future action<br />
If he shall perceive me, I am ruined<br />
Stative Present<br />
There are three chocolates left<br />
I don’t know, I don’t remember<br />
Pluperfect<br />
Past action relatively anterior to another<br />
past action<br />
He took the right way because he had<br />
looked at the map<br />
Regtóm eitr̥ emt jodqid dhghmóskermn̥<br />
spoksāt (protelative)<br />
He took the right way because he had been<br />
looking at the map<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Bhewsont<br />
Chéltijom -seiktis<br />
Prijesō-te yéwtibhi tewe<br />
Prāi ánksjeti qām lodi n̥dhī bhuwet/<br />
bhūjḗt FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB./ OPT.<br />
Future<br />
Desiderative -intention<br />
I should like to thank you for your help<br />
He wants to arrive before it will be too late<br />
Qid apómisdhom meghei dṓsesi<br />
What reward will you give me<br />
Praidiktā́ qertis<br />
Wontlosā bhreugwents atnoi kosmei<br />
bhéwseti<br />
Prāi ánksjeti qām lodi n̥dhī<br />
FUT. ND.<br />
éseti/bhéweti<br />
PRES. SUB.<br />
Nē mr̥ísesoi, mē bhibhjās<br />
FUT. ND. PREVENTIVE<br />
Olnətā ́ qertis<br />
Ausrom bardhapukom dhḗsomos<br />
Təkēsō uprokrojēd prāi<br />
Təkēbhwō uprokrojom momdom<br />
Gnṓmejom<br />
Wēra loksowṓs tūljowoghtōs neqom<br />
wédsonti<br />
Práidhōmos<br />
Qis esti so Dūtós bhéwseti<br />
glaktiqoloswe<br />
Nidoikos (bhéwsontes pro éntagtijēd)<br />
Gígisetoi qid néwosjo an, mewom ana<br />
woidésesi PRES. SUB. + FUT. IND.<br />
Predicted action<br />
Andalusia is going to be rich in fruits this<br />
year<br />
He will (certainly) arrive before it will be<br />
too late<br />
You shall not die, don’t be afraid<br />
Planned action<br />
Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue<br />
I will shut up before the play<br />
I will keep silent during the play<br />
Gnomic<br />
Biaised mass media will never tell the truth<br />
Conjecture<br />
Who is this It may be the postman or the<br />
milkman<br />
Order (for future imperative)<br />
If something new happens, you will let me<br />
know<br />
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Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Módesa<br />
Déiktijom<br />
Qérmenjom bhéwonom<br />
Sújeti<br />
Oktōu wl̥nawōbhei senti kanmās<br />
Méinōpnijom<br />
Jod immō bhītjoi lábheti tosjo tod<br />
Bhewnjā upódhētis<br />
Londhom an pākm̥ ágeti, neqid bhīnóm<br />
Moods<br />
Indicative<br />
Objecive reality<br />
It is raining<br />
The spider has eight legs<br />
Potential<br />
Whatever he takes in the battle is his own<br />
Real condition<br />
If the country lives in peace, nothing is to be<br />
feared<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Upotágtijom<br />
Ghorēiwom<br />
Éjomos alādhjom<br />
Wr̥tjṓmedha domum<br />
An qis ghr̥ dhnos esti, édeti<br />
Jos (qis) ghr̥ dhnos éseti, édeti<br />
Wískoidwom<br />
Qid dhídhējom nū<br />
Jāsdom emḗmosi an welis kei<br />
wesṓmosi<br />
Sóikejom<br />
Apò louksām wr̥eumi, bhodis ātēsi<br />
Wērom weqōm,<br />
Apowórejom<br />
Mē smughēs! (=Mē smughsi)<br />
Bhójejom<br />
Bhíbheimij mē qid gégoiseto (PF.)<br />
Bhíbheimi mē qid gíseto (AOR.)<br />
Ambhigóisejom<br />
Anti n̥kēti mēd, dəsdhi kersnātwei<br />
Edqis weqēti ‘nē chelō’<br />
Éksterom upóloghōi moghmn̥<br />
Ghl̥tō tō solwō, domum selēm<br />
Éksterom upóloghōi moghmn̥<br />
Upérmoimos yom pətḗjēti<br />
(pətēbhweti), glakti qrīsō<br />
Térktijom<br />
Tinājem woqēd-two prāi<br />
Subjunctive<br />
Hortatory<br />
Let’s go for a walk<br />
Let us return home<br />
If anyone is hungry, let him eat<br />
(Anyone) who is hungry, let him eat<br />
Deliberative<br />
What shall I do now<br />
Shall we take the bus or rather stay here<br />
Final<br />
I open the window so that you may breath<br />
better<br />
To say the truth,<br />
Preventive<br />
Don’t smoke!<br />
Of fear<br />
I’m afraid something has happened<br />
I’m afraid something will happen<br />
Of eventuality<br />
If he arrives before me, give him a dinner<br />
Someone can say ’I don’t want’<br />
Internal possibility for the subject<br />
With all this gold I can buy a house<br />
External possibility for the subject<br />
When the supermarket will be open, I will<br />
buy the milk<br />
Permissive<br />
Let me finish before you speak<br />
99
Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Bhewsontwértowent<br />
Neqid tons dhebhnéweti<br />
Kn̥ sejō qod kmā́ jesi<br />
(=Tewom kmā́sontm̥ kn̥ sejō)<br />
Wéltijom<br />
Altjosbhis gálgaljēt<br />
Km̥ tom céjwēsi atnōm<br />
With a future value<br />
Nothing can harm them<br />
I think you will get tired<br />
Volitive<br />
Let her talk to her parents<br />
May you live one hundred years<br />
Wélptijom<br />
Welpō qod cīwṓs solwōs n̥knéwenti/<br />
n̥kōnti (PRES. SUB./AOR. SUB.)<br />
(=ins ánksontn̥s/n̥klóns cīwṓns solwōns<br />
welpō)<br />
Of expectation<br />
I hope they are arriving/ they arrive safe<br />
and sound<br />
Welpō qod cīwṓs solwōs ā́ nokont<br />
(PF. SUB.)<br />
(=ins ānokwósn̥s cīwṓns solwōns<br />
welpō)<br />
I hope they have arrived safe and sound<br />
Temporal value <strong>of</strong> the subjunctive mood<br />
in simple and subordinate sentences<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> clause Present Aorist Perfect Future<br />
Simple sentence (modal) present past<br />
resultative/ present<br />
stative<br />
future<br />
Final imperfective, relative future perfective relative future ----- -----<br />
Anterior -----<br />
posterior to the absolute<br />
future<br />
----- -----<br />
Simultaneous ----- eventuality ----- -----<br />
Posterior -----<br />
modal in the<br />
anterior to the<br />
past/anterior to the<br />
expected result<br />
absolute future<br />
-----<br />
Conditional and<br />
concessive<br />
imperfective, eventual in the<br />
future/imperfective, irreal in<br />
the future*<br />
perfective, eventual in<br />
the future/perfective,<br />
irreal in the future;<br />
universally eventual<br />
-----<br />
eventual result in the<br />
future/eventual repetition<br />
in the future<br />
Comparative expectative** ----- ----- -----<br />
relative simultaneous relative anterior relative resultative<br />
Causal<br />
relative posterior thematics<br />
thematics<br />
thematics<br />
thematics<br />
Consecutive<br />
Completive (disjunctreportative)<br />
Completive (disjunctinjunctive)<br />
consequence in the present<br />
(potential) relative<br />
simultaneous<br />
consequence in the past<br />
with perfect aspect<br />
(potential) relative<br />
anterior<br />
resultative<br />
consequence<br />
(potential) relative<br />
resultative<br />
consequence in the future<br />
(potential) relative future<br />
imperfective relative future perfective relative future ----- -----<br />
Completive (conjunct) (potential) absolute present (potential) absolute past<br />
(potential) absolute<br />
result<br />
(potential) relative future<br />
* also expressed by the present precative<br />
** also expressed by the aorist precative<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Óptijom<br />
Wénesjom<br />
Prijós nos bhwíjoiso<br />
Nosbhis wesoit<br />
Jewijós sjēm<br />
Ghrewis ludhoim<br />
Wəlīmes jéwtibhi tewe prijetum<br />
Prókn̥ stijom<br />
Tod weqois, kāré<br />
Dídwīmes qid diwí diwí<br />
Endoikós<br />
Qid upérterom wéworta an, selois<br />
Qota spāmónteros sjēm<br />
Swedhumenḗs dikā<br />
Eksí ijḗs<br />
Méinōpnijom<br />
Qota sentum bhodejois tewe<br />
Tod an gisīto<br />
Tod an gígisīto<br />
Reiwents sjēs (bhūjḗs), prijóterōs enoi<br />
Gerlós gaudhējoit tod klulós<br />
Loksós<br />
Sqet jod lodi ludhoint<br />
Elnom ad, kwones dhghómonjām nē<br />
pewīnt dn̥ghwām<br />
Optative<br />
Cupitive<br />
May you become our friend<br />
May he stay with us<br />
I wish I were younger<br />
I wish I had come earlier<br />
We would like to thank you for your help<br />
Recommendative<br />
You should say this, my dear<br />
We should give something everyday<br />
Iussive<br />
If you’ve found something better, buy it<br />
How could I be more attractive<br />
Polite command<br />
You may go out<br />
Potential<br />
How could you improve your performance<br />
This could happen<br />
This could be happening<br />
If you were (became) rich, they would be<br />
friendlier<br />
Charles would be happy if he heard that<br />
Oblique<br />
He said that they would arrive late<br />
According to him, dogs don’t understand<br />
human language<br />
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Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Nesrom kensos<br />
Tod nē seqoim/ sqoim (=tod nē<br />
seqsēm)<br />
Modest statement<br />
I would not say that<br />
Protiwr̥tnóm<br />
(Epi) kūmós éikoimes álchosjo,<br />
loubhom nē seltum móghomos<br />
Adversative<br />
Even if we have a lot <strong>of</strong> money, we cannot<br />
buy love<br />
Temporal value <strong>of</strong> the optative mood in<br />
simple and subordinate sentences<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> clause Present Aorist Perfect Future<br />
Simple sentence<br />
resultative/ present<br />
present<br />
past<br />
(modal)<br />
stative<br />
future<br />
Final<br />
Imperfective relative Perfective relative<br />
future<br />
future<br />
----- -----<br />
Anterior<br />
posterior in the<br />
present*<br />
relative posterior* ----- -----<br />
Simultaneous ----- future absolute* ----- -----<br />
Posterior<br />
relative anterior*<br />
Conditional and<br />
concessive<br />
Imperfective imaginary<br />
potential<br />
Perfective imaginary<br />
potential<br />
Resultative imaginary<br />
potential<br />
-----<br />
Comparative ----- irreal future relative** ----- -----<br />
Causal<br />
relative simultaneous<br />
obliquity/absolute<br />
present hypothesis<br />
relative anterior<br />
obliquity/absolute past<br />
hypothesis<br />
relative resultative<br />
obliquity/absolute<br />
resultative hypothesis<br />
relatve posterior<br />
obliquity/absolute<br />
future hypothesis<br />
Consecutive ----- ----- ----- -----<br />
Completive (disjunct -<br />
reportative)<br />
(potential) relative<br />
simultaneous<br />
(potential) relative<br />
anterior<br />
(potential) relative<br />
resultative<br />
(potential) relative<br />
future<br />
Completive (disjunct -<br />
injunctive)<br />
imperfective relative<br />
future<br />
perfective relative<br />
future<br />
Completive (conjunct) ----- ----- ----- -----<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Próknejom<br />
Soikos<br />
Pr̥ket jod ad bhewsēt PRES. PREC.<br />
Skekidḗr jod sā im sāgisēt bhloigom<br />
pos PRES. PREC.<br />
Méinōpnijom<br />
Tod an gíssēto<br />
n̥bhéwoqā upódhētis stāmr̥ we<br />
Jewijós an bhewsēm, Weteljã kelusēm<br />
Gerlós gaudhēsēt tod klulós<br />
Gerlós gaudhḗbhūsēt tod klulós<br />
AOR. PREC.<br />
Nesrom kensos<br />
Seqsēm<br />
Sqsēm<br />
Sóqissēm<br />
Precative<br />
Intention<br />
He asked to have the chance to be present<br />
They decided that she would look for him<br />
after the film<br />
Potential<br />
This could have happened<br />
Irreal condition or situation<br />
If I were younger, I would travel across<br />
Italy<br />
Charles would be happy if he could hear<br />
that<br />
Charles would have rejoiced if he could<br />
have heard that<br />
Modest statement<br />
I am to say<br />
I was to say/ I would have said<br />
I would have been saying<br />
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Chapter A7: The verb<br />
Temporal value <strong>of</strong> the precative mood<br />
in simple and subordinate sentences<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> clause Present Aorist Perfect<br />
Simple sentence (modal) present /future ----- -----<br />
Final<br />
relative future in irreal/<br />
intentional clauses<br />
----- -----<br />
Anterior ----- expected anteriority -----<br />
Simultaneous ----- ----- -----<br />
Posterior ----- expected posteriority -----<br />
Conditional and irreality in the present/irreality<br />
concessive<br />
in the future*<br />
irreality in the past resultative irreality<br />
Comparative<br />
simultaneous and irreal simultaneous and irreal irreal , relative, resultative<br />
comparison in the present comparison in the past<br />
comparison<br />
Causal absolute present hypthesis** absolute past hypothesis**<br />
absolute resultative<br />
hypothesis**<br />
Consecutive -----<br />
consequence in the past with<br />
imperfect aspect<br />
-----<br />
Completive (disjunct -<br />
reportative)<br />
(potential) relative future ----- -----<br />
Completive (disjunct -<br />
injunctive)<br />
relative future relative past -----<br />
Completive (conjunct) ----- future in the past -----<br />
*also expressed by the present/ aorist subjunctive<br />
** also expressed by the optative<br />
Éntagtijom<br />
Nidoikós<br />
Wese kei<br />
Skreibhtu (=skreibhtōd) meghei<br />
Wétātijom<br />
Mē pibe (=mē pijēs AOR. SUB.)<br />
Mē tātu (=mē tātōd)<br />
Imperative<br />
Of order<br />
Remain here<br />
Write to me<br />
Prohibition<br />
Don’t drink<br />
Don’t steal<br />
Protistóupejom<br />
Ismōi seqe. Neqid épsesi<br />
Concessive<br />
Tell him. You won’t get anything<br />
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Bhrūgtjes/wəlēntjom<br />
Bhéutijā<br />
Bheudhō<br />
Eimi<br />
Kanō<br />
Stāiwā<br />
Bhudhējō<br />
Stn̥tējō<br />
Tepējō<br />
Kéntijā<br />
Bhudhjai<br />
Potijai<br />
Mr̥ ijai<br />
Propódejā<br />
Bhudhskō<br />
Wijēskō<br />
Krēskō<br />
Swēdhskō<br />
Éntonwā<br />
Mélmolmi (mélmoljō)<br />
Dérdormi (dérdorjō)<br />
Chénchonmi (chénchonjō)<br />
Probhoudhos: kárkarjō, gólgoljō, sm̥lijá éikonti<br />
propésmona, aljā́ nē swe-per<br />
éntonwa wərḗmona tādḗtina senti<br />
Ménghijā<br />
Bhustājō<br />
Itājō<br />
Wéistijā<br />
Bhoudhejō sūnúm<br />
Sodejō<br />
Torpejō<br />
Loghejō plāmn<br />
Ambhíqolom bhorom bhoréjeti<br />
= Ambhíqolō bhorom bhoréjeti<br />
Wənskāiwā<br />
Bhíbhudhsō<br />
Dídsō<br />
Jíjebhsō<br />
Jíjagsō<br />
Usages/valency<br />
Natural<br />
I am awake, I pay attention<br />
I go<br />
I sing<br />
Stative<br />
I am an invigilator<br />
I am delayed<br />
I am warm<br />
Inceptive<br />
I wake up, I get conscious<br />
I acquire<br />
I die<br />
Progressive<br />
I get more and more awake<br />
I wither<br />
I grow<br />
I get used<br />
Intensive<br />
I crush once and again<br />
I split once and again<br />
I strike once and again<br />
Caveat: kárkarjō ‘announce’, gálgaljō ‘talk’ have<br />
similar formations, but shouldn’t be considered as<br />
intensive verbs per so.<br />
Frequentative<br />
I usually wake up<br />
I usually go<br />
Causative<br />
I wake up / rouse my son<br />
I settle<br />
I rejoice<br />
I lay the book down<br />
He has/makes the servant carry the burden<br />
(either double accusative/instrumental agent)<br />
Desiderative<br />
I wish to wake up<br />
I wish to give<br />
I want to fuck<br />
I want to worship<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Bhānis<br />
The sentence<br />
1.-Bhānipr̥ptus<br />
Sm̥ plobhānis<br />
Piskim (egṓ) edmi (=edmi piskim)<br />
OBJ. SUBJ. VERB<br />
Deike tod ati<br />
Ghawe me ati krāsi<br />
Antonjos jod sāgijāt wéwore, lewtim<br />
kā́denos<br />
Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
The simple sentence<br />
I am eating fish<br />
Say that again<br />
Call me tomorrow again<br />
Anthony has found what he was looking<br />
for: the solution to the problem.<br />
Apṓgnujā bhānis<br />
Piskim nē edmi<br />
Qis me sqet nē dhewtum<br />
Qis moi sqet mē dhewtum<br />
Bhíbheimi mē ludhēt<br />
Bhíbheimi nemē ludhēt<br />
Nē dr̥ kō qid/ neqid dr̥ kō<br />
Bhānidemtis<br />
Pərásteltis<br />
Cēma, woida, woika<br />
The negative sentence<br />
I am not eating fish<br />
Who said that I don’t run <br />
Who told me not to run<br />
I fear that he is coming<br />
I fear that he will not come<br />
I don’t see anything<br />
Construction <strong>of</strong> phrases<br />
Juxtaposition (parataxis)<br />
I came, I saw, I won<br />
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Pr̥ ktijā bhānis<br />
Dhn̥ ghus<br />
Áitijā<br />
Qis esti so<br />
Qis essi /Qis tū<br />
Qid esti tod<br />
Qim dr̥ kesí /<br />
Qid dr̥ kesí<br />
Qóterom dr̥ kesí<br />
Qóterod dr̥ kesí<br />
Qesjo kod esti<br />
Qodhei tū Qodhei essi<br />
Qeti tū Qeti essi<br />
Qō /qōi / qote eisi<br />
Qod donsonjom/olardinjom eis<br />
Qota wəlḗjesi<br />
Qom léudhsesi<br />
Qid/qori mewom wélchesi<br />
Qosmōi tod dhídhēsi<br />
Qālis uponojós-two (esti)<br />
Qā́ wəntosmi peri tod qríjetor<br />
Qā́ wəntom bholtom eds<br />
The interrogative sentence<br />
Direct<br />
Partial<br />
Who is this<br />
Who are you<br />
What is this<br />
Whom do you see<br />
What do you see<br />
Whom <strong>of</strong> the two do you see<br />
Which <strong>of</strong> the two do you see<br />
Whose is this<br />
Where are you<br />
Where are you from<br />
Where are you going<br />
What school/university do you go to<br />
How are you<br />
When are you coming<br />
Why are you mocking me<br />
What do you do it for<br />
How is your teacher<br />
How much does it cost<br />
How much protein do you eat<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Qotjons éikesi prijons<br />
Qótjojos wétesbhes gnātós tū<br />
Qām magnós esti kwōn-two<br />
Qām dl̥ nghos esti stiplós-two<br />
How many friends do you have<br />
How old are you<br />
How big is your dog<br />
How long is your club<br />
Sl̥ wejā́<br />
Kremom (an) lúbhjesi<br />
• Dā/ lubhjō/ dā, lubhjō<br />
• Nē / nē lubhjō<br />
Total<br />
Do you like beer<br />
• Yes, I like it<br />
• No, I don’t like it<br />
Qóterom welsi robhetum an rōtum/<br />
qijētum<br />
Qóterom welsi robhetum uta rōtum/<br />
qijētum<br />
Qid mr̥ wos so uta swépeti<br />
Do you want to play or to rest<br />
Do you want to play or rather rest<br />
Is he dead or rather sleeping<br />
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ndhn ̥ ̥ ghus<br />
Áitijā<br />
Nē woida qis éseti so<br />
n̥ gnōsājō qis ésesi / qis tū<br />
Okḗjeti qid tod éseti<br />
Pr̥ kjetí qim dr̥ kēsí<br />
Pr̥ kjetí qid dr̥ kēsí<br />
Pr̥ kjetí qóterom dr̥ kesí<br />
Pr̥ kjetí qóterod dr̥ kesí<br />
Gnōjḗt / woidoit qesjo kod (éseti)<br />
Gnōtum n̥ kējō qodhei tū / qodhei<br />
ésesi<br />
Weistum lubhobhudhējō qeti tū / qeti<br />
ésesi<br />
Weqe moi qō /qōi / qote éiesi<br />
Kom əgje qod donsonjom/olardinjom<br />
eijes<br />
Weqe moi qota wəlḗjēsi<br />
Gnṓrejes egējō (tod ambhí) qom<br />
léudhsēsi<br />
Bhətḗjeswo qid/qori mewom wélchēsi<br />
Terdhi moi qosmōi tod dhídhēsi<br />
Peri skreibhe qālis uponojós-two<br />
(éseti)<br />
Drūdhēje qā́wəntosmi peri tod qríjētor<br />
Woideje me qā́wəntom bholtom edes<br />
Indirect<br />
Partial<br />
I don´t know who this is<br />
I ignore who you are<br />
He wonders what is this<br />
He is asking whom you are seeing<br />
He is asking what you are seeing<br />
He is asking whom <strong>of</strong> the two you are<br />
seeing<br />
He is asking what <strong>of</strong> the two you are seeing<br />
He would like to know whose this is<br />
I need to know where you are<br />
I’m curious to know where you are from<br />
Tell me where you are going<br />
Confirm what school/university you go to<br />
Tell me how you are you<br />
I don’t have the knowledge (<strong>of</strong>) when are<br />
you coming<br />
Confess why you are mocking me<br />
Explain to me what do you it for<br />
Describe how your teacher is<br />
Make sure how much it costs<br />
Orientate me how much protein you eat<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Winde qotjons éikēsi prijons<br />
Gnōtum wn̥ skō qótjojos wétesbhes<br />
gnātós tū (ésesi)<br />
Weistum mendhesnóm qām magnós<br />
kwōn-two (éseti)<br />
Deike moi qām dl̥ nghos stiplós-two<br />
éseti<br />
Sl̥ wejā́<br />
Nē woida qóterom lúbhjēsi kremom<br />
Nē woida qóterom kremom lúbhjēsi an<br />
Find out how many friends you have<br />
I want to know how old you are<br />
It is interesting to know how big your dog<br />
is<br />
Show me how long your club is<br />
Total<br />
I don’t know which <strong>of</strong> the two beers you<br />
like<br />
I don’t know whether you like beer<br />
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Skrígtijā bhānis<br />
Quām wənmā́ sā (esti)!<br />
Quām sū sénchesi!<br />
Qot(j)ons bhendhrons éikesi!<br />
Qo-i kl̥ tos dhochos!<br />
Qo-i geldhós/ kiklós dhochos!<br />
Qod məgnom ōs!<br />
Qota esti!<br />
Qā́ wəntom est!<br />
Qā́ wəntom bharsjī est(i)!<br />
Qām lodi cəmjesi!<br />
Qām ájeri cəmjesi!<br />
Qām dus smérdeti!<br />
Qālis dhrutṓr!<br />
Qodhei robhéjonti!<br />
The exclamative sentence<br />
How pretty she is!<br />
How well you are singing!<br />
How many friends you have!<br />
What a hot day!<br />
What a cold day!<br />
What a big mouth!<br />
How he eats!<br />
How much he eats!<br />
How much bread he eats!<br />
How late you come!<br />
How early you come!<br />
How bad it smells!<br />
What a trickster!<br />
Where they are playing!<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Énbhətijā bhānis<br />
Antinōmnē<br />
Tod egṓ sqom<br />
Tod eno ludhét<br />
Egṓ-pe dhēm<br />
Nojós onmōn ludhét me ghrōstewei<br />
Nei qid ghosónt<br />
Eti egṓ ēchrós ēsm̥<br />
Eti nē toi woidsānt<br />
Egṓ nē plakējō<br />
Mene mene bhūt menr ̥ tod<br />
The emphatic sentence<br />
With a pronoun<br />
This is me who said it<br />
It was he who came<br />
I did it myself<br />
The director came in person to greet me<br />
They ate absolutely nothing<br />
Even I was drunk<br />
Neither they did know it<br />
As for me, I don’t agree<br />
It was my own idea<br />
Nōmnē<br />
Tod wodā́ m lubhjō<br />
Kanmn ̥ ghi/ ka/ dā/ em/ smā kobom<br />
(esti)<br />
Ghi/ ka/ dā/ em/ smā kobom kanmn̥<br />
With a noun<br />
It is water I like<br />
The song is really a success<br />
Really a success (is) the song<br />
ənawərēmnē ənawərēmn̥ strowōwe<br />
With an adverb or adverbial construction<br />
Nū arti gháweti<br />
Akmōn arti stornjāi/ arti meti kadét<br />
Bhersi bhersi néwostis ghēt<br />
Ita-i (itə-i) dhētéwijom<br />
Num-i skeude!<br />
Dmí-swo nikijonto<br />
Nei/ ghi nē regtēd mənjetí<br />
It is precisely now that he is ringing<br />
The stone fell just in the centre/ just in the<br />
middle<br />
It was very quickly that the news arrived<br />
It has to be done like this<br />
Shoot right now!<br />
They started quarrelling in my own house<br />
He is absolutely not right<br />
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Epikeimnē<br />
With an adjective<br />
Pl̥ nim n̥ qisróm tod!<br />
Səpus, səpus bhūt edā́<br />
Səpútəmā bhūt edā́<br />
Ghi/ welmí səpus bhūt edā́<br />
Nei/ ghi nē regtomənḗs so<br />
This is completely absurd<br />
Delicious, delicious was the food<br />
The food was very delicious<br />
Really/ very delicious was the food<br />
Absolutely not right-minded he<br />
Skrígtijā<br />
Ō, Marke!<br />
Wai ormōi prijōi!<br />
Exclamative<br />
Oh, Mark!<br />
Woe to my poor friend!<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
N̥dhigsnimobhrūgtjes<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Uses <strong>of</strong> the infinitives<br />
Active<br />
Middle/Passive<br />
nom.<br />
deiktum / deikom<br />
/déikonom / deikmn̥<br />
deik(e)dhjom<br />
(gen.)<br />
déikt(e)wos/ déikosjo/<br />
déikonosjo/ déikmenos<br />
déik(e)dhjosjo<br />
nom. deiktr̥ dikenādhjom<br />
(gen.) deiktenos dikenā́dhjosjo<br />
nom.<br />
deikwr̥<br />
(gen.)<br />
deikwenos<br />
nom. deikes déikesdhjom<br />
(gen.) déikesos/ deiksenos déikesdhjosjo<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Active<br />
Middle/Passive<br />
gentum sōdetum gén(e)dhjom sōdedhjom<br />
regtum pertum rég(e)dhjom perdhjom<br />
newātum keuptum newādhjom kéup(e)dhjom<br />
lubhētum dōtum lubhēdhjom dōdhjom<br />
gentr̥ sōdetr̥ genenādhjom sōdejenādhjom<br />
regtr̥ pertr̥ regenādhjom perenādhjom<br />
newātr̥ keuptr̥ newājenādhjom keupenādhjom<br />
lubhētr̥ dōtr̥ lubhējenādhjom dōwenādhjom<br />
genwr̥ sōdewr̥<br />
regwr̥ perwr̥<br />
newāwr̥ keupwr̥<br />
lubhēwr̥ dōwr̥<br />
genes sōdejes génesdhjom sōdéjesdhjom<br />
reges pers régesdhjom persdhjom<br />
newājes keupes newā́jesdhjom kéupesdhjom<br />
lubhējes dōs lubhḗjesdhjom dōsdhjom<br />
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Pr̥ ptútwejom smpl ̥ ̥ notjom Morphological complementarity<br />
Qíqerjā woqs<br />
Medhjo-pətjomnī<br />
woqs<br />
To close<br />
wəreumi/wəreumi/ wertum,<br />
werdhjom<br />
werjō<br />
To set fire wərjō wr̥ tum wr̥ dhjom<br />
To find (wí)wermi wíwertum wíwerdhjom<br />
To name, to say werjō wərētum wərēdhjom<br />
To respect wərējai ----- wərēdhjom<br />
To be esmi bhewtum -----<br />
To eat edmi ghostum ghosdhjom<br />
To fill pl̥ nāmi peltum/ pl̥ nātum pl̥ nādhjom<br />
To earn pelō peltum peldhjom<br />
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́<br />
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Apokəpnóm nōmn ̥ iwe<br />
Tod lubhējom galmn̥<br />
Prijejō tewom sm̥ daili(jenā́ )dhjobhi<br />
Prijejō tewom sm̥ dailíwenbhi<br />
Prijejō tewom sm̥ dailijésdhjobhi<br />
Qis woide qóterom anne cjōtum waltr̥<br />
esti, joqe waltr̥ cjōtum<br />
Neqid esjo ménonoi cholsewós<br />
Dóljābhis<br />
Bheimnos smā stréudonēd<br />
(=stréudeses) prāi bhūt<br />
Prowr̥ stiwōdos/swēdhuwōdos<br />
Koilū́ ednom dhəmeljom dl̥ nghãi<br />
ciwotãi esti<br />
Ersājom dhghomjóm, wimnājom<br />
diwjóm<br />
Ləskējō bhlētum<br />
Áddhēmenjā<br />
Jāmi apostolom gnōwta n̥ seróm:<br />
éndhəktijāns apoworetum aigrotāns<br />
Módesjā: wərēmn̥ su pos ‘chedhjō’,<br />
‘opjō’, ‘moghō’, ‘didkskō’, iqo.<br />
As an abstract noun<br />
I like his (way <strong>of</strong>) talking<br />
Thank you for participating (=for your<br />
participation)<br />
Thank you for being participating<br />
Thank you for your future participation<br />
Who knows whether to live is not to die,<br />
and to die is not to live<br />
There is nothing wrong in his (way <strong>of</strong>)<br />
thinking<br />
With particles<br />
He was quite afraid before fighting (=before<br />
the fight<br />
Expression <strong>of</strong> behaviour or habit<br />
To eat healthily is the base for a long life<br />
To err is human, to forgive divine<br />
I feel like to cry<br />
Appositional<br />
You already know our mission: to prevent<br />
infectious diseases<br />
Modal: after the werbs ‘wish’, ‘choose’,<br />
‘must’, ‘be able’, ‘to know’, ‘to learn’, etc.<br />
Skeltim-swo opét dhētum<br />
Gnōwe qota (mota) korbhim dhētum<br />
Módesjā dhn̥ ghuqérmoni<br />
Mewom wenét uponejər dōmn̥<br />
He chose to do his duty<br />
He knows how to make a basket<br />
Modal with a direct object<br />
He wanted me to give the lesson<br />
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Wərḗmənīs jota ‘mənjō’ awti ‘n̥ neumi’<br />
Tewom wērom wedmn̥ mənjō<br />
Mē ismōi piskim dəsdhi (dōdhi) - im<br />
n̥ nudhi (endhi) piskātum<br />
Séikmenā (sm̥ bhondhóm kómtagmn̥ )<br />
Sm̥ drātores wejes bhéwsomos,<br />
ambhibhowom pālātewei<br />
Welpont protiwoqom ghn̥ stum<br />
Speude douknom labhtum<br />
Yuwés me swestum kikloisi wédn̥ su<br />
snātum<br />
Séikmenos (n̥ sm̥ bhondhóm kómtagmn̥ )<br />
Deike nosbhos gnōtewei (=ei<br />
gígnōskōmos)<br />
Stupom ismōi dédōta tewom<br />
stoupémenei<br />
Imós sweptum<br />
Éjomos alādhjom<br />
Kéidomos prāmoghostum<br />
Kéidōmos snātum<br />
Twenghesjā<br />
Trija éikomos alsenei ōsa<br />
Alchos so tebhei dōdhjōi<br />
Prijontn̥ s éikomos kómnedhuīs<br />
bhenstjes bherghsenei<br />
Réktijā<br />
Dhl̥ eghlā rokto apolewesdhjōi<br />
átnantjēd prāi<br />
Kəptós koiludhjōi likḗst<br />
With verbs like ‘to think’ or ‘to teach’<br />
I think you are telling the truth<br />
Don’t give him fish; teach him how to fish<br />
Of purpose (agreeing clause)<br />
We will be your cooperators, to protect the<br />
environment<br />
They were waiting to obtain an answer<br />
Hurry to take the train<br />
You helped me get used to swim in cold<br />
waters (adjunct)<br />
Of purpose (not concertated clause)<br />
Tell us, so that we may know<br />
You gave him a stick to beat you with<br />
We go to sleep<br />
Let’s go for a walk<br />
We go down for breakfast<br />
Let’s go down to swim<br />
Of obligation<br />
We have three mouths to feed<br />
This is the money we have to give you<br />
We have friendly relations to maintain with<br />
our neighbours<br />
Of determination<br />
*The debt was established to be paid back<br />
before the end <strong>of</strong> the year<br />
The prisoner was allowed to be healed<br />
117
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Móghtijā káktijāqe<br />
Adelós tū dhghomōn estorjom tod<br />
médnewesei / mednusenei<br />
Skrígtijā<br />
Egō tewom ambhí dus bhādhjom<br />
Qid nom Dhochom sedētum solwom<br />
smeustrom antí<br />
Génesjā<br />
Djétew(o)s/ djetwos/ djétei(o)s/<br />
djetjos stāto<br />
Em djetew(o)s/ djetwos/ djétei(o)s/<br />
djetjos stānt<br />
Esjo djetim/ djetum (=déjonom) stānt<br />
Medhi wr̥ gtwos im bhāmnom wərónt<br />
Kómseqmenjā<br />
Neqis ita krepús esti tod tlāsenei<br />
Koitujā́<br />
Neqid bhlētū léwesi<br />
Néqid-terom<br />
Neqid bheitum newō pəróstatō<br />
Pərastā́<br />
Adedhjom welīm sperstjeī dhéwtewei<br />
Wn̥ skomós peutum əptum<br />
Of capability and aptitude<br />
You are the right person to manage this<br />
restaurant<br />
Exclamatory<br />
I am ill-speaking about you!<br />
What then Shall I sit all the day in front <strong>of</strong><br />
the computer<br />
Genitive<br />
It stopped moving<br />
They stopped him moving<br />
They stopped his moving (=movement)<br />
In the middle <strong>of</strong> the work they found him<br />
talking<br />
Consecutive<br />
Nobody is so strong so as to endure this<br />
calamity<br />
Of manner<br />
You don’t solve anything by weeping<br />
With nothing<br />
There is nothing to fear with the new boss<br />
Yuxtaposed<br />
I would like to prepare myself to run in the<br />
competition<br />
We want to achieve to understand this text<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Aitíkōpjobhrūgtjes<br />
Ambhítowā spekjēs aitíkōpjoprépesom<br />
Uses <strong>of</strong> the participles<br />
General outlook <strong>of</strong> participial forms<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Active voice Middle voice Passive voice<br />
nom. deikonts, deikonts/déikontī, deikont déikomnos, déikomnā, déikomnom<br />
(gen.)<br />
(deikn̥ tós, deikn̥ tós/ deikn̥ tjā́s/ deikn̥ tijós,<br />
deikn̥ tós)<br />
(déikomnosjo, déikomnās, déikomnosjo)<br />
deikmos/dikmós, deikmā/dikmā́,<br />
deikmom/dikmóm<br />
(déikmosjo/dikmosjo, deikmās/dikmā́s,<br />
déikmosjo/dikmosjo)<br />
nom. diklós, diklā́, diklóm dikomnós, dikomnā́, dikomnóm diktós, diktā́, diktóm<br />
(gen.) (diklosjo, diklā́s, diklosjo) (dikomnosjo, dikomnā́s, dikomnosjo) (diktosjo, diktā́s, diktosjo)<br />
nom. dikwṓs, dikusjā/dikusī, dikwós dóikm̥ nos, dóikm̥ nā, dóikm̥ nom doiknós/diknós, doiknā́/diknā́, doiknóm/diknóm<br />
(gen.) ( dikwesos, dikusjās/dikúsijos, dikwesos) (dóikm̥ nosjo, dóikm̥ nās, dóikm̥ nosjo)<br />
(doiknosjo/diknosjo, doiknā́s/diknā́s,<br />
doiknosjo/diknosjo)<br />
nom. deiksonts, deiksonts/déiksontī, deiksont déiksomnos, déiksomnā, déiksomnom deiktéwijos, deiktéwijā, deiktéwijom<br />
(gen.)<br />
(deiksn̥ tós, deiksn̥ tós /deiksn̥ tijós/<br />
deiksn̥ tjā́s, deiksn̥ tós)<br />
(déiksomnosjo, déiksomnās,<br />
déiksomnosjo)<br />
(deiktéwijosjo, deiktéwijās, deiktéwijosjo)<br />
Possibility<br />
deikmōn, deikmon<br />
déiknijos, déiknijā, déiknijom<br />
participle (déikmonos) (déiknijosjo, déiknijās, déiknijosjo)<br />
Propensive<br />
déikonqos, déikonqā, déikonqom<br />
déiktinos, déiktinā, déiktinom<br />
participle (déikonqosjo, déikonqās, déikonqosjo) (déiktinosjo, déiktinās, déiktinosjo)<br />
Active voice Middle voice Passive voice<br />
gignonts sōdejonts gígnomnos sōdéjomnos gígnomos sōdéjomos<br />
Present<br />
regonts pr̥ nānts régomnos pr̥ nāmnos régomos pr̥ nāmos<br />
newājonts kupjonts newā́jomnos kúpjomnos newā́jomos kúpjomos<br />
lubhējonts didōnts lubhḗjomnos dídōmnos lubhḗjomos (dí)dōmos<br />
genlós sesedlós genomnós sesedomnós gentós sōdətós<br />
Aorist<br />
reglós perlós/ prālós regomnós prāmnós regtós pr̥ tos/ prātós<br />
newālós keuplós newāmnós keupm̥ nós newātós kuptós<br />
lubhēlós dōlós lubhēmnós dōmnós lubhētós dətós<br />
gegn̥ wṓs sōd(ə)wṓs gégonmnos sṓdomnos gennós sōdənós<br />
Perfect<br />
regwṓs pepr̥ wṓs rēgm̥ nos pépormnos regnós pr̥ nos/ prānós<br />
newāwṓs kupwṓs newāmnos koupmnos newānós kupnós/ koupnós<br />
lubhēwṓs ded(ə)wṓs lubhēmnos dédōmnos lubhēnós dənós/ dōnós<br />
gensonts sōdesonts génsomnos sōdésomnos gentéwijos sōdetéwijos<br />
Future<br />
regsonts personts régsomnos pérsomnos regtéwijos pertéwijos<br />
newāsonts keupsonts newā́somnos kúpsomnos newātéwijos keuptéwijos<br />
lubhēsonts dōsonts lubhḗsomnos dṓsomnos lubhētéwijos dōtéwijos<br />
genmōn sōdemōn génnijos sōdénijos<br />
Possibility<br />
prospective<br />
participle<br />
regmōn permōn régnijos pérnijos<br />
newāmōn keupmōn newā́nijos kéupnijos<br />
lubhēmōn dōmōn lubhḗnijos dṓnijos<br />
gígnonqos sōdéjonqos géntinos sōdétinos<br />
Propensive<br />
régonqos pr̥ nānqos régtinos pértinos<br />
participle newā́jonqos kúpjonqos newā́tinos kéuptinos<br />
lubhḗjonqos dídōnqos lubhḗtinos dṓtinos<br />
119
̥<br />
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Práidoikwā bheungtis<br />
Ln̥ gont eitr̥<br />
Bhāmnā cows<br />
Kr̥ dītós pəróstətos<br />
Sméiromnos spokós<br />
Bhīmós upógalis<br />
Ln̥ gn̥ tjós eitr̥<br />
Kr̥ dītóteros pəróstətos<br />
Sméiromnoteros spokós<br />
Bhīmóteros upógalis<br />
Ln̥ gn̥ tísəmom eitr̥<br />
Kr̥ dītósəmos pəróstətos<br />
Sméiromnosəmos spokós<br />
Bhīmósəmos upógalis<br />
Lngn̥ tistóm eitr̥<br />
Kr̥ dītótəmos pəróstətos<br />
Sméiromnotəmos spokós<br />
Bhīmótəmos upógalis<br />
Predicative function<br />
An exhausting trip<br />
A talking cow<br />
An angry boss<br />
An admiring spectator<br />
A feared pirate<br />
A more exhausting trip<br />
An angrier boss<br />
A more admiring spectator<br />
A more feared pirate<br />
The most exhausting trip<br />
The angriest boss<br />
The most admiring spectator<br />
The most feared pirate<br />
An extremely exhausting trip<br />
An extremely angry boss<br />
An extremely admiring spectator<br />
An extremely feared pirate<br />
Chedhjō, prōd légontn̥ s bheudhe<br />
Mnātéwijos wīrós ékosmi trébheti<br />
stoighei<br />
Mnātéwijom widējō wīróm<br />
Please, attend the people who are<br />
reading/while they are reading<br />
The man who has to be remembered lives<br />
in this street<br />
I see the man who has to be remembered<br />
Mnātéwijō bhətós esmi wīrṓ<br />
Upōrbhjom tod mnātéwijosjo wīrosjo<br />
Méusnijom tod<br />
I talked to the man who has to be<br />
remembered<br />
This is the legacy <strong>of</strong> the man who has to be<br />
remembered<br />
This is confidential<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Ádspektijos wertos<br />
Enstantaitíkōpjom: Səmojā ́ qertis<br />
So prójətins stéleti<br />
Bhoungjō so opesā́ jetoi<br />
So esti dāmoīs bhītor/ qītor<br />
So esti prójətins stelonts<br />
Bhoungjō so opoesā́ jomnos esti<br />
So esti dāmoīs bhīmós/ qīmós<br />
So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhā́sonti<br />
Toi bhūnt joi mewom séqontes pijonm̥<br />
dusmosimqe dhrúwonm̥ bhewtum<br />
Aspectual value<br />
Present participle: simultaneous action<br />
This one places the orders<br />
This one operates the appliance<br />
This one is feared/ respected by his<br />
colleagues<br />
This is the one who places the orders<br />
This is the one who operates the appliance<br />
This is the one who is feared/ respected by<br />
his colleagues<br />
This is the one who was placing the orders<br />
when the robbers broke in.<br />
This is the one who is placing the orders<br />
now the robbers are breaking in.<br />
This is the one who will be placing the<br />
orders when the robbers will break in.<br />
These were the people who said I was a<br />
drunkard and an ill-tempered rogue<br />
121
̥<br />
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Mḗlejom geismn̥<br />
[21a] [23a]<br />
[21e] [23e]<br />
Bhādhjom didkskonts regs, wélotm ̥<br />
enim mədét<br />
Bhādhjom dídkskn̥ tos rēgos, welots<br />
enis ghordhjom ludhét (perəmós)<br />
Práisedos wíweqn̥ tos: “latom, súludhlōs<br />
oljoi, sm̥ sodos bhwísomnos”, egṓ kēlām<br />
en eim (perəmós)<br />
Momentaneous event<br />
[21a] [23a]<br />
[21e] [23e]<br />
When the king was learning to speak, he<br />
met a certain oracle<br />
When the king was learning to speak, a<br />
certain oracle came to the palace (absolute)<br />
When the president uttered: “good<br />
morning, welcome all <strong>of</strong> you, the conference<br />
is going to begin” I was entering the room<br />
(absolute)<br />
Aiqotempos<br />
[21c] [22c] [23c]<br />
[21d] [22d] [23d]<br />
Entrebhr tr̥ gét mənjonts gherbhos<br />
smitlām bhewtum<br />
Bhādhjom dídkskonts regs putlonojóm<br />
ikét/ikāt/eiket<br />
Prijōi ‘wəlēje’sqet bhlēntī<br />
Identical temporal extension<br />
[21c] [22c] [23c]<br />
[21d] [22d] [23d]<br />
He brushed the piece <strong>of</strong> furniture thinking<br />
that the scratch was just a stain<br />
When the king was learning to speak, he<br />
had an instructor<br />
She said ‘goodbye’ to her friend weeping<br />
praipódejā qertis<br />
[21b][22b][23b]<br />
[21f] [23f]<br />
Qid ēsewós didn̥ tsú bhéndhroisi,<br />
n̥ dékesnom mē emtum (perəmós)<br />
Qid ēsewós dídōmoi bhéndhroīs,<br />
n̥ dékesnom mē emtum (perəmós)<br />
Occasional action<br />
[21b][22b][23b]<br />
[21f] [23f]<br />
When friends give you something good, it<br />
is uncomely not to take it (absolute)<br />
When something good is given by friends,<br />
it is uncomely not to take it (absolute)<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
n̥ rokjaitíkōpjom: antimḗlejā qertis<br />
So esti prójətins stellós<br />
Bhoungjō so opesāmnós esti<br />
So esti dāmoīs bhītós/ qītós<br />
So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhā́sonti<br />
Ud sestād stəlosjo, wī trins gheudont<br />
qelispokoi muskātonn̥ s (perəmós)<br />
Argúmona klulós esom, wewqét:<br />
Rudhróm trālós tuskjóm,<br />
widhuklopnim ghēs<br />
Penqe wolmonebhūlós wétesa,<br />
monwowostum splighét<br />
Qr̥tibhū́ mejom<br />
Upo pətḗr-mo ūdhū́ oqlós, upo mewom<br />
wedét<br />
Awakrosnōs bhənuntor, ud pr̥ qom<br />
swónmejom genlṓs praidoikom<br />
Sū ágesi mewom memenlós<br />
Sū agés mewom memenlós<br />
Sū ágsesi mewom memenlós<br />
Reidhēd enludhlós kudhét (=eneints<br />
kudhét)<br />
Aorist participle: anterior action<br />
This is the one who placed/had placed/will<br />
have placed the orders<br />
This is the one who operated/had<br />
operated/will have operated the appliance<br />
This is the one who was/had been/will<br />
have been feared/respected by his<br />
colleagues<br />
This is the one who had placed/ had been<br />
placing the orders when the robbers broke<br />
in<br />
This is the one who has placed/has been<br />
placing the orders now the robbers are<br />
breaking in<br />
This is the one who will have placed/ will<br />
have been placing the orders when the<br />
robbers will break in<br />
*When I stood up from the siesta, the three<br />
musketeers were on TV. (absolute)<br />
And having heard their arguments, he<br />
spoke:<br />
Passing through the red desert you arrive to<br />
the willow valley<br />
After governing for five years, he retired to<br />
a monastery<br />
Dramatic<br />
My father, suspecting at once, cursed me<br />
roundly<br />
The fountain jets are illuminated, producing<br />
a colourful musical show<br />
You do well in reminding me<br />
You did well in reminding me<br />
You will do well in reminding me<br />
He easily hid when he entered<br />
123
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Komsqrtāitikōpjom tómkejā qertis:<br />
Kwōn, n̥ gnōtóm widwṓs, dus prōd<br />
wr̥ tetói, upélosjo neqid qn̥ twṓs<br />
Drūtóm eikō tewom tercos wiléwmonm ̥<br />
poleī-nos epistestəwós<br />
Ud sestād stestəwesos, wī trins<br />
gheudont qelispokoi muskātonn̥ s<br />
(perəmós)<br />
Qótəmom r̥ usjās bhūt dḗrejos weismn̥ <br />
Qota wī dāmō-two epistl̥ nóm léwōmos<br />
oknom<br />
Perfect participle: resultative action<br />
The dog, when seeing an unknown person,<br />
behaves badly, without having suffered any<br />
trouble<br />
I’m sure you can dissolve the threat hanging<br />
over our city<br />
*While I was up from the siesta, the three<br />
musketeers were on TV. (absolute)<br />
What was the reason for the arisen dispute<br />
How shall we solve the doubt raised by<br />
your colleague<br />
124
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Bhewsontaitíkōpjom: posmḗlejā qertis<br />
Future participle: posterior action<br />
So esti prójətins stelsonts<br />
Bhoungjō so opesā́ somnos esti<br />
So esti dāmoīs bheitéwijos/qeitéwijos<br />
This is the one who was going to place/is<br />
going to place/will be going to place the<br />
orders<br />
This is the one who was going to operate/<br />
id going to operated/will be going to<br />
operate the appliance<br />
This is the one who was going /is going<br />
/will be going to be feared/ respected by<br />
his colleagues<br />
So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhājónt<br />
So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs<br />
wēdhā́sonti<br />
Bhrēwã tr̥ qewastéwijom dhédhōje<br />
dānum<br />
Karsonts sodét néwostim = Sodét<br />
néwostjei kartéwijãi<br />
This is the one who was going to place the<br />
orders when the robbers broke in.<br />
This is the one is going to place the orders<br />
now the robbers are breaking in.<br />
This is the one who will be going to place<br />
the orders at the moment when the robbers<br />
will break in.<br />
He made the river (to be) fordable with a<br />
bridge<br />
He went to announce the news =He went<br />
for the news which was to be announced<br />
125
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Módesjos wertos<br />
Mḗlejos<br />
Ud medhi stānt obhi édn̥ tes<br />
Ud stānt (=stāwānt) obhi édn̥ tes<br />
Mene dekm ̥ (átnojos gnātós) sn̥ tos,<br />
gentore meictum skidotām (perəmós)<br />
Domum médneuwn̥ tos pətrós, kūmós<br />
dhedhḗr ópesom (perəmós)<br />
Modal value<br />
Temporal<br />
They stood up in the middle <strong>of</strong> the lunch<br />
They stood up (=kept standing up) during<br />
the lunch<br />
When I was ten (years old), my parents<br />
decided to move (absolute)<br />
When my father administered the house,<br />
lots <strong>of</strong> works were executed (absolute)<br />
Wéismenjos<br />
Kanónt jod wiklṓs (wikwóses) bhūnt<br />
Wiklṓs /wikwóses kanónt<br />
Wōns bhodjosn̥ s qeisonts,<br />
Rṓdistṓs enoi pertisrowoi dhchinéi<br />
(perəmós)<br />
Poleī solwāi erərusjāi<br />
(perəmós)<br />
Protistóupejos<br />
Séwijom eikonts weghtlom, pedī́s<br />
éisesi<br />
Skeltim-two nē prodhətṓ, twojo olnətā ́<br />
aw bheughet (perəmós)<br />
n̥ widwṓs, kn̥ séjeti weistum<br />
Loiqá wiwéqsontĩ (wiweqsuwĩ), nē<br />
tr̥ komes (perəmós)<br />
Ad moghlā ́ dhertum, apo aw dédōje<br />
Komwodhom newekn̥ tí, aw gisto<br />
(perəmós)<br />
Causal<br />
They sang because they had won<br />
Since they had won, they sang<br />
Considering that you are better,<br />
They were very happy because the leak had<br />
disappeared (absolute)<br />
Since all the city had been destroyed<br />
(absolute)<br />
Concessive<br />
Having your own wehicle, you want to go<br />
(there) on foot<br />
You don’t do your duty; however the things<br />
you plan come <strong>of</strong>f well (absolute)<br />
Even without knowing, he states he knows<br />
Even though she wanted say the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
things, we did not allow him (absolute)<br />
Even though she could have kept it, she<br />
gave it back<br />
Even though I did not want the conflict, it<br />
happened (absolute)<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Koitujós<br />
Klépontes gherghrobhn̥ tesqe céiwonti<br />
Bhendhroīs stutlóīs, uperi kom ludhónt<br />
(perəmós)<br />
Upódhētijos<br />
Dikātum nē móghesi misdhóm nē<br />
lewonts<br />
Deiwoi wenlói neqid moghet legs,<br />
Deiwoi n̥ wenlói neqid moghet jotnos<br />
2 x PART. AOR. + PRES. PROT. (perəmós)<br />
Drālós udojom widḗsesi<br />
Qorjostānei qijēskn̥ tí (qojói, sāmeī),<br />
solwa sū (perəmós)<br />
Of manner<br />
They live stealing and scavenging<br />
With their friends supporting them, they<br />
managed to get back on their feet (absolute)<br />
Conditional<br />
You cannot command if you don’t pay the<br />
salary<br />
If God wishes law cannot do anything, if<br />
God does’t wish the effort cannot do<br />
anything (absolute)<br />
If you have worked, you will see the results<br />
If the <strong>of</strong>fice is quiet, everything is OK<br />
(absolute)<br />
Sóikejos<br />
Dhētrī ́ cēme ghesr ̥ meghei dṓsontī<br />
dhēljṓ<br />
Apó ludhét dhúgterm̥ lewsonts<br />
Nē nojós enskroibhons ghelsonts esti<br />
(=nē nojós enskróibhobhos<br />
gheltéwijobhos esti)<br />
Final<br />
The nanny has come to give me a hand with<br />
the baby<br />
He came to rescue her daughter<br />
There is no director to sign the documents<br />
(=there is no director for the documents to<br />
be signed)<br />
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Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Qr̥tr̥ nōmn̥ /Pətjomnonōmn̥<br />
Agent/patient noun<br />
tr̥ mejés:<br />
-tor-, -trī; -ó-, -ā-; -(o)t-, -(et)ī-/-(e)tjā-<br />
; - ; -wo-, -wā-; -i-<br />
Trebhmn̥ pínkontes kei sonti<br />
Piktores senti kei trébhmenos<br />
Spātrām bheronts klāwm̥ twoi dṓseti<br />
wosjī<br />
endings:<br />
tor-, -trī; -ó-, ā́ -; (o)t-, -(et)ī-/-(e)tjā-; - ; -<br />
wo-, -wā-, -i-<br />
Here are these who paint the apartment<br />
Here are the painters <strong>of</strong> the apartment<br />
The one who carries the suitcase will give<br />
you the key <strong>of</strong> the room<br />
Spātrās bhr̥ tṓr klāwm ̥ twoi dṓseti wosjī<br />
Spātrabhr̥ tṓr klāwm ̥ twoi dṓseti wosjī<br />
Spātrās bhorós klāwm ̥ twoi dṓseti wosjī<br />
Spātrabhorós klāwm ̥ twoi dṓseti wosjī<br />
Pedī́s jəntbhós sloiweinām dōnt<br />
Peditbhós sloiweinām dōnt<br />
Tod esti moimei cinānts pekr̥<br />
Moimocít tod pekr̥<br />
Bhewsontm ̥ widwósm̥ opos esti pr̥ ktum<br />
Bhewsn̥ tós wistorm̥ opos esti pr̥ ktum<br />
Bhéwsn̥ twidm̥ opos esti pr̥ ktum<br />
Pontim deikonts bhoungjom kom-ke<br />
nos wodhe<br />
Póntidik bhoungjom kom-ke nos wodhe<br />
The carrier <strong>of</strong> the suitcase will give you the<br />
key <strong>of</strong> the room<br />
The suitcase-carrier will give you the key<br />
<strong>of</strong> the room<br />
The carrier <strong>of</strong> the suitcase will give you the<br />
key <strong>of</strong> the room<br />
The suitcase-carrier will give you the key<br />
<strong>of</strong> the room<br />
They gave cola to the ones who went on<br />
foot<br />
They gave cola to the pedestrians<br />
This is the brand prevailing in the market<br />
This is the /an in-the-market-prevailing<br />
brand<br />
It is necessary to ask the one who knows<br />
the future<br />
It is necessary to ask the knower <strong>of</strong> the<br />
future<br />
It is necessary to ask the future-knower<br />
The device indicating the way brought us<br />
here<br />
The way-indicating device brought us here<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Tod esti Anglonim bhāmnā teutā<br />
Anglobhāwā sā teutā<br />
Dhghómonn̥ s éksnijāi gnātóns<br />
mədomes<br />
Eksnigonwons mədomes dhghómonn̥ s<br />
Kēlā́ jomom tod qermn̥<br />
It is an English-speaking nation<br />
It is a nation which speaks (in) English<br />
We met people born in the exterior<br />
We met in-the-exterior-born people<br />
This is a hidden activity<br />
Kēlāiwom tod qermn̥<br />
Widelmos kluwējonts bhūt wīrós<br />
This is a liable-to-be hid (clandestine)<br />
activity<br />
There was a man who was named Widelm<br />
Widelmos kluwis/nṓmonē bhūt wīrós<br />
Chori tod kremom<br />
There was a man named/with the name<br />
Widelm<br />
This is bitter bier<br />
129
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Perəmá kómtagmona<br />
Sm̥ bhondhóm kómtagmn̥<br />
Úksōr ludhlā́ bherr̥ adḗseti<br />
Dūdom medomnós somosódm̥ ismōi<br />
ghersō<br />
Joqe klulós, proti wewqét:<br />
Joqe apoweqonts, sqet:<br />
Joqe gāudhējonts ita bhəto:<br />
Perəmóm stā́ nejom:<br />
ambhistanokómleghmn̥<br />
Aposn̥ tí pəróstətoi, urusodjosi drājer<br />
n̥ widwesi poteī, alchōrkjom emét<br />
Lukēskn̥ tí kémeloi (kémeni) ōighei<br />
Kā́ deni lewtiwn̥ tí, mr̥ neutum nē skelsēs<br />
(upódhētijos wertos)<br />
Bhōwijói deiwei, wergom téisomos<br />
Póweros kleuti bhn̥ tí uponojói<br />
Absolute clauses<br />
Agreeing clause<br />
When her wife comes, she will prepare the<br />
luggage<br />
After having long meditated, I will lend<br />
him (my) car<br />
And having heard, he answered:<br />
And answering, he thus spoke:<br />
And rejoicing, he said:<br />
Absolute locative: circumstancial context<br />
The boss being absent, one works more<br />
comfortably<br />
Without (his) master knowing it, he took<br />
the safe<br />
He departed with dawning sky<br />
If the problem has a solution, you should<br />
not worry (conditional value)<br />
With God’s help (in helping God), we´ll<br />
finish the work<br />
The boy listens with the teacher speaking<br />
(=the boy lisens while the teacher speaks)<br />
Neqī streptorjei, tenm ̥ aw wesét<br />
(protistóupejos wertos)<br />
Trisí djwsí procecəwussí/ kekn̥ dussí<br />
(mḗlejos wertos)<br />
Even though there was nobody in the<br />
discotheque, he stayed for a while<br />
(concessional value)<br />
Three days having elapsed (temporal value)<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Perəmóm dhétlejom:<br />
moghtrokómleghmn̥<br />
Twojo augtorē, qid dhēt maqos<br />
Bhewtī dukḗ, bhéugsomos<br />
Bhōwijṓ deiwō, wergom téisomos<br />
Swonmoqolōs, jāzdō nilūnṓ, pedī́s<br />
eitum skidónt (wéismenjos wertos)<br />
Perəmóm gónejom: meelokómleghmn̥<br />
Promominésterosjo (sn̥ tos), en<br />
swēruns dukét meitins<br />
Rēgos pútlosjo, welots enis ghordhjom<br />
ludhét<br />
Lukskn̥ tós kémelosjo (kémenos)<br />
ōighei<br />
Mr̥ tosjo rēgos, orbhjom wl̥ dhēdiks<br />
deketo stolmom<br />
Úkseros ludhlā́ s, bherr̥ adḗsonti<br />
Dūdom mene medomnosjo, somosodm ̥<br />
med déksetoi<br />
Póweros kleuti bhn̥ tos uponojosjo<br />
Trijóm diwóm procecəwesom/<br />
kekn̥ dwesom<br />
Absolute instrumental: resource context<br />
What did the young lad do having you as<br />
an instigator<br />
We’ll succeed, having nature as a guide<br />
With God’s help, we´ll finish the work<br />
The musicians, since the bus was out <strong>of</strong><br />
order, decided to go on foot (causal value)<br />
Absolute genitive: temporal context<br />
When he/she was a Primed Minister, he<br />
introduced important changes<br />
When the king was a small child, a certain<br />
oracle came to the palace<br />
He departed when the sky was dawning<br />
After the king’s death, the prince inherited<br />
the throne<br />
When her wife comes, they will prepare the<br />
luggage<br />
After my long meditating, he will get the<br />
car from me<br />
The boy listens while the teacher speaks<br />
Three days having elapsed<br />
131
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Sm̥ bhondhos<br />
Agreement<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> agreement<br />
Gender Case Number Person<br />
1<br />
Adjective and<br />
determinants with the<br />
noun<br />
X X X<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
Apposition with the<br />
noun<br />
Relative with the<br />
antecedent<br />
Predicate with its<br />
subject<br />
(X) X (X)<br />
X<br />
(X) (X) X<br />
5 Attribute with the verb X X X<br />
X<br />
(X)<br />
Epikéimenos antinṓmenomqe nṓmonē<br />
Ko paulos krenghos<br />
Enā wənmā ́ elmos<br />
Téwijom argróm menr̥<br />
ēsú (tod) menr̥<br />
Wənmá kánmona leukṓm wā́tejom<br />
(=Wənmokánmona leukowā́tejom=<br />
leukowātiwənmokánmona)<br />
Of the adjective and determinants with the<br />
noun<br />
This small ring<br />
That beautiful elm<br />
Your brilliant idea<br />
(This is) a good idea<br />
Beautiful songs <strong>of</strong> brilliant poets<br />
Akris dn̥ ghwā<br />
Oiwā́ s ptōtjes<br />
Akreī dn̥ ghwāi (=dn̥ ghwākroi,<br />
dn̥ ghwabhr̥ steī́)<br />
Medhjoi íteni<br />
Ékstəmoi pedostānei<br />
Óltəmāi Rotsjāi/ dhubewí Rotsjāi<br />
Akreī óresi/úpəmei óresi<br />
Pérəmei samoi/ghéimeni<br />
Particular cases<br />
The tip <strong>of</strong> the tongue<br />
At the tip <strong>of</strong> the tongue<br />
In the middle <strong>of</strong> the way<br />
In the extreme position<br />
In the farthest part <strong>of</strong> Russia<br />
At the top <strong>of</strong> the mountain<br />
In the extreme summer/winter period<br />
132
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Áddhēmenos nṓmonē<br />
Aléksanros, makedonom regs, prōd<br />
dsām wedhét Dhōreyowēsum proti,<br />
persãm regm ̥<br />
Paktā́m tewe mədóm, prijóm tom<br />
dhghómonm̥<br />
Dānumoloi obhi ghosomes, soméi<br />
stānoi jod áljotom welomes<br />
Wesúwijom setijomes, ceri deksinoisi<br />
Apennīnoisu (=deksinotos Apennīnois)<br />
Of the apposition with the noun<br />
Alexander, king <strong>of</strong> the Macedonians, made<br />
war against Darius, king <strong>of</strong> the Perses<br />
I met your fiancée, that lovely person<br />
We had lunch at the river embankment, the<br />
same place we chose the other time<br />
We visited the Vesuvius, mount in the South<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Apennines<br />
133
Chapter B1: Form <strong>of</strong> the sentence<br />
Átibhr̥timosjo praisodṓ<br />
Polim gnōwa qād prōd cēmta<br />
Antonios, Markos Claudjosqe, qoi<br />
juwísəmōs esānt (juwísəmōs esn̥ tes),<br />
prīsmōs ghēnt<br />
Néqoterō génonē<br />
Ghōdhos opnāqe, qa wēswa wérjomos,<br />
dusopná sonti<br />
Nédsəmō témeni sm̥ bhondhos<br />
Dsās, áinesa, edunās, qās dhoubnoi<br />
sont, ud nē skelsēnt bhewtum<br />
Sn̥stum ad<br />
Gherús aitis, qōs keiwinī́tibhi<br />
méndheswontes ēsn̥ t, mluwónt<br />
sm̥ sodomētrom (=qā keiwinī́tibhi<br />
méndheswents ēst, mluwét...)<br />
Enod n̥ widjom qos me rígjeti nē<br />
lúbhjeti mewom<br />
Of the relative with its antecedent<br />
I know the city (from which) you come from<br />
Anthony, Mark and Claude, who were the<br />
youngest ones (being the youngest ones),<br />
arrived first (the first ones)<br />
With neuter gender<br />
Honour and wealth, which we call goods,<br />
are difficult to obtain<br />
Agreement with the nearest element<br />
Wars, calamities and pains, which are in the<br />
world, should not exist<br />
Ad sensum<br />
A small part who, was (were) interested in<br />
politics, spoke during the conference<br />
That stupid person who is tormenting me<br />
does not like me<br />
Spātī<br />
Globhos, jā pl̥ táwijā wérjetor, chr̥ sketói<br />
Témenom koisom adnṓmenjōm so énteri<br />
énonmīqe antinōmnē loubhis eti sənterṓ<br />
nṓmonē<br />
Ekod chedhjō məgnom<br />
Mewom gerét swépontm̥<br />
Mewom dhrut astuwidlóm<br />
Trudsmóm esjãi tod putloīs oinãi<br />
With attraction<br />
The globe, which is called Earth, is getting<br />
warmer<br />
Of these adnominal elements between them<br />
and with the personal pronoun, even without<br />
the noun being present<br />
I want this big one<br />
He woke me up who was sleeping (=when I<br />
was sleeping)<br />
He misled me, (being myself) expert in<br />
tricks<br />
It is difficult to her alone with the children<br />
134
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Néunjosjo upologhō<br />
Rodjā bhlosḗjeti<br />
Prōd agroworgṓs wr̥ gónt<br />
Gheislṓs dhətṓs sonti<br />
Sn̥stum ad<br />
Kom məgnóm tūljom gerét<br />
Ud km̥ tóm dhghómonom erinṓs<br />
wewr̥ tḗr/wr̥ tnōs sonti<br />
Km̥ tóm wīrṓm ludhét<br />
Km̥ tóm wīrṓs ludhónt<br />
Sm̥logwosm̥gnos<br />
Drewā ́ bhreugn̥ s bhert (=bhern̥ t)<br />
Putlā ́ qidqomqe kreddhēt (=kréddhn̥ t)<br />
Bhlōmōr dhwomōrqe oiwós kéreni<br />
énosmi esti<br />
Anadókosjo upologhō<br />
Dhghomōn mr̥ tijos esti<br />
Cenā ləghlā ́ ēst<br />
Daitis bhódsəmā uponojā́<br />
Kíkōnjā wesn̥ kārús (esti)<br />
Néqoterō génonē<br />
Dl̥ ku dekesnómqe n̥ króm jewtum<br />
Loubhos mr̥ tisqe nekopīná ludhónt<br />
Ghouróm esti wl̥ qos stā́dhlobhos<br />
Spātī<br />
Tolētom, tagópolis, kléutrown̥ tī esti<br />
So esti loktos mene = tod esti loktos<br />
mene<br />
Of the predicate with its subject<br />
The rose is blooming<br />
The countryment went on working<br />
They were made hostages<br />
Ad sensum<br />
A great multitude gathered together<br />
One hundred people have resulted injured<br />
One hundred men came<br />
One hundred men came<br />
Collective singular<br />
Trees bear fruit<br />
Children believe anything<br />
Fauna and flora is special in that region<br />
Of the attribute with the verb<br />
The human being is mortal<br />
The lady was tired<br />
Iime is the best teacher<br />
The stork is the anouncer <strong>of</strong> the spring<br />
With neuter gender<br />
It is sweet and honourable to help the needy<br />
Love and death come out <strong>of</strong> the blue<br />
Terrible is a wolf for the stalls<br />
With attraction<br />
Toledo, the city <strong>of</strong> the Tajo, is rich in<br />
legends<br />
This is my fault<br />
135
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
2.-Bhānism̥ bhendhmn̥<br />
Komjougos<br />
Wedhmosjūtra<br />
Sentence combination<br />
Coordination<br />
Copulative clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
joqe, enim, atqe, qe, eti, etiqe, toqe<br />
nekáiwotos….immō, epi,<br />
nekáiwotos…..toqe/eti/plēis<br />
Kómbhewontes qertjes (egēsmn̥<br />
sm̥dhētlēd)<br />
Silējō, nē welmi bhādjom<br />
Sm̥plēd chonēiwā qertis<br />
Petros domom demét joqe ghortom<br />
r̥tujét<br />
Səmitis<br />
Peri kwōn líghāto, pukom weiponts<br />
Kombhn̥dhnā ́ /komseqomnā ́ qertis<br />
Lodi ghēwa enim ad nē bhoudhai<br />
prāwōm ordhésmonom<br />
Prótinom<br />
Edjḗw drāsō atqe ausrom ersō<br />
Is gélāti atqe egṓ bhlēmi<br />
Peimis qertis<br />
Bhustós esmi (groma), stāmqe ud,<br />
lūtósqe, ghosómqe prām, pektósqe esmi<br />
wergómqe sodóm.<br />
Chonesmn̥<br />
Éntəmōs senti prijōs eti sm̥ stōs<br />
usdhowōi itā́jonti<br />
Kómsātis<br />
Nekáiwotos me péjeti immō ismi<br />
bhlédeti<br />
Coexisting actions (lack <strong>of</strong> link)<br />
I keep quiet; I don’t want to speak.<br />
Simply additive action<br />
Peter built a house and arranged a garden<br />
Simultaneity<br />
The dog licked himself, waving his tail<br />
Correlated/consecutive action<br />
I arrived late and did not get acquainted<br />
with the first proposals<br />
Contrast<br />
Today I’ll work and tomorrow I’ll rest<br />
He laughs and I weep<br />
Quick action<br />
I woke up, stood up, got washed, ate<br />
breakfast, combed myself and went to work.<br />
Addition<br />
They are very close friends and even go for<br />
holidays together<br />
Overmuch state<br />
Not only does he insult me, but he also<br />
boasts about it<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Delmosjūtra<br />
Disyunctive clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
we, awti, (qóterom) an, uta (an),<br />
loubhis<br />
Sm̥ plom álterotwom<br />
Prōd ənupopodnim wr̥ tetoí awti n̥ widús<br />
so<br />
Awti təkḗjesi awti cícāsi<br />
(Qóterom) drā́jesi an ql̥skesí<br />
Solwom ad bhewtum n̥ kḗjesi dinom,<br />
awti, an opsús tū, āmrom ge<br />
Jāsdō awti douknō éiesi<br />
Wesprei qelispektrom spekjō awti<br />
sontons skreibhō<br />
Simple alternative<br />
He either behaves improperly or is an<br />
ignorant<br />
Either you shut up or you go<br />
Are you working or studying<br />
You need to be present all the day, or, if you<br />
are busy, at least during the morning<br />
You may go there either by bus or by train<br />
In the evening I watch TV or write letters<br />
Álterotwom+optis<br />
Solwom ad bhewtum n̥ kḗjesi dinom,<br />
loubhis, an opsús tū, āmrom ge<br />
Jāsdō loubhis douknō éiesi<br />
Alternative + election<br />
You need to be present all the day, or, if you<br />
are busy, at least during the morning<br />
You may go there either by bus or by train<br />
Álterotwom+optis+ambhóemtjom<br />
Alternative+ election + indiference<br />
Jāsdō loubhis douknōwe éiesi<br />
Wesprei qelispektrom spekjō sontonswe<br />
skreibhō<br />
Nosbhos māis meiwiswe dhḗnijom<br />
ordhēsmn̥ (esti)<br />
You may go there either by bus or by train<br />
In the evening I watch TV or write letters<br />
We have a more or less feasible proposal<br />
137
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Protiwr̥tnosjūtra<br />
Adversative clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
mō, aw, alyā́ , tū, nū, tā…men,<br />
dā….aw<br />
Lēni prótinom<br />
Alchom óikāmes, mō en eitum nosbhis<br />
nē tr̥kónt<br />
Lélāgsāmes; putlā aw robhetum prōd<br />
wéwelānt<br />
Melom prótimn̥<br />
Neqis en eitum mógheti; aljā ́ kūmós an<br />
esti tebhei álchosjo, woróm bhoidhetum<br />
móghesi<br />
Neqid swenwidjom ambhí woidāt. Nū<br />
klāwmn̥ swonetum arti bhwitós esti.<br />
Tlādhētis<br />
Tā Ā́ bhrikā wedr̥ n̥kḗjeti, men<br />
Austrálijā ploudons qn̥tjetí (=Ā́ bhrikā<br />
wedr̥ n̥kḗjeti, atqe Australjā ploudons<br />
qn̥tjetí)<br />
Upóplētis<br />
Domowergom-two teidhi qelispéktewos<br />
stānei (=qelispéktewes prōd) !<br />
Médodiks, grājusetítejos stānei<br />
(=grājusetítejes prōd), im medonjōi<br />
ghonghést<br />
Weak contrast<br />
We had money, but they did not allow us to<br />
go in.<br />
We were tired, but the children wanted to<br />
go on playing.<br />
Strong contrast<br />
No one can go in; however, if you have a lot<br />
<strong>of</strong> money, you can convince the guardian<br />
He did not know anything about music. All<br />
in all, he just started to play the piano.<br />
Balancing<br />
If Africa needs water, Australia suffers from<br />
floods (=Africa needs water whereas<br />
Australia suffers from floods)<br />
Substitution<br />
Finish your homework instead <strong>of</strong> watching<br />
TV!<br />
The doctor, instead <strong>of</strong> visiting the old lady,<br />
had her go to his <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Winomosjūtra<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
nū….nū, swāiwe….swāi, tom…tom<br />
álteros….. álteros; so….ene<br />
Wédhmejosjo wertī<br />
Swāiwe robhéjesi swāi óqesi lowtum<br />
skélesi<br />
Délmejosjo wertī<br />
Nū weitins srpjetí, nū owins péketi;<br />
áiwesi drā́jeti.<br />
Prótiwr̥tnejosjo wertī<br />
Álteros srīgējonts louksām kláudeti,<br />
álteros kəlējonts apo wérjeti<br />
Alternative/correlative/distributive<br />
clauses<br />
With copulative value<br />
Whether you play or watch you have to pay<br />
With disyuntive value<br />
Now he prunes the vines, now he shears the<br />
sheep; he is always working.<br />
With adversative value<br />
This one feels cold and closes the window,<br />
and the other one feels hot and opens it<br />
Ekswōqosjūtra<br />
Explicative clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
tod esti, id esti, nṓmn̥tos, kritóm<br />
Somowortja sonti sm̥dhētla<br />
Kādr̥ lewtum skelō, tod esti newom<br />
wíwertum poqóm<br />
Bhā́joima twojo monwā́m weqtim,<br />
nṓmn̥tos misdhāugmn̥ mene.<br />
All the conjunctions are equivalent<br />
I have to solve the problem, this is to find<br />
another cook<br />
I’d like to talk to you about an outstanding<br />
issue, namely my pay rise<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Enbhorosjūtra<br />
Illative clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
enim, ita, itaqe, tom-ke, étenim<br />
Perilós nē esmi dhōjoi kosmei enim<br />
protiwoqom tebhei dātum nē moghō<br />
Skombnṓs esānt, ita pr̥kont<br />
ambhirṓjosjo qorjostānōi<br />
Ludhḗr oljoi; tom-ke bhwidhjom<br />
móghomos<br />
Nē strigā́st sūtum solwom djēwm̥,<br />
étenim nē regtḗd mənjesí<br />
I am not an expert in this matter, and cannot<br />
give you an answer<br />
They were lost, so they asked for the tourist<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice<br />
All (the people) have come, so, we can<br />
begin<br />
It has not stopped raining the whole day,<br />
and thus you are not right<br />
Praiqinasjūtra<br />
Causal clauses<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
ar, ar ge, gar<br />
Somowortja sonti sm̥dhētla<br />
Tausnim en sodét, ar mātérm̥ nē gertum<br />
welā́t<br />
Krdijām, gar lought<br />
All the conjunctions are equivalent<br />
He came in silently, since he did not want to<br />
wake his mother<br />
I was angry, as he had lied<br />
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Upojougos<br />
Subordination<br />
Kómplēsjūtra<br />
Completive clauses<br />
Wijugná sjūtra<br />
Disjunct clauses<br />
Qermn̥sjūtra Object clauses With personal forms With participle With infinitive<br />
N̥ dhibhorwa<br />
Reportative<br />
bheidhō to trust IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
bhledō to boast IND./ SUB./ OPT. x<br />
kréddhēmi / ōmi to believe IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
ml̥gājō / neumi to announce / to proclaim IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
peumi to understand IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
pr̥kskō / pr̥kjō<br />
to ask<br />
IND./ SUB./ OPT./<br />
PREC.<br />
qéqoita/ kn̥sējō opinate IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
tn̥gējō/ awisdhijō to feel IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
upo dídhēmi to suppose IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
wī bhāti it seems IND. x x<br />
wíweqmi, seqō to speak, to say IND./ OPT. x x<br />
woida to know IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x<br />
Enjogwa<br />
Injunctive<br />
bhíbheimi to fear SUB./OPT<br />
chedhjō to beg SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x<br />
dikājō to order SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x<br />
kōnājai to try SUB. x<br />
leinō to avoid SUB./OPT<br />
lubhējō/ lubhjō to like SUB. x x<br />
mərējō to deserve SUB.<br />
n̥kējō to need SUB. x x<br />
n̥neumi to teach SUB. x<br />
ōkinós esmi to be ready SUB. x<br />
opos esti/ wergom esti it is necessary, il faut SUB. x x<br />
prépeti to seem SUB. x x<br />
prōd bheudhō to be careful SUB.<br />
qīmājō to appreciate SUB. x x<br />
skeidō to decide SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x<br />
twenghō to compel SUB. x<br />
welmi to wish SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x x<br />
welpō to hope, to expect SUB. x x<br />
wəreumi nī to ward <strong>of</strong>f SUB./OPT<br />
wétāmi to prohibit SUB./OPT<br />
wn̥skō to want SUB. x x<br />
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With personal forms With participle With infinitive<br />
Sm̥ jugná sjūtra<br />
Conjunct clauses<br />
Upologhosjūtra<br />
Subject clauses<br />
adelóm (esti) jod to be adequate IND./ PREC. x x<br />
aiskróm esmi to be clear IND./ PREC. x x<br />
bhātis (esti) jod to be said that IND./ PREC. x x<br />
dhabhóm esti to be surprising SUB./ PREC. x x<br />
gígistoi to happen IND./ PREC. x x<br />
jéwestom (esti) jod to be fair IND./ PREC. x x<br />
kaunóm/aichlóm esti to be shameful IND./ PREC. x x<br />
mendhesnóm esti to be interesting IND./ PREC. x x<br />
móghnijom esti to be possible IND./ SUB./ PREC. x x<br />
mr̥dhóm esti to be upsetting IND./ PREC. x x<br />
mr̥neumi to worry IND./ PREC. x x<br />
n̥kēiwom esti to be necessary IND./ SUB./ PREC. x x<br />
n̥prijóm esti to be disgusting IND./ PREC. x x<br />
pastos esmi/ drūtóm eikō to be sure IND./ PREC. x x<br />
qid tod jod how is it that IND./ PREC. x x<br />
smeirom esti to be wonderful IND./ PREC. x x<br />
ud wr̥tai to result IND./ PREC. x x<br />
wī bhāmi to seem IND./ PREC. x x<br />
wiklutóm jod to be widely known that IND./ PREC. x x<br />
Onja sjūtra<br />
Other clauses<br />
apo tēd wédhetor<br />
to be due to the fact<br />
that<br />
IND./ SUB./ PREC.<br />
x<br />
moghō to be able x<br />
Plakējō/ sm̥ wids (kosmei)<br />
esmi/ səmorqós (kosmei) esmi<br />
to agree on the fact that IND./ SUB./ PREC. x<br />
prōd wédheti to bring about IND./ SUB./ PREC. x<br />
skelō to have to, must x<br />
tēd kom stístāti to consist <strong>of</strong> IND./ PREC. x<br />
tēd lémbetoi to depend on IND./ SUB./ PREC. x<br />
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Wijugná sjūtra<br />
n̥ dhibhorwa sjūtra<br />
Wíweqmi, seqō<br />
Bhūlokaputsjūtrom<br />
Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom práidiwi<br />
pətēbhūt<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom práidiwi<br />
pətētr̥<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom práidiwi<br />
pətēlóm<br />
Disjunct clauses<br />
Reportative clauses<br />
To speak, to say<br />
The main clause is in the past<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum had<br />
been open (was open) the day before<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum had<br />
been open the day before (infinitive clause)<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum had<br />
been open the day before (participle clause)<br />
Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pətētum<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pətējont<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum was (is)<br />
open<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum was<br />
open (infinitive clause)<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum was<br />
open (participle clause)<br />
Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom pósterei<br />
diwí pətḗseti<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pósterei diwí<br />
pətējes<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pósterei diwí<br />
pətēsont<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum would<br />
be open on the following day<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum would<br />
be open on the following day (infinitive<br />
clause)<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum would<br />
be open on the following day (participle<br />
clause)<br />
Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom krāsi<br />
pətḗseti<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom krāsi pətējes<br />
Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont<br />
Sqet sī jod egō esmi<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum will be<br />
open today (tomorrow)<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum will be<br />
open today (infinitive clause)<br />
Yesterday he said that the museum will be<br />
open today (participle clause)<br />
She said that it was her (*that it is I)<br />
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Enstantkaputsjūtrom<br />
Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom dhghjesi<br />
pətēbhūt<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom dhghjesi pətētr̥<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom dhghjesi<br />
pətēlóm<br />
The main clause is in the present<br />
Today he says that the museum was open<br />
yesterday<br />
Today he says that the museum was open<br />
yesterday (infinitive clause)<br />
Today he says that the museum was open<br />
yesterday (participle clause)<br />
Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom pətētum<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom pətḗjont<br />
Today he says that the museum is open<br />
Today he says that the museum is open<br />
(infinitive clause)<br />
Today he says that the museum is open<br />
(participle clause)<br />
Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom krāsi<br />
pətḗseti<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom krāsi pətējes<br />
Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont<br />
Today he says that the museum will be<br />
open tomorrow<br />
Today he says that the museum will be<br />
open tomorrow (infinitive clause)<br />
Today he says that the museum will be<br />
open tomorrow (participle clause)<br />
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Bhewsn̥tkaputsjūtrom<br />
Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom<br />
praidhghjesi/dhghjesi pətēbhūt<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom praidhghjesi/<br />
dhghjesi pətētr̥<br />
The main clause is in the future<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum was<br />
open yesterday / that the museum has been<br />
open today<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum was<br />
open yesterday / that the museum has been<br />
open today (infinitive clause)<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom<br />
praidhghjesi/dhghjesi pətēlóm<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum was<br />
open yesterday / that the museum has been<br />
open today (participle clause)<br />
Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti<br />
(mēlei kosmi)<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom pətētum<br />
(mēlei kosmi)<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom pətējont<br />
(mēlei kosmi)<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open at that moment<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open at that moment (infinitive clause)<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open at that moment (participle clause)<br />
Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom krāsi<br />
pətḗseti<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom krāsi pətējes<br />
Usrom séqseti mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open on the following day<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open on the following day (infinitive<br />
clause)<br />
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will<br />
be open on the following day (participle<br />
clause)<br />
145
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̥<br />
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Wrtjosm ̥ ̥ sopos<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos esti<br />
(PRES. IND.)<br />
=Wéqeti pontēm dl̥ nghom bhewtum<br />
=Wéqeti pontēm dl̥ nghom ésntm<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos sjēt<br />
(PRES. OPT.)<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsēt<br />
(PRES. PREC.)<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhéwseti<br />
(FUT. IND.)<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsoit<br />
(FUT. OPT.)<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūt<br />
(AOR. IND.)<br />
Wéqeti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūjḗt<br />
(AOR. OPT.)<br />
Coordination <strong>of</strong> tenses<br />
He says that the way is long<br />
According to him, the way is long<br />
He says that the way may be long<br />
He says that the way will be long<br />
According to him, the way will be long<br />
He says that the way was long<br />
According to him, the way was long<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos esti<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos sjēt<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsēt<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhéwseti<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsoit<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūt<br />
Weqét jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūjḗt<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos esti<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos sjēt<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsēt<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhéwseti<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhewsoit<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūt<br />
Wéqseti jod pontēs dl̥ nghos bhūjḗt<br />
He said that the way was long<br />
According to him, the way was long<br />
He said that the way might be long<br />
He said that the way would be long<br />
According to him, the way would be long<br />
He said that the way had been long<br />
According to him, the way had been long<br />
He will say that the way will be long<br />
According to him, the way will be long<br />
He will say that the way may be long<br />
He will say that the way will be long<br />
According to him, the way will be long<br />
He will say that the will have been long<br />
According to him, the will have been long<br />
Óljoisu prāi dhghomn̥ su lenght qija im<br />
tétēgt/ tétēgsēt (PLPF. IND./ PL. PREC.)<br />
enim qota udhū ́ koilujeto/ koilujēto<br />
(AOR. IND./ AOR. SUB.)<br />
He declared unto him before all the people<br />
for what cause she had touched him, and<br />
how she was healed immediately<br />
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Bhledō<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons<br />
nē lewont/ lewōnt/ lewoint<br />
Sewom ambhí bhledont awobhorons<br />
nē léwontn̥ s<br />
Sewe ənawobhorolewtum ambhí<br />
bhledont<br />
Putla ambhí bhledont awobhorons<br />
nē léwonta<br />
Ins ambhí bhledont awobhorons<br />
nē léwonta<br />
Eisom ambhí ənawobhorolewtum<br />
bhledont<br />
To boast<br />
They boast about the fact that they do not<br />
pay taxes<br />
*They boast about themselves not paying<br />
taxes<br />
*They boast about their own tax-not-paying<br />
*They boast about their children not paying<br />
taxes<br />
*They boast about their (children’s) not<br />
paying taxes<br />
*They boast about their (children’s) taxnot-paying<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhlédonti, jod awobhorons<br />
nē léwonti/ léwōnti/ lewoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons<br />
nē luwónt/ luwōnt/ luwoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons<br />
nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/ lewsoint<br />
They boast about the fact that they are<br />
paying no taxes<br />
They boast about the fact that they did not<br />
pay taxes<br />
They boast about the fact that they will not<br />
pay taxes<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt (AOR.<br />
EFF./ AOR. PROT.), jod awobhorons nē<br />
lewont/ lewōnt/ lewoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt, jod<br />
awobhorons nē léwonti/ léwōnti/<br />
lewoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt, jod<br />
awobhorons nē luwónt/ luwōnt/ luwoint<br />
Sewom ambhí bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt<br />
awobhorons nē lūlóns<br />
Sewe ənawobhorolewtr̥ ambhí bhl̥ dont/<br />
bhl̥ dānt<br />
They boasted about the fact that they<br />
did/would not pay taxes<br />
They boasted about the fact that they paid<br />
no taxes<br />
They boasted about the fact that they had<br />
paid no taxes<br />
*They boast about themselves not having<br />
paid taxes<br />
*They boasted about their own previous taxnot-paying<br />
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(Tod ambhí) bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt, jod<br />
awobhorons nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/<br />
lewsoint<br />
Sewom ambhí bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt<br />
awobhorons nē léwsontn̥ s<br />
Sewe ənawobhorolewes ambhí<br />
bhl̥ dont/ bhl̥ dānt<br />
They boasted about the fact that they would<br />
pay no taxes<br />
*They boast about themselves not being-topay<br />
taxes<br />
*They boasted about their own future taxnot-paying<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod<br />
awobhorons nē léwont(i)/ léwōnt(i)/<br />
lewoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod<br />
awobhorons nē luwónt/ luwōnt/<br />
luwoint<br />
(Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod<br />
awobhorons nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/<br />
lewsoint<br />
They will boast about the fact that they will<br />
not pay taxes<br />
They will boast about the fact that they<br />
won’t have paid taxes<br />
They will boast about the fact that they will<br />
not pay taxes thereafter<br />
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Woida<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhwertum<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhwérontm̥<br />
Woida jod cenām dhwéresi/ dhwḗrēsi/<br />
dhwerois<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhwertṛ<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhrulóm<br />
Woida jod cenām dhruwés/ dhruwēs/<br />
dhruwois<br />
To know<br />
*I know you to be unfaithful to your wife<br />
*I know you being unfaithful to your wife<br />
I know that you are unfaithful to your wife<br />
*I know you to have been unfaithful to<br />
your wife<br />
*I know you having been unfaithful to your<br />
wife<br />
I know that you have been unfaithful to your<br />
wife<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhweres<br />
Woida tewom cenām dhréusontm̥<br />
Woida jod cenām dhreuses/ dhreusēs/<br />
dhreusois<br />
*I know you to be unfaithful to your wife<br />
in the future<br />
*I know you being unfaithful to your wife in<br />
the future<br />
I know that you will be unfaithful to your<br />
wife<br />
Woidm̥ tewom cenām dhwertum<br />
Woidm̥ tewom cenām dhwérontm̥<br />
Woidm̥ jod cenām dhwéresi/ dhwḗrēsi/<br />
dhwerois<br />
*I knew you to be unfaithful to your wife<br />
*I knew you being unfaithful to your wife<br />
I knew that you were unfaithful to your wife<br />
Woidm̥ tewom cenām dhwertṛ<br />
Woidm̥ tewom cenām dhrulóm<br />
Woidm̥ jod cenām dhruwés/ dhruwēs/<br />
dhruwois<br />
Weidsō cenām twojo dhruwenādhjom/<br />
dhrutā́m/ jod cenā ́ twojo dhruwetor/<br />
dhrúwētor/ dhrúwoitor<br />
*I knew you to have been unfaithful to<br />
your wife<br />
*I knew you having been unfaithful to your<br />
wife<br />
I knew that you had been unfaithful to your<br />
wife<br />
I will know that your wife will have been<br />
cheated on by you<br />
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Pr̥ kskō<br />
To ask<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qid dhídhēsi/ dhidhẽsi/<br />
dhidhīs (PRES. IND./ SUB. OPT.)<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qid dhédhēta/ dhedhẽsi /<br />
dhedhējḗs<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qid dhidhīs an<br />
He asks what you are doing<br />
He asks what you will do<br />
He asks what you did<br />
He asks what you have been doing<br />
He asks what you would do<br />
Pr̥ ket qid dhídhēsi/ dhídhēsi/ dhidhīs<br />
Pr̥ ket qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois<br />
Pr̥ ket qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs<br />
Pr̥ ket qid dhidhīs an<br />
He asked what you were doing<br />
He asked what you would do in the future<br />
He asked what you had done<br />
He asked what you would do<br />
Prékseti qid dhídhēsi/ dhídhēsi/<br />
dhidhīs<br />
Prékseti qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois<br />
Prékseti qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs<br />
Prékseti qid dhidhīs an<br />
He will ask what you will be doing<br />
He will ask what you will do thereafter<br />
He will ask what you will have done<br />
He will ask what you would do<br />
Pr̥ ksketí qóterom an dhídhēsi/<br />
dhidhẽsi/ dhidhīs<br />
He asks whether you are doing (it)<br />
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Qéqoita (kn̥ sejō)<br />
Qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō jod stāmr̥ tod cīwō/<br />
cīwōm/ cī́woijəm (PRES. IND./ SUB./ OPT.)<br />
Qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom jod stāmr̥ tod cīwō/<br />
cīwōm/ cī́woijəm<br />
Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō jod stāmr̥ tod<br />
cīwō/ cīwōm/ cī́woijəm<br />
To think, to deem<br />
I think that I am living this situation<br />
I thought that I was living this situation<br />
I will think that I will be living this<br />
situation<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cjōtum (ACT. PRES. INF.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cjōtum<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cjōtum<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cīwontm̥ (ACT. PRES. PART.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cī́wontm̥<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cīwontm<br />
I think I am living this situation<br />
I thought I was living this situation<br />
I will think I will be living this situation<br />
I think myself living this situation<br />
I thought myself living this situation<br />
I will think myself living this situation<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōdhjom qéqoita/<br />
kn̥ sejō (PASS. PRES. INF.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōdhjom qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōdhjom qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
I think this situation is being lived by me<br />
I thought this situation is being lived by me<br />
I will think this situation is being lived by<br />
me<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīmóm qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō<br />
(PASS. PRES. PART.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīmóm qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīmóm qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
*I think this situation being lived by me<br />
*I thought this situation being lived by me<br />
*I will think this situation being lived by me<br />
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Qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō jod stāmr̥ jāmi tod<br />
cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm (AOR. IND./<br />
SUB./ OPT.)<br />
Qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom jod stāmr̥ jāmi tod<br />
cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm<br />
Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō jāmi jod<br />
stāmr̥ tod cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm<br />
I think that I’ve already lived this situation<br />
I thought that I had already lived this<br />
situation<br />
I will think that I will already have lived<br />
this situation<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō jāmi stāmr̥ tod<br />
cjōtr̥ (ACT. AOR. INF.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom jāmi stāmr̥<br />
tod cjōtr̥<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō jāmi<br />
stāmr̥ tod cjōtr̥<br />
I think I’ve already lived this situation<br />
I thought I had already lived this situation<br />
I will think I will already have lived this<br />
situation<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod jāmi<br />
cīlóm (ACT. AOR. PART.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
jāmi cīlóm<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod jāmi cīlóm<br />
I think myself having lived this situation<br />
I thought myself having lived this situation<br />
I will think myself having lived this<br />
situation<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom<br />
qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō (PASS. AOR. INF.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom<br />
qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom<br />
qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
I think this situation has been lived by me<br />
I thought this situation has been lived by<br />
me<br />
I will think this situation has been lived by<br />
me<br />
Stāmr̥ jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qéqoita/<br />
kn̥ sejō (PASS. AOR. PART.)<br />
Stāmr̥ jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
*I think this situation having been lived by<br />
me<br />
*I thought this situation having been lived<br />
by me<br />
*I will think this situation having been<br />
lived by me<br />
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Qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō jod stāmr̥ tod cícīwa/<br />
cícīwom/ cícījēm (PF. IND./ SUB./ OPT.)<br />
Qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom jod stāmr̥ tod<br />
cícīwa/ cícīwom/ cícījēm<br />
Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō jod stāmr̥ tod<br />
cícīwa/ cícīwom/ cícījēm<br />
I think that I’ve been living this situation<br />
I thought that I had been living this<br />
situation<br />
I will think that I will have been living this<br />
situation<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cjōwr̥ (PF. INF.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cjōwr̥<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cjōwr̥<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cicīwósm̥ (ACT. PF. PART.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cicīwósm̥<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cicīwósm̥<br />
I think I’ve been living this situation<br />
I thought I had been living this situation<br />
I will think I will have been living this<br />
situation<br />
I think myself having been living this<br />
situation<br />
I thought myself having been living this<br />
situation<br />
I will think myself having been living this<br />
situation<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōwr̥ qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō<br />
(PF. INF.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōwr̥ qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cjōwr̥ qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīwnóm qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō<br />
(PASS. PF. PART.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīwnóm qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cīwnóm qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
I think this situation having been lived by<br />
me<br />
I thought this situation having been lived<br />
by me<br />
I will think this situation having been lived<br />
by me<br />
*I think this situation having been lived by<br />
me<br />
*I thought this situation having been lived<br />
by me<br />
*I will think this situation having been<br />
lived by me<br />
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Qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō jod stāmr ̥ tod cīwsō/<br />
cīwsōm/ cī́wsoijəm (FUT. IND./ SUB./<br />
OPT.)<br />
Qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom jod stāmr̥ tod cīwsō/<br />
cīwsōm/ cī́wsoijəm<br />
Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō jod stāmr̥ tod<br />
cīwsō/ cīwsōm/ cī́wsoijəm<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cīwes (ACT. FUT. INF.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cīwes<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cīwes<br />
Mewom qéqoita/ kn̥ sejō stāmr̥ tod<br />
cī́sontm̥ (ACT. FUT. PART.)<br />
Mewom qéqoitm̥ / kn̥ sejom stāmr̥ tod<br />
cī́sontm̥<br />
Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
stāmr̥ tod cī́sontm̥<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cī́wesdhjom qéqoita/<br />
kn̥ sejō (PASS. FUT. INF.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cī́wesdhjom qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cī́wesdhjom qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cītéwijom qéqoita/<br />
kn̥ sejō (PASS. FUT. PART.)<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cītéwijom qéqoitm̥ /<br />
kn̥ sejom<br />
Stāmr̥ tod mojo cītéwijom qeqitwṓs<br />
bhewsō/ kn̥ sesō<br />
I think that I will live this situation<br />
I thought that I would live this situation<br />
I will think that I will live this situation<br />
I think I will live this situation<br />
I thought I would live this situation<br />
I will think I will live this situation<br />
I think myself living this situation (in the<br />
future)<br />
I thought myself living this situation (in the<br />
future)<br />
I will think myself living this situation<br />
thereafter<br />
I think this situation will be lived by me<br />
I thought this situation will be lived by me<br />
I will think this situation will be lived by me<br />
*I think this situation being lived by me (in<br />
the future)<br />
*I thought this situation being lived by me<br />
(in the future)<br />
*I will think this situation being lived by me<br />
(in the future)<br />
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Kn̥ sejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō jod Petros<br />
woināwents esti/ éseti/ sjēt (PRES. IND./<br />
SUB./ OPT.) ertim káktewos<br />
Kn̥ sejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom<br />
woināwentm̥ ertim káktewos<br />
(bhewtum)<br />
Kn̥ sejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom<br />
woināwentm̥ ertim káknuwontm̥<br />
Kn̥ sejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom<br />
woināwentm̥ (esn̥ tm̥ ) jod/ qod ertim<br />
kákneuti<br />
Tn̥ gējō/ awisdhijō<br />
Pl̥ táwijos chrētim/ chrēstim<br />
tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
Pl̥ tawīchrētim / Pl̥ tawīchrēstim<br />
tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
Chrskontm̥ / chrḗjontm̥ pl̥ táwijām<br />
tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
Chrētum / chrēstum pl̥ táwijām<br />
tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
Tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pl̥ tawī<br />
chr̥ sketí/ chr̥ skēti/ chr̥ skoit<br />
chrḗjeti/ chrḗjēti/ chrḗjoit<br />
Cherwr̥ tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
pl̥ táwijām<br />
Chechrusjām pl̥ táwijām tn̥ gḗjomos/<br />
awisdhíjomos<br />
Tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pl̥ tawī<br />
chéchore/ chéchoreti/ chéchoroit<br />
Chrēs tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos<br />
pl̥ táwijām<br />
Chrḗs(s)ontm̥ pl̥ táwijām tn̥ gḗjomos/<br />
awisdhíjomos<br />
Tn̥ gḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pl̥ tawī<br />
chrḗs(s)eti/ chrḗs(s)ēti/ chrēs(s)soit<br />
I consider that Peter is guilty for promoting<br />
strife<br />
I consider Peter guilty for promoting strife<br />
*I consider Peter guilty promoting strife<br />
I consider Peter guilty because he promotes<br />
strife<br />
To feel<br />
We feel the warming <strong>of</strong> the Earth<br />
We feel the Earth warming<br />
We feel the warming Earth<br />
*We feel the Earth to warm<br />
We feel that the Earth is warming<br />
We feel the Earth having warmed<br />
We feel the having-warmed Earth<br />
We feel that the Earth has been warming<br />
*We feel the Earth being to warm<br />
We feel the being-to-warm Earth<br />
We feel that the Earth will be warming<br />
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Wī bhāti<br />
Wī bhāti moi jod sújeti<br />
Wī bhāti moi seutum<br />
Wī bhāti moi jod súsowe<br />
Wī bhāti moi seuwr̥<br />
Wī bhāti moi jod súseti<br />
Wī bhāti moi seus<br />
Wī bhāti moi jod sújēti<br />
It seems<br />
It seems to me that it is raining<br />
It seems to me that it is raining<br />
It seems to me that it has rained<br />
It seems to me that it has rained<br />
It seems to me that it will rain<br />
It seems to me that it will rain<br />
It seems to me that it may be raining<br />
Wī bhāt moi jod sújeti<br />
Wī bhāti moi seutum<br />
Wī bhāt moi jod súsowe<br />
Wī bhāt moi seuwr̥<br />
Wī bhāt moi jod súseti<br />
Wī bhāt moi seus<br />
Wī bhāt moi jod sújēti<br />
Wī bhāt moi jod súsoweti<br />
It seemed to me that it was raining<br />
It seemed to me that it was raining<br />
It seemed to me that it had rained<br />
It seemed to me that it had rained<br />
It seemed to me that it would rain<br />
It seemed to me that it would rain<br />
It seemed to me that it might be raining<br />
It seemed to me that it might have been<br />
raining<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi jod sújeti<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi seutum<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi jod súsowe<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi seuwr̥<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi jod súseti<br />
Wī bhā́seti moi seus<br />
It will seem to me that it will rain<br />
It will seem to me that it will rain<br />
It will seem to me that it will have rained<br />
It will seem to me that it will have rained<br />
It will seem to me that it will rain thereafter<br />
It will seem to me that it will rain<br />
thereafter<br />
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Wī bhāti moi leughōn<br />
Wī bhāti moi jod leughōn esti<br />
Wī bhāti moi (is) leughōn bhewtum<br />
Wī bhāti moi (im) leughonm ̥ bhewtum<br />
He seems to me a liar<br />
He seems to me that he is a liar<br />
He seems to me to be a liar<br />
He seems to me to be a liar<br />
Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim<br />
seghtum (INF. PRES.)/<br />
seghontm̥ (PART. PRES.)/<br />
seghontm ̥ bhewtum (PART. PRES +<br />
bhewtum)/<br />
It seems to me that Ferdinand is winning<br />
Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim<br />
segtr̥ (INF. AOR.)/<br />
seghlóm (PART. AOR.)/<br />
seghlóm bhewtum (PART. AOR +<br />
bhewtum)/<br />
seghontm ̥ bhewtr̥ (PART. PRES + bhewtr̥ )<br />
Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim<br />
seghes (INF. FUT.)/<br />
seghsontm̥ (PART. FUT.)/<br />
seghsontm ̥ bhewtum (PART. FUT +<br />
bhewtum)/<br />
seghontm ̥ bhewes (PART. PRES + bhewes)<br />
Wī Priotanantis moi bhāti seghsonts/<br />
jod séghseti<br />
Wī Priotanantis moi bhāt seghsonts/<br />
jod séghseti<br />
Wī Priotanantis moi bhā́seti seghsonts/<br />
jod séghseti<br />
It seems to me that Ferdinand won<br />
It seems to me that Ferdinand will win<br />
Ferdinand gives me the impression that he<br />
will win<br />
Ferdinand gived me the impression that he<br />
would win<br />
Ferdinand will give me the impression that<br />
he will thereafter<br />
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Enjougwa sjūtra<br />
Chedhjō<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Im chedhóm me leides/ léidesei/<br />
leidesenei snētlomn̥ swonejom<br />
Im chedhóm jod me lidēt/ lidoit<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT.<br />
Im chedhóm jod me leidsēt<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom PRES. PREC.<br />
Injunctive clauses<br />
To beg<br />
Perfective clause<br />
I begged him to allow me to play the<br />
hapsichord<br />
I begged him that he would allow me to<br />
play the hapsichord<br />
I begged him that he would allow me to<br />
play the hapsichord<br />
Im chedhō me leides/ léidesei/<br />
leidesenei snētlomn̥ swonejom<br />
Im chedhō jod me lidēt/ lidoit<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT<br />
Im chedhō jod me leidsēt<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom PRES. PREC<br />
I am begging him to allow me to play the<br />
hapsichord<br />
I am begging him that he allow me to play<br />
the hapsichord<br />
I am begging him that he allow me to play<br />
the hapsichord<br />
Im chedhsō me leides/ léidesei/<br />
leidesenei snētlomn̥ swonejom<br />
Im chedhsō jod me lidēt/ lidoit<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT<br />
Im chedhsō jod me leidsēt<br />
snētlomn̥ swonejom PRES. PREC.<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Chedhónt me rounām bherghtum<br />
Chedhónt me jod rounām bherghōm/<br />
bherghoim/ bherghsēm<br />
Chédhjonti me jod rounām bherghōm/<br />
bherghoim/ bherghsēm<br />
Chédhsonti me jod rounām bherghōm/<br />
bherghoim/ bherghsēm<br />
Chédhsonti me rounām bherghtum<br />
I will beg him to allow me to play the<br />
hapsichord<br />
I will beg him that he allow me to play the<br />
harpsichord<br />
I will beg him that he allow me to play the<br />
hapsichord<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
They begged me to keep the secret<br />
*They begged me that I keep the secret<br />
PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.<br />
*They beg me that I keep the secret<br />
PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.<br />
*They will beg me that I keep the secret<br />
PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.<br />
*They will beg me to keep the secret<br />
PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.<br />
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Dikājō<br />
To order<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Me dikājét skeustum<br />
Moi dikājét skeudos<br />
Moi dikājét jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC.<br />
Moi dikājét jod skudēm/ skudoim<br />
AOR SUB./ OPT.<br />
Perfective clause<br />
He ordered me to shoot<br />
*He ordered to me the shoot<br />
He ordered to me that I should shoot<br />
He ordered to me that I should shoot<br />
Me dikā́jeti skeustum<br />
Moi dikā́jeti skeudos<br />
Moi dikā́jeti jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC.<br />
Moi dikā́jeti jod skudēm/ skudoim<br />
AOR SUB./ OPT.<br />
He is ordering me to shoot<br />
*He is ordering to me the shoot<br />
He is ordering to me that I should shoot<br />
He is ordering to me that I should shoot<br />
Me dikā́seti skeustum<br />
Moi dikā́seti skeudos<br />
Moi dikā́seti jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC.<br />
Moi dikā́seti jod skudēm/ skudoim<br />
AOR SUB./ OPT.<br />
He will order me to shoot<br />
*He will order to me the shoot<br />
He will order to me that I should shoot<br />
He will order to me that I should shoot<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Me dikājét silētum<br />
Moi dikājét silēsmn̥<br />
Moi dikājét jod silēsēm PRES. PREC.<br />
Moi dikājét jod silējōm/ silējoim<br />
PRES. SUB./ OPT.<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
He ordered me to be quiet<br />
*He ordered to me silence<br />
He ordered to me that I should be quiet<br />
He ordered to me that I should be quiet<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Me dikā́jeti silētum<br />
Moi dikā́jeti silēsmn̥<br />
Moi dikā́jeti jod silēsēm PRES. PREC.<br />
Moi dikā́jeti jod silējōm/ silējoim<br />
PRES. SUB./ OPT.<br />
He is ordering me to be quiet<br />
*He is ordering to me the be quiet<br />
He is ordering to me that I should be quiet<br />
He is ordering to me that I should be quiet<br />
Me dikā́seti silētum<br />
Moi dikā́seti silēsmn̥<br />
Moi dikā́seti jod silēsēm PRES. PREC<br />
Moi dikā́seti jod silējōm/ silējoim<br />
PRES. SUB./ OPT<br />
He will order me to be quiet<br />
*He will order to me the be quiet<br />
He will order to me that I should be quiet<br />
He will order to me that I should be quiet<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wn̥ skō<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Wn̥ skō tewom apo eitum<br />
Wn̥ skō tewom apo jontm̥<br />
Wn̥ skō jod apo sódēsi<br />
To wish<br />
Perfective clause<br />
*I wish you to go<br />
*I wish you going<br />
I wish that you go<br />
Wenóm tewom apo eitum<br />
Wenóm tewom apo jontm̥<br />
Wenóm jod apo sódēsi (AOR. SUB.)<br />
*I wished you to go<br />
*I wished you going<br />
I wished that you went<br />
Wensō tewom apo eitum<br />
Wensō tewom apo jontm̥<br />
Wensō jod apo sódēsi<br />
*I’ll wish you to go<br />
*I’ll wish you going<br />
I’ll wish that you go<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Wn̥ skō tewom mojo ad westum<br />
Wn̥ skō tewom mojo adwésontm̥<br />
Wn̥ skō tewom qod/jod mojo ad wésēsi<br />
(PRES. SUB.)<br />
Wenóm tewom mojo ad westum<br />
Wenóm tewom mojo adwesontm̥<br />
Wenóm tewom mojo ad wésēsi<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
*I wish you to stay with me<br />
*I wish you staying with me<br />
I wish that you stay with me<br />
*I wished you to stay with me<br />
*I wished you staying with me<br />
I wished that you stayed with me<br />
Wensō tewom mojo adwesontm̥<br />
Wensō tewom mojo adwesontm̥<br />
Wensō tewom mojo ad wésēsi<br />
*I’ll wish you to stay with me<br />
*I’ll wish you staying with me<br />
I’ll wish that you stay with me<br />
161
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Welmi (PRES. IND.), welīm (PRES.<br />
OPT.), wəljēm (AOR. OPT.), welsēm<br />
(PRES. PREC.), wl̥ sēm (AOR. PREC.)<br />
Welmi sweptum<br />
Welīm/ wəljēm sweptr̥<br />
Welīm jod sūnús dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
gheln̥ dhlós dn̥ ghūwíds genēt/ genoit<br />
To want, to choose, to prefer<br />
I want to sleep<br />
I would like to have slept<br />
I’d like that my son, having studied<br />
linguistics, becomes a linguist<br />
Welīm sūnúm dn̥ ghūwidjom ghlenstum<br />
joqe dn̥ ghūwídm̥ gendhjom (2 x INF.<br />
PRES.)<br />
Welīm sūnúm dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
ghlendhontm̥ joqe dn̥ ghūwídm<br />
gignontm̥<br />
Welīm jod sūnús dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
ghlendhēt/ ghlendhoit (PRES. SUB./<br />
OPT.) joqe dn̥ ghūwíds genēt/ genoit<br />
(AOR. SUB./ OPT.)<br />
*I’d like my son to study linguistics and to<br />
become a linguist<br />
*I’d like my son studying linguistics and<br />
becoming a linguist<br />
I’d like that my son studies (IMPERF.)<br />
linguistics and becomes a linguist (PERF.)<br />
Welīm jod sūnús dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
ghléndhēti (PRES. SUB..) dn̥ ghūwíds<br />
gendhjōi<br />
I’d like that my son would be studying<br />
(IMPERF.) linguistics to become a linguist<br />
(PERF.)<br />
Welīm sūnúm dn̥ ghūwidjom ghlenstr̥<br />
joqe dn̥ ghūwídm ̥ genenādhjom<br />
*I’d like my son to have studied linguistics<br />
and to have become a linguist<br />
Welīm sūnúm dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
gheln̥ dhlóm (AOR. PART.) joqe<br />
dn̥ ghūwídm ̥ gegn̥ wósm̥ (PERF. PART.)<br />
*I’d like my son having studied linguistics<br />
and having become a linguist<br />
Welīm jod sūnús dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
gheln̥ dhsēt (AOR. PREC.) joqe<br />
dn̥ ghūwíds gensēt (AOR. PREC.)<br />
I’d like that my son would have studied<br />
linguistics and would have become a<br />
linguist<br />
Wl̥ sēm jod sūnús dn̥ ghūwidjom<br />
ghéln̥ dhissēt (PLPF. PREC.) joqe<br />
dn̥ ghūwíds génissēt (PLPF. PREC.)<br />
I would have liked that my son would have<br />
studied linguistics and would have become<br />
a linguist<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
n̥ kējō<br />
n̥ kējō sweptum/ swepes (INF. PRES./<br />
INF. FUT.) ausrótenōi dhḗtinōi skownōi<br />
n̥ kējō/ n̥ kējoim sweptr̥ edjḗwtenōi<br />
dhḗtinōi skownōi<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
n̥ kējō te sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona qreitum/<br />
qreis<br />
n̥ kējō te sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona qrināntm̥ /<br />
qreisontm ̥ (PART. PRES./ PART. FUT.)<br />
n̥ kējō te sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona qreitr̥<br />
n̥ kējō te sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona qrīlóm<br />
n̥ kējō jod sm̥ tāgodostélona qrī́jesi (AOR.<br />
SUB.)<br />
n̥ kējō jod sm̥ tāgodostélona qéqrojes<br />
(PF. SUB.)<br />
n̥ kējām jod sm̥ tāgodostélona qéqrojes<br />
(PF. SUB.)<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona<br />
qreidhjom/ qreisdhjom<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona<br />
qrīmá/ qreitéwija (PART. PRES./ PART.<br />
FUT.)<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona<br />
qrijenādjom (PASS. AOR. INF.)<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō sm̥ tāgodostélona qrītá<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō jod sm̥ tā́gosjo dostélona<br />
qrī́jontor (AOR. SUB.)<br />
To need<br />
I need to sleep to do the tomorrow exam<br />
I need/ I would need to sleep to do the<br />
today exam<br />
Perfective clause<br />
I need you to buy the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the<br />
recipe<br />
*I need you buying the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the<br />
recipe<br />
*I need you to have bought the ingredients<br />
<strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
*I need you having bought the ingredients<br />
<strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
I need that you buy the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the<br />
recipe<br />
I need that you have bought the ingredients<br />
<strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
I needed that you would have bought the<br />
ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
I need the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe to be<br />
bought by you<br />
*I need the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe being<br />
bought by you<br />
*I need you the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe to<br />
have been bought by you<br />
*I need you the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
having been bought by you<br />
I need that the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe are<br />
bought by you<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Twojo n̥ kējō jod sm̥ tāgodostélona<br />
qéqrījontor (PF. SUB.)<br />
Twojo n̥ kējām jod sm̥ tāgodostélona<br />
qéqrījontor (PF. SUB.)<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Ətmógolā srīgos n̥ kḗjeti sneightewei<br />
Ətmógolā srīgētum n̥ kḗjeti<br />
sneightewei<br />
Ətmógolãi srīgos sneightewei n̥ kēiwom<br />
Ətmógolãi srīgētus sneightewei<br />
n̥ kēiwos<br />
Sneightewei n̥ kēiwā srīgējonts<br />
ətmógolā<br />
Sneightewei n̥ kēiwom jod ətmógolā<br />
srīgḗjēti PRES. SUB.<br />
I need that the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe have<br />
been bought by you<br />
I needed that the ingredients <strong>of</strong> the recipe<br />
would have been bought by you<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
The atmosphere needs cold to snow<br />
The atmosphere needs to be cold to snow<br />
Cold is necessary for the atmosphere to<br />
snow<br />
*To be cold is Necessary for the atmosphere<br />
to snow<br />
*To snow it is necessary the atmosphere<br />
being cold<br />
To snow it is necessary that the<br />
atmosphere be cold<br />
Mūriká mātewei sā́weljom (sāwl̥ )<br />
n̥ kḗjonti<br />
Mūriká mā́ jonta sā́weljom n̥ kḗjonti<br />
The grapes need sun to ripen<br />
The ripening grapes need sun<br />
Mūriká mātewei sulnētum n̥ kḗjonti<br />
Mātewei mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwos sā́weljos<br />
Mātewei mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwos sulnētus<br />
*The grapes need to be sunny to ripen<br />
The sun is necessary for the grapes to ripen<br />
*To ripen it is necessary for the grapes the<br />
being sunny<br />
Mājn̥ tbhós mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwos<br />
sulnētus<br />
Mājn̥ tbhós mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwom jod<br />
sulnḗjēti PRES. SUB.<br />
*For the ripening grapes the being sunny<br />
is necessary<br />
For the ripening grapes it is necessary that<br />
it be sunny<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Māwenei mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwom<br />
sulnēwr̥<br />
Meməwusbhós mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwom<br />
sulnēwr̥<br />
Meməwusbhós mūrikobhós n̥ kēiwom<br />
jod sulnḗbhowet PERF. SUB<br />
*To have been ripening, for the grapes the<br />
having-been-sunny is necessary<br />
*For the having-been-ripening grapes the<br />
having-been-sunny is necessary<br />
*For the having-been-ripening grapes it is<br />
necessary that it have been sunny<br />
Sḗmona gembhtewei wr̥ stām n̥ kḗjonti<br />
Sḗmona gémbhsonta wr̥ stām n̥ kḗjonti<br />
Sḗmona gembhtewei seuwr̥ n̥ kḗjonti<br />
Gembhn̥ tbhós sēmn̥ bhos n̥ kēiwom<br />
seuwr̥<br />
Gembhtewei sēmn̥ bhos n̥ kēiwom seuwr̥<br />
Gembhtewei sēmn̥ bhos n̥ kēiwom jod<br />
súsowet PERF. SUB.<br />
The seeds need rain to germinate<br />
*The being-to-germinate seeds need rain<br />
*The seeds need to have been raining to<br />
germinate<br />
For the germinating seeds to have been<br />
raining is necessary<br />
*To have been raining is necessary for the<br />
seeds to germinate<br />
To germinate it is necessary for the seeds<br />
that it has been raining<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Opos esti/ wergom esti<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Ghrāsmn ̥ ámstinom/ amstéwijom (esti)<br />
Opos esti ghrāsmn ̥ amstum (ACC.)<br />
Opos esti ghrāsmn ̥ amstewes (ABL.)<br />
Tebhei opos esti ghrāsmn ̥ amstum/<br />
amstewes<br />
Opos esti jod ghrāsmn ̥ mēsēs (AOR.<br />
SUB.)<br />
Opos esti jod ghrāsmn ̥ twojo mḗsētor<br />
(AOR. SUB.)<br />
Opos ted esti ghrāsmn ̥ ámsn̥ tes<br />
Opos ted esti ghrāsmn ̥ amstewei<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
It is necessary, il faut<br />
Perfective clause<br />
The lawn needs mowing<br />
It is necessary to mow the lawn<br />
It is necessary to mow the lawn<br />
It is necessary for you to the lawn<br />
It is necessary that you mow the lawn<br />
It is necessary that the lawn be mown by<br />
you<br />
*There is need <strong>of</strong> you mowing the lawn<br />
There is need <strong>of</strong> you to mow the lawn<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
Ghortos obhidhorom/ obhidhoresmn̥<br />
n̥ kḗjeti<br />
Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretum<br />
(ACC.)<br />
Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretewes<br />
(ABL.)<br />
Tebhei opos esti ghortom<br />
obhidhoretum / obhidhoretewes<br />
Opos esti jod ghortom obhidhorejēs<br />
(PRES. SUB.)<br />
Opos esti jod ghortos twojo<br />
obhidhoréjētor (PRES. SUB.)<br />
Opos ted esti ghorthom<br />
obhidhoréjəntes<br />
Opos ted esti ghortōi obhidhoretéwijōi<br />
The garden needs maintenance<br />
It is necessary to maintain the garden<br />
It is necessary to maintain the garden<br />
It is necessary for you to maintain the<br />
garden<br />
It is necessary that you maintain the garden<br />
It is necessary that the garden be<br />
maintained by you<br />
*There is need <strong>of</strong> you maintaining the<br />
garden<br />
There is need <strong>of</strong> you to maintain the<br />
garden<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Bhíbheimi<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām mē ludhēt AOR. SUB.<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām jod ludhēt<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām nemē / mē nē ludhēt<br />
To be afraid<br />
I was afraid that he would come<br />
I was afraid that he would not come<br />
I am afraid that he would not come<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām mē ludhoit AOR. OPT.<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām jod ludhoit<br />
Bhibheim/bhejām nemē / mē nē<br />
ludhoit<br />
I was afraid that he would come<br />
I was afraid that he would not come<br />
I am afraid that he would not come<br />
Bhíbheimi mē ludhēt<br />
Bhíbheimi jod ludhēt<br />
Bhíbheimi nemē / mē nē ludhēt<br />
I am afraid that he will come<br />
I am afraid that he will not come<br />
I am afraid that he will not come<br />
Bhíbheimi mē ludhoit<br />
Bhíbheimi jod ludhoit<br />
Bhíbheimi nemē / mē nē ludhoit<br />
I am afraid that he will come<br />
I am afraid that he will not come<br />
I am afraid that he will not come<br />
Bheisō mē ludhēt<br />
Bheisō jod ludhēt<br />
Bheisō nemē / mē nē ludhēt<br />
I will be afraid that he will come<br />
I will be afraid that he will not come<br />
I will be afraid that he will not come<br />
Bheisō mē ludhoit<br />
Bheisō jod ludhoit<br />
Bheisō nemē / mē nē ludhoit<br />
I will be afraid that he will come<br />
I will be afraid that he will not come<br />
I will be afraid that he will not come<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Prōd bheudhō<br />
Prōd bheudhe jod lugjām linēs<br />
AOR. SUB.<br />
Prōd bheudhe mē lodi n̥kēs<br />
AOR. SUB.<br />
To be careful<br />
Be careful to avoid the gap<br />
Be careful not to arrive late<br />
Kōnājai<br />
Kōnā́jetoi pútlomos bhódsəmom aitum<br />
uponojom (INF.)<br />
Kōnā́bhūtoi pútlomos bhódsəmom<br />
aitum uponojom<br />
Kōnā́setoi pútlomos bhódsəmom aitum<br />
uponojom<br />
To try<br />
He tries to provide his children with the<br />
best education<br />
He tried to provide his children with the<br />
best education<br />
He will try to provide his children with the<br />
best education<br />
Kōnā́jetoi jod (swojā́) putlā́ bhódsəmom<br />
éikōnti uponojom (PRES. SUB.)<br />
Kōnā́bhūtoi jod (swojā́) putlā́<br />
bhódsəmom éikōnti uponojom<br />
Kōnā́setoi jod (swojā́) putlā́<br />
bhódsəmom éikōnti uponojom<br />
He tries that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
He tried that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
He will try that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
Kōnā́jetoi jod (swojā́) putlā́ bhódsəmom<br />
eikoint uponojom (PRES. OPT.)<br />
Kōnā́bhūtoi jod (swojā́) putlā́<br />
bhódsəmom eikoint uponojom<br />
Kōnā́setoi jod (swojā́) putlā́<br />
bhódsəmom eikoint uponojom<br />
He tries that his children may have the best<br />
education<br />
He tried that his children may have the best<br />
education<br />
He will try that his children may have the<br />
best education<br />
Kōnā́jetoi (swojā́) putlā́ bhódsəmom<br />
eiktum uponojom (INF.)<br />
Kōnā́bhūtoi (swojā́) putlā́ bhódsəmom<br />
eiktum uponojom<br />
Kōnā́setoi (swojā́) putlā́ bhódsəmom<br />
ektum uponojom<br />
He tries that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
He tried that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
He will try that his children have the best<br />
education<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Lubhējō /lubhjō<br />
Lubhjō jod sū prōd wr̥ tēsói<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wr̥ sdhjom<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prówr̥ tomnom<br />
Lubhjō jod sū prōd wértesoi<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wertenādhjom<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prowertomnóm<br />
Lubhjō jod sū prōd wértsēsoi<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wértesdhjom<br />
Lubhjō tewom sū prowértsomnom<br />
Leubhsō jod sū prōd wr̥ tēsói<br />
Leubhsō tewom sū prōd wr̥ sdhjom<br />
Leubhsō tewom sū prówr̥ tomnom<br />
Qīmājō<br />
Qīmā́jomos jod upóstāna-nos prokéjēsi<br />
Qīmā́jomos tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
proketum<br />
Qīmā́jomos tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
prokéjontm̥<br />
I like<br />
*I like that you behave well<br />
*I like you to behave well<br />
*I like you behaving well<br />
*I like that you behaved well<br />
*I like you to have behaved well<br />
*I like you having behaved well<br />
*I like that you will behave well<br />
*I like you to be behaving well<br />
*I like you will be behaving well<br />
*I will like that you behave well<br />
*I will like you to behave well<br />
*I will like you behaving well<br />
To appreciate<br />
We appreciate that you request our<br />
services<br />
We appreciate your requesting our services<br />
*We appreciate you requesting our services<br />
Qīmā́jomos jod upóstāna-nos peprekēsi<br />
Qīmā́jomos tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
proketr̥<br />
Qīmā́jomos tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
prokelóm<br />
We appreciate that you requested our<br />
services<br />
We appreciate your having requested our<br />
services<br />
*We appreciate you having requested our<br />
services<br />
Qīmājomes jod upóstāna-nos peprekēsi<br />
Qīmājomes tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
proketr̥<br />
Qīmājomes tewom upóstāna-nos<br />
prokelóm<br />
We appreciated that you had requested our<br />
services<br />
We appreciated your having requested our<br />
services<br />
*We appreciated you having requested our<br />
services<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Sm̥ jugná sjūtra<br />
Upologhosjūtra<br />
Apsrowokleutis me welmí lousujét<br />
Conjunct clauses<br />
Subject clauses<br />
The hearing <strong>of</strong> the water streaming<br />
relaxed me a lot<br />
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn̥ me<br />
welmí lousujét AOR. IND.<br />
Apsrowom kleuwn̥ ts welmí lousujoma<br />
Apsrowos qom kluwóm (=mojo<br />
klumós) welmí me lousujét<br />
To hear the water streaming relaxed me a<br />
lot<br />
I relaxed a lot when hearing the water<br />
streaming<br />
The water streaming which I heard<br />
(=heard by me) relaxed me a lot<br />
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn̥ me<br />
welmí lousújeti PRES. IND.<br />
Apsrowom kleuwn̥ ts welmí lousujai<br />
Apsrowos qom kleumi (=mojo<br />
klumós) welmí me lousújeti<br />
To hear the water streaming relaxes me a lot<br />
I relax a lot when hearing the water<br />
streaming<br />
The water streaming which I hear (=heard<br />
by me) relaxes me a lot<br />
Apsrowokleuwr̥ me welmí lousújeti<br />
Apsrowom kluwṓs welmí lousujai<br />
Apsrowos qom kékluwa (=mojo<br />
klunós) welmí me lousújeti<br />
To have heard the water streaming<br />
relaxes me a lot<br />
Having heard the water streaming I relax a<br />
lot<br />
The water streaming which I have heard<br />
(=having been heard by me) relaxes me a<br />
lot<br />
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn̥ me<br />
welmí lousúseti FUT. IND.<br />
Apsrowom kleuwn̥ ts welmí loususāi<br />
Apsrowos qom kleusō (=mojo klumós)<br />
welmí me lousúseti<br />
To hear the water streaming will relax me<br />
a lot<br />
I will relax a lot when hearing the water<br />
streaming<br />
The water streaming which I wil hear<br />
(=heard by me) will relax me a lot<br />
170
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Wī bhāmi<br />
Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā́<br />
éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm<br />
ékseimn̥ tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāti<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhr̥ sus bhāsi<br />
Jod noqtí eksí éjesi wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāti PRES. SUB.<br />
To seem<br />
Your going out at night seems dangerous to<br />
me<br />
*You who go out by night seem bold to me<br />
It seems dangerous to me that you go out<br />
by night<br />
Wī noqterinóm eksostr̥ tewe meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāti<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí sodlós dhr̥ sus bhāsi<br />
Jod noqtí eksí sodēs wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāti AOR. SUB.<br />
Your having gone out at night seems<br />
dangerous to me<br />
*You who went out by night seem bold to<br />
me<br />
It seems dangerous to me that you went out<br />
by night<br />
Wī noqterinóm ekséis tewe meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāti<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí eisonts dhr̥ sus bhāsi<br />
Jod noqtí eksí éisēsi wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāti FUT. SUB.<br />
Your future going out at night seems<br />
dangerous to me<br />
*You who will go out by night seem bold to<br />
me<br />
It seems dangerous to me that you will go<br />
out by night<br />
Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā́<br />
éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm<br />
ékseimn̥ tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāt<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhr̥ sus bhās<br />
Jod noqtí eksí sodēs wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāt AOR. SUB.<br />
Your going out at night seemed dangerous<br />
to me<br />
*You who went out by night seemed bold<br />
to me<br />
It seemed dangerous to me that you went<br />
out by night<br />
171
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Wī noqterinóm eksostr̥ tewe meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāt AOR. INF.<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí sodlós dhr̥ sus bhās<br />
Jod noqtí eksí ijojes wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāt PLPF. SUB.<br />
Your having gone out at night seemed<br />
dangerous to me<br />
*You who had gone out by night seemed<br />
bold to me<br />
It seemed dangerous to me that you had<br />
gone out by night<br />
Wī noqterinóm ekséis tewe meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhāt FUT. INF.<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí eisonts dhr̥ sus bhās<br />
Jod noqtí eksí eisonts bhūsēs wī<br />
meghei pḗrowent bhāt AOR. PREC.<br />
COMP.<br />
Your future going out at night seemed<br />
dangerous to me<br />
*You who would go out by night seemed<br />
bold to me<br />
It seemed dangerous to me that you would<br />
go out by night thereafter<br />
Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā́<br />
éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm<br />
ékseimn̥ tewe meghei pḗrowent bhā́seti<br />
Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhr̥ sus bhā́seti<br />
Jod noqtí eksí éisēsi wī meghei<br />
pḗrowent bhā́seti FUT. SUB.<br />
Your going out at night will seem<br />
dangerous to me<br />
*You who will go out by will seem bold to<br />
me<br />
It will seem dangerous to me that you will<br />
go out by night thereafter<br />
Wī Prijotanantis seghonts bhāti moi<br />
sprowós<br />
The fact that Ferdinand is winning<br />
(winning Ferdinand) seems exciting to me<br />
Wī Prijotanéntejos seghos meghei<br />
sprowóm bhāti<br />
Ferdinand’s victory seems exciting to me<br />
172
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Mr̥ neumi<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kitus me mert<br />
AOR. IND.<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kijonts, me mert<br />
To worry<br />
The fact that he was not fixing the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
*He, not fixing the breakdown, worried me<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kijet me mert<br />
PRES. PROT.<br />
That (=because) he was not fixing the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kiwr̥ me mert<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kiwṓs, me mert<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kijət me mert<br />
PERF. IND.<br />
The fact that he had not fixed the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
*He, not having fixed the breakdown,<br />
worried me<br />
That (=because) he had not fixed the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kijes me mert<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kisonts, me mert<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kíbhūsēt me mert<br />
AOR. PREC.<br />
The fact that he would not fix the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
*He, not being to fix the breakdown,<br />
worried me<br />
That (=because) he would not fix the<br />
breakdown worried me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kitus me mr̥ neuti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kijonts, me mr̥ neuti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kíjeti me mr̥ neuti<br />
PRES. EFF.<br />
The fact that he does not fix the<br />
breakdown worries me<br />
He, not fixing the breakdown, worries me<br />
That (=because) he does not fix (=is not<br />
fixing) the breakdown worries me<br />
173
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkiwr ̥ ̥ me mr̥ neuti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kiwṓs, me mr̥ neuti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kije me mr̥ neuti<br />
PERF. IND.<br />
The fact that he has not fixed the<br />
breakdown worries me<br />
He, not having fixed the breakdown,<br />
worries me<br />
That (=because) he has not fixed the<br />
breakdown worries me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kijes me mr̥ neuti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kisonts, me mr̥ neuti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kíseti me mr̥ neuti<br />
FUT. IND.<br />
The fact that he will not fix the breakdown<br />
worries me<br />
*He, not being to fix the breakdown,<br />
worries me<br />
That (=because) he will not fix the<br />
breakdown worries me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kitus me mérseti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kijonts, me mérseti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kíseti me mérseti<br />
FUT. IND.<br />
The fact that he will not be fixing the<br />
breakdown will worry me<br />
He, not fixing the breakdown, will worry<br />
me<br />
That (=because) he will not be fixing the<br />
breakdown will worry me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkiwr ̥ ̥ me mérseti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kiwṓs, me mérseti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kiwṓs bhéwseti me<br />
mérseti<br />
FUT. PERF. IND.<br />
The fact that he won’t have fixed the<br />
breakdown will worry me<br />
He, not having fixed the breakdown, will<br />
worry me<br />
That (=because) he won’t have fixed the<br />
breakdown will worry me<br />
Esjo ekspótosjo nē sr̥ kijes me mérseti<br />
Is, ekspotom nē sr̥ kisonts, me mérseti<br />
Jod ekspotom nē sr̥ kisonts bhéwseti<br />
me mérseti<br />
The fact that he will not be fixing the<br />
breakdown thereafter will worry me<br />
*He, not being to fix the breakdown, will<br />
worry me<br />
That (=because) he will not fix the<br />
breakdown thereafter will worry me<br />
174
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Aiskróm esti<br />
Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā spekāt<br />
It is clear<br />
It was clear that she was looking at you<br />
Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus<br />
(ēst/bhwāt)<br />
Aiskrā ́ kāsjās tewom spektis<br />
(ēst/bhwāt)<br />
Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn̥<br />
(ēst/bhwāt)<br />
Aiskrā ́ tewom spékontī ēst/bhwāt<br />
Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā<br />
speksḗt AOR. PREC.<br />
Aiskrā ́ tewom spéksontī ēst/bhwāt<br />
Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā<br />
spoksāt PLPF. PROT.<br />
Aiskrā ́ tewom spekusī ēst/bhwāt<br />
It (was) clear her looking at you<br />
It (was) clear her looking at you<br />
It (was) clear her looking at you<br />
*She was a clear looker at you<br />
It was clear that she would be looking at<br />
you<br />
*She was a clear future-looker at you<br />
It was clear that she had been looking at<br />
you<br />
*She was a clear having-been-looker at you<br />
Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spékjeti<br />
Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus (esti)<br />
Aiskrā ́ kāsjās tewom spektis (esti)<br />
Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn̥ (esti)<br />
Aiskrā ́ tewom spékontī esti<br />
Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spekāt<br />
It is clear that she is looking at you<br />
It (is) clear her looking at you<br />
It (is) clear her looking at you<br />
It (is) clear her looking at you<br />
*She is a clear looker at you<br />
It is clear that she was looking at you<br />
Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spékseti<br />
Aiskróm bhéwseti jod tewom kā<br />
spékseti<br />
Aiskróm bhéwseti jod tewom kā<br />
spekusī bhéwseti<br />
Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus<br />
(bhéwseti)<br />
Aiskrā ́ kāsjās tewom spektis (bhéwseti)<br />
Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn̥<br />
(bhéwseti)<br />
It is clear that she will look / will be<br />
looking at you<br />
It will be clear that she will look / will be<br />
looking at you<br />
It will be clear that she will have looked/<br />
will have been looking at you<br />
It (will be) clear her looking at you<br />
It (will be) clear her looking at you<br />
It (will be) clear her looking at you<br />
175
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Smeirom esti/smeirom tod<br />
Smeirom bhūt/smeirom tod jod weghjā<br />
sr̥ kíjātor AOR. PROT.<br />
Smeirom (bhūt) weghjās sr̥ kidhjom<br />
Smeirom/smeirā (bhūt) weghjā<br />
sr̥ kíjomā<br />
Smeirom bhūt/smeirom tod jod weghjā<br />
sr̥ kíjətor/ sr̥ kinā ́ (bhé)bhowe PLPF. E.<br />
sr̥ kísātor/ sr̥ kinā ́ bhuwāt PLPF. PROT.<br />
Smeirom (bhūt) weghjās sr̥ kiwr̥<br />
Smeirom/smeirā (bhūt) weghjā sr̥ kinā́<br />
Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghjā<br />
sr̥ kíjetor PRES. EFF.<br />
Smeirom (esti) weghjās sr̥ kidhjom<br />
Smeirom/smeirā (esti) weghjā sr̥ kíjomā<br />
It is wonderful<br />
It was wonderful that the road was being<br />
repaired<br />
*It was wonderful the being repaired <strong>of</strong> the<br />
road (infinitive clause)<br />
*It was wonderful the being-repaired road<br />
(participle clause)<br />
It was wonderful that the road had been<br />
repaired/ *had been being repaired<br />
*It was wonderful the having been<br />
repaired <strong>of</strong> the road (infinitive clause)<br />
*It was wonderful the having-been<br />
repaired road (participle clause)<br />
It is wonderful that the road is being<br />
repaired<br />
*It is wonderful the being repaired <strong>of</strong> the<br />
road (infinitive clause)<br />
*It is wonderful the being-repaired road<br />
(participle clause)<br />
Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghjā<br />
sr̥ kijer/ sr̥ kinā ́ esti PF. IND.<br />
Smeirom (esti) weghjās srkiwr ̥ ̥<br />
Smeirom/smeirā (esti) weghjā sr̥ kinā́<br />
It is wonderful that the road has been<br />
repaired<br />
*It is wonderful the having been repaired<br />
<strong>of</strong> the road (infinitive clause)<br />
*It is wonderful the having-been-repaired<br />
road (participle clause)<br />
Smeirom bhéwseti/smeirom tod jod<br />
weghjā sr̥ kísetor FUT. IND.<br />
Smeirom (bhéwseti) weghjās<br />
sr̥ kidhjom<br />
Smeirom/smeirā (bhéwseti) weghjā<br />
sr̥ kíjomā<br />
It will be wonderful that the road will be<br />
repaired<br />
*It will be wonderful the being repaired <strong>of</strong><br />
the road (infinitive clause)<br />
*It will be wonderful the being-repaired<br />
road (participle clause)<br />
176
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
̥<br />
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Dhabhóm esti<br />
Dhabhóm bhūt/dhabhóm tod jod<br />
woghnom nkr̥ tóm bhúweti AOR. SUB.<br />
Dhabhós (bhūt) woghnonkr̥ tobhowos<br />
Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
(esn̥ t)<br />
It is surprising<br />
It was surprising that the car was (might<br />
be) intact<br />
*It was surprising the intact condition <strong>of</strong><br />
the car (nominal clause)<br />
*It was surprising the being-intact <strong>of</strong> the<br />
car (participle clause)<br />
Dhabhóm bhūt/dhabhóm tod jod<br />
woghnom nkr̥ tóm bhówissēt PLPF.<br />
PREC.<br />
Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnonkrtobheuwr ̥ ̥<br />
Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
(esn̥ t)<br />
It was surprising that the car had been<br />
(might have been) intact<br />
*It was surprising the having-been-intact<br />
<strong>of</strong> the car (infinitive clause)<br />
*It was surprising the having-been-intact<br />
car (participle clause)<br />
Dhabhóm esti jod woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
éseti PRES. SUB.<br />
Dhabhós (esti) woghnonkr̥ tobhowos<br />
Dhabhóm (esti) woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
(esn̥ t)<br />
It is surprising that the car is (may be)<br />
intact<br />
*It is surprising the intact condition <strong>of</strong> the<br />
car (nominal clause)<br />
*It is surprising the being-intact <strong>of</strong> the car<br />
(participle clause)<br />
Dhabhóm esti/dhabhóm tod jod<br />
woghnom nkr̥ tóm bhowet PF. SUB.<br />
Dhabhóm (esti) woghnonkr̥ tobheuwr̥<br />
Dhabhóm (esti) woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
bhebhuwós<br />
It is surprising that the car has been (may<br />
have been) intact<br />
*It is surprising the having-been-intact <strong>of</strong><br />
the car (infinitive clause)<br />
*It is surprising the having-been-intact car<br />
(participle clause)<br />
Dhabhóm bhéwseti/dhabhóm tod jod<br />
woghnom nkr̥ tóm bhéwsēti FUT. SUB.<br />
Dhabhós bhéwseti<br />
woghnonkr̥ tobhowos<br />
Dhabhóm bhéwseti woghnom nkr̥ tóm<br />
(esn̥ t)<br />
It will be surprising that the car will be<br />
intact<br />
*It will be surprising the intact condition<br />
<strong>of</strong> the car (nominal clause)<br />
*It will be surprising the being-intact <strong>of</strong> the<br />
car (participle clause)<br />
177
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Ud wr̥ tai<br />
Ud wr̥ teto jod pūrés dōm nē<br />
stipēbhwāt<br />
To result<br />
It resulted that the house was not insured<br />
against fire<br />
Ud wr̥ teto pūrés dōm nē stipētum<br />
Ud wr̥ teto pūrés dōm nē stipējonts<br />
The house resulted not to be insured<br />
against fire<br />
The house resulted not insured against fire<br />
Ud wr̥ tetói jod pūrés dōm nē stipḗjeti<br />
Ud wr̥ tetói pūrés dōm nē stipētum<br />
Ud wr̥ tetói pūrés dōm nē stipējonts<br />
It results that the house is not insured<br />
against fire<br />
The house results not to be insured against<br />
fire<br />
The house results not insured against fire<br />
Ud wr̥ tsetói jod pūrés dōm nē stipḗseti<br />
Ud wr̥ tsetói pūrés dōm nē stipētum<br />
Ud wr̥ tsetói pūrés dōm nē stipējonts<br />
Gígistoi<br />
Gisto jod akmōn upo tétleto<br />
Akmōn gisto upo tlāwr̥<br />
Akmōn upotlānós gisto<br />
It will result that the house will not be<br />
insured against fire<br />
The house will result not to be insured<br />
against fire<br />
The house will result not insured against<br />
fire<br />
It happens<br />
It happened that the stone had been<br />
removed<br />
The stone happened to have been removed<br />
*The stone happened removed<br />
Gígistoi jod akmōn upo tetler<br />
Akmōn gígistoi upo tlāwr̥<br />
Akmōn upotlānós gígistoi<br />
It happens that the stone has been removed<br />
The stone happens to have been removed<br />
*The stone happens removed<br />
178
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Géisetoi jod akmōn upo tlānós<br />
bhéwseti<br />
Akmōn géisetoi upo tlāwr̥<br />
Akmōn upotlānós géisetoi<br />
It happens that the stone will have been<br />
removed<br />
The stone will happen to have been<br />
removed<br />
*The stone will happen removed<br />
Onja sjūtra<br />
Skelō<br />
Pelu mojo wérgosjo agrowikí kosmi<br />
dhētéwijom: arwom qelstum skelō,<br />
kaplons tekstum, awigsnām amstum,<br />
grānóm werstum, dheighlām peistum,<br />
prestum debhtumqe<br />
Moghō<br />
Móghesi chedhjō moi wədn̥ krauqjom<br />
poti dōtum<br />
Apo tēd wédhetor<br />
Apo tēd wédhontor esjās dusjā́s<br />
kénstejes, jod kom nē séghetoi neqe<br />
prōd bhéudheti, kowéjeti, méndhetoi<br />
neqe epi stístāti<br />
Apo tēd wedhontor esjās dusjā́s<br />
kénstejes, jod kom nē séghāto neqe pro<br />
bhudhāt, kowébhuwāt, mn̥ dhāto neqe<br />
epi stāwāt<br />
Apo tēd wedhontor esjās dusjā́s<br />
kénstejes, jod kom nē sóghsāto neqe<br />
prōd bhoudhsāt, kowébhowsāt,<br />
móndhsāto neqe epi stéstowsāt<br />
Apo tēd wédhsontor esjās dusjā́s<br />
kénstejes, jod kom nē soghei neqe prōd<br />
bhoudhe, kowébhowe, mondhei neqe<br />
epi stéstowe<br />
Apo tēd wédhsontor esjās dusjā́s<br />
kénstejes, jod kom nē soghnā ́ neqe prōd<br />
bhudhusī, kowebhowusī, mn̥ dhnā́ neqe<br />
epi stestəwusī (bhéwseti)<br />
Other clauses<br />
Must, have to<br />
Much work has to be done by me in this<br />
farm: I have to furrow the land, to fashion<br />
the tools, to reap the oat, to thresh the<br />
grain, to crush, press and knead the dough<br />
Can<br />
Can you please pass me the jug <strong>of</strong> water<br />
To be due to the fact<br />
Her bad marks are due to the fact that she<br />
neither gets concentrated, pays attention, is<br />
perceptive, feels interest nor devotes herself<br />
Her bad marks were due to the fact that she<br />
would neither get concentrated, pay<br />
attention, be perceptive, feel interest nor<br />
devote herself<br />
Her bad marks were due to the fact that she<br />
had neither got concentrated, payed<br />
attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor<br />
devoted herself<br />
Her bad marks will be due to the fact that<br />
she has neither got concentrated, payed<br />
attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor<br />
devoted herself<br />
Her bad marks will be due to the fact that<br />
she will have neither got concentrated,<br />
payed attention, been perceptive, felt<br />
interest nor devoted herself<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
ənábhōrosjūtra<br />
n̥swebhodhja éndoikwa<br />
Wīrós so qos anchins trins domoi éiketi<br />
Cenā sā qām móndhochei widóm<br />
Qām nokteu n̥komes polim déiristā<br />
bhūt (=polis qām nokteu n̥komes<br />
déiristā bhūt: praisodospātis )<br />
Wīróm medóm qesjo sūnús jekonjoi<br />
esti<br />
Putlō galóm qosmōi dwirotlām dédōwa<br />
Ati stelpe delr̥, qosmi troikta<br />
Prāi maqām tebhei stelō, qã eksi itājō<br />
Plāmn̥ tod qosmēd gnōnom ghōda<br />
Rūnājā́m n̥ kējō qā tr̥ qe mn̥ néwetoi<br />
Neqid esti qod me croughḗjēti<br />
n̥swebhodhja witóreja<br />
Dhghjesi tm̥klom ghosóm, (edlom) qod<br />
meghei wesprom atibhīt solwom<br />
Marijām sāgíjomos, qām ambhí dūdēd<br />
neqid widmé<br />
Nokteu Mr̥ goselwām n̥ komes polim, qā<br />
déiristā bhūt<br />
Dōdhi-moi tod, qō tewom jewtum<br />
moghsō<br />
Dsām bhwitṓs Klutowoikom proti sonti,<br />
qesjo rēgos dūtjos ludhét<br />
Prāi sesedét empiwídjejom komnom,<br />
qosmi dhōjoi suwids esti<br />
Relative clauses<br />
Dependent defining (specificative)<br />
This is the man who has three snakes at<br />
home<br />
This is the woman I saw on Monday<br />
The city we arrived in by night was<br />
splendid (atraction <strong>of</strong> the antecedent)<br />
I met the man, whose son is in hospital<br />
I talked with the child to whom I gave the<br />
bike<br />
Revise the calculation in which you got<br />
wrong<br />
I’ll introduce you to the girl I’m going out<br />
with<br />
This is the book I got the information from<br />
I need a secretary which can translate<br />
There is nothing that can make me sad<br />
Dependent descriptive (explicative)<br />
Yesterday I ate curdled milk, (food) which<br />
repeated on me during the whole evening<br />
We are looking for Mary, about whom we<br />
don’t know anything since long ago<br />
We arrived by night in Brussels city, which<br />
was splendid<br />
Give me that, with which I will be able to<br />
help you<br />
They started war against Ludovic, king <strong>of</strong><br />
whom a messenger came<br />
He chaired the meeting about entomology,<br />
subject in which he is an expert<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Newom imós widhunjom, qosmi<br />
(qodhei) nū qontlos esti<br />
Pelu n̥kējet tlā́tjosjo, qād apólūtim<br />
egējet<br />
We are going to the new park, in which<br />
(where) there is now a festival<br />
He needs a lot <strong>of</strong> patience, which he<br />
absolutely lacks<br />
Enterwoidos Karolã ikét, qesãi dūdom<br />
worge<br />
Prejr̥ leloubhóm pólejos énesās, qesāi<br />
wosa tisr̥ns séptm̥tims<br />
Swebhodhja éndoikwa<br />
Ud jos ájeri stāt tosmōi deiwos dōt<br />
Jom deiwōs lubhjont júwenis məríjeto<br />
Tebhei dāsō solwa ja n̥kḗjēsi<br />
Tosjo bhibhje ja wewqēs<br />
Jons nē werānt toibhos stēlām regsānt<br />
Suwoljām prijejoim toisom joibhis<br />
olnom bhwitum moghō<br />
Mē trikḗs jodhei (josmi) prīsnim<br />
dusqorōs tebhei bhūnt<br />
Dōdhi-moi (tod) jō tewom jewtum<br />
moghsō<br />
He had an interview with Carol, for whom<br />
he has long been working<br />
I was delighted by the charm <strong>of</strong> that city, in<br />
which (where) I spent (remained) three<br />
weeks<br />
Independent defining (specificative)<br />
God gives to this who wakes up early (It is<br />
the early bird that catches the worm)<br />
The one whom the gods love dies young<br />
I’ll give you all you need<br />
I’m afraid <strong>of</strong> what you may say<br />
For any whom they did not find, they<br />
raised a stele<br />
I’d like to thank the good will <strong>of</strong> those with<br />
whom I can start the project<br />
Don’t get wrong where you had difficulties<br />
before (=don’t make the same mistake)<br />
Give me that with which I will be able to<br />
help you<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Módesjos wertos<br />
Sóikejos<br />
Wəlos stānom dikét, qosmi klīlísōnto<br />
Neqis n̥ sme jos jéwēti (esti)<br />
Wéismenjos (káiwotos deiktisjū́ troisu)<br />
Prōd ənuktḗd wr̥ tesói, jos/ qos neqid<br />
n̥ sméi dídōsi<br />
Apóm eksloitrom tāsom obhistóm qod<br />
ēst, auloworgos apo wḗwore<br />
Kómseqmenjos<br />
Qis so dhwolnóteros, jos nē wekti<br />
prijos-two bhewtum<br />
Upódhētijos<br />
Ja nē woida, apo nē deikō weistum<br />
Ja tr̥ pijá sonti, nē dhḗsomos<br />
Tebhei sqom mē ́ n̥ wənmá (=ja<br />
n̥ wənmá sonti) dhētum<br />
Pətēwoqórejos ənábhōros<br />
Jos (qis) lówonjom eitum n̥ kḗjēti, nū<br />
éjeti<br />
Jos (qis) domuwergom nē dhédhōjet,<br />
edjḗw dḗmtijom éikseti gnṓmenjom<br />
Jos (qis) domuwergom edjḗw dhidhẽt<br />
(dhedhəwṓs sjēti), usrom dhḗmenjom<br />
éikseti gnṓmenjom<br />
Jos (qis) pəróstətom nē kléusēti<br />
mémbhsetor<br />
Jos (qis) pəróstətom nē klusoit mm̥ bhoitor<br />
Modal value<br />
Final<br />
The leader indicated the place where (in<br />
which) they should camp (=so that they<br />
would camp)<br />
(There is) nobody to help us (=who may<br />
help us)<br />
Causal (only in indicative clauses)<br />
You behave strangely, since you don’t give<br />
us anything<br />
The drainpipe <strong>of</strong> these waters, being<br />
obstructed, the plumber unblocked it<br />
Consecutive<br />
Who is so crazy, that does not want to be<br />
your friend<br />
Conditional<br />
If (what) I don’t know, I don’t pretend I<br />
know it<br />
If it (what) is ugly, we won’t do it<br />
I told you not to do (it if it) what is not<br />
beautiful<br />
Open class relation<br />
(Anyone) who needs to to go to the toilet<br />
should do it now<br />
(Anyone) who hasn’t done the homework<br />
will have a negative mark today<br />
(Anyone) who does the homework today<br />
will have a positive mark tomorrow<br />
(Anyone) who does not obey the boss will<br />
be punished<br />
182
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
(Anyone) who would not obey the boss<br />
would be punished<br />
Jos (qis) mewom pos cemtum chélēti,<br />
apo sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm<br />
ghəbhjētí enim me séqētoi<br />
An qis mewom pos cemtum chéleti, apo<br />
sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm ̥ ghəbhjētí<br />
enim me séqētoi<br />
An qis mewom pos cemtum chélēti, apo<br />
sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm ̥ ghəbhjētí<br />
enim me séqētoi<br />
Jos (qis) ousins kléumenei éikēti,<br />
kléwēti<br />
An qis ousins kléumenei éiketi, kléwēti<br />
(Anyone) who desires to come after me, let<br />
him deny himself and take up his cross and<br />
follow me<br />
If any one desires to come after me, let him<br />
deny himself and take up his cross and<br />
follow me<br />
If any one ever desires to come after me, let<br />
him deny himself and take up his cross and<br />
follow me<br />
(Anyone) who has ears to hear, let him hear<br />
If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear<br />
183
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Ambhistānosjūtra<br />
Soikowōdos<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
ei, dō, ad<br />
Somós upologhos promei upojukteiqe<br />
sjū́ troisu<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljām kelutewei<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljām kélunqos<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljām kelutjei<br />
Wodhlom sola ad Angljām kelutim<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljākelutim ad<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljākelutisoikōi<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljākelutijoqōi<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljām setitewei<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljãi setitéwijãi<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljām ad setíjotinām<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljãs ad setitim<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitim ad<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitisoikōi<br />
Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitijoqōi<br />
Circumstancial clauses<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> finality<br />
The same subject in principal and in<br />
subordinate clauses<br />
I bought a guide to travel to England<br />
I bought a guide intending to go to England<br />
I bought a guide for the trip to England<br />
I bought a guide for the trip to England<br />
I bought a guide for the trip to England<br />
I bought a guide for the sake <strong>of</strong> the trip to<br />
England<br />
I bought a guide with a view to travel to<br />
England<br />
I bought a guide to visit England<br />
*I bought a guide for England to be visited<br />
*I bought a guide for England to be visited<br />
I bought a guide for the visit <strong>of</strong> England<br />
I bought a guide for the visit <strong>of</strong> England<br />
I bought a guide for the sake <strong>of</strong> visiting<br />
England<br />
I bought a guide with a view to visit<br />
England<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Éjomos sweptum<br />
Éjomos alādhjom<br />
Paulom (udwiklóm) protiwérumn ̥<br />
olnom énteri klawstum solwod<br />
mógheti<br />
Paulom (udwiklóm) protiwérumn ̥ enim<br />
olnom énteri solwod kláwdetor<br />
Kom paulom (udwiklóm) ā́noke<br />
protiwérumn ̥ olnom énteri klawstewei<br />
solwod<br />
Ōkinós esmi qid wógosjo euktum<br />
kerktejei/ kerktewei<br />
Ōkinós esmi qid wógosjo euktewi/<br />
eukteī́ kerktejei/ kerktewei<br />
Mājósn̥ s jotnons dhēnt spordhām<br />
wiktewei<br />
Let´s go to sleep<br />
Let’s go for a walk<br />
A small (upcoming) setback may block the<br />
entire project<br />
A small (upcoming) setback and the entire<br />
project is blocked<br />
A small (upcoming) setback is enough to<br />
block the entire project<br />
I am ready to practise some sport to get<br />
slimmer<br />
I am ready to the practice <strong>of</strong> some sport to<br />
get slimmer<br />
They made big efforts to win the match<br />
Kritṓu upologhōu kaputsjūtrei<br />
upjougosjūtreiqe<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Mājósn̥ s jotnons dhēnt spordhãi<br />
wiktéwijãi<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojowōdōi<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojī wōdōi<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojī west(e)jei<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojom<br />
westewei<br />
Different subjects in principal and in<br />
subordinate clause<br />
Perfective clause<br />
*They made big efforts for the match to be<br />
won<br />
*I sent a messenger for the account <strong>of</strong> the<br />
result to you<br />
I sent a messenger to tell you the result<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojom ad<br />
wédotinom<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojōi<br />
westéwijōi<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm ei udojom tebhei<br />
wedḗt (AOR SUB.)<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm ei udojom tebhei<br />
wedīt (AOR. OPT.)<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm qos udojom tebhei<br />
wedḗt (AOR SUB.)<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm qos udojom tebhei<br />
wedīt (AOR. OPT.)<br />
Dūtjom sesentóm udojom tebhei<br />
wedontm̥<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qis skombet PF. SUB.<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qis skomboit<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qim skembwenei<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qis skm̥ bēt<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qis skm̥ boit<br />
Koisā́jonti mē qim skembesei<br />
*I sent a messenger for the result to be told<br />
to you<br />
*I sent a messenger for the result to be told<br />
to you<br />
I sent a messenger so that he could tell you<br />
the result<br />
I sent a messenger so that he would tell you<br />
the result<br />
I sent a messenger who could tell you the<br />
result<br />
I sent a messenger who would tell you the<br />
result<br />
*I sent a messenger telling you the result<br />
They take care that no one has got lost<br />
They take care that no one may have got<br />
lost<br />
They take care that no one has got lost<br />
They take care that no one will get lost<br />
They take care that no one may get lost<br />
They take care that no one will get lost<br />
Koisā́sonti mē qis skm̥ bnós bhéwsēti<br />
Koisā́sonti mē qim skembwenei<br />
Qid dhidhīmés, ei stístāsēt mēqe<br />
piptsēt<br />
Qid dhəjīmés, ei stístāsēt mēqe<br />
piptsēt<br />
They will take care that no one will have<br />
got lost<br />
They will take care that no one will have<br />
got lost<br />
What could we do, so that it kept standing<br />
and did not fall<br />
What could we have done, so that it had<br />
kept standing and had not fallen<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtrom<br />
Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ke-éterosom<br />
qīmãi twe ad<br />
Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ei ke-éteroi twe<br />
qīmā́ jōnti/ qīmā́ joijənt PRES. SUB./<br />
OPT.<br />
Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ke-éteroīs<br />
qīmādhjōi<br />
Imperfective clause<br />
*Be polite, for the others’ appreciation to<br />
you<br />
Be polite, so that the others appreciate<br />
you<br />
Be polite to be appreciated by the others<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr ̥ ménkēti<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr̥ menkoit<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr̥ menktewei<br />
They take care that no food is lacking<br />
They take care that no food may be lacking<br />
They take care that no food is lacking<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr̥ ménksēti<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr̥ menksoit<br />
Koisā́jonti mē ghosr̥ menkesei<br />
They take care that no food will be lacking<br />
They take care that no food may be lacking<br />
in the future<br />
They take care that no food will be lacking<br />
Kóisābhūnt (koisāsn̥ t) mē ghosr ̥<br />
ménkēti<br />
Kóisābhūnt (koisāsn̥ t) mē ghosr̥<br />
menkoit<br />
Kóisābhūnt (koisāsn̥ t) mē ghosr̥<br />
menktewei<br />
They took care that no food was lacking<br />
They took care that no food might be<br />
lacking<br />
They took care that no food was lacking<br />
Koisā́sonti mē ghosr ̥ ménkēti<br />
Koisā́sonti mē ghosr̥ menkoit<br />
Koisā́sonti mē ghosr̥ menktewei<br />
They will take care that no food will be<br />
lacking<br />
They will take care that no food may be<br />
lacking<br />
They will take care that no food will be<br />
lacking<br />
Koisā́sonti mē ghosr ̥ ménksēti<br />
They will take care that no food will be<br />
lacking thereafter<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Stānowōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> place<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
jo(n)dhēd; jodhei; jōi, jō, jote<br />
Proitistānom<br />
Eksí nāwes pluwónt jondhēd prāwnim<br />
ānkn̥ t<br />
Stānom qodhei qertis gígistoi<br />
Urúsodejes qísāmes jodhei en<br />
klīlī́medha<br />
Place <strong>of</strong> departure<br />
The ships set sail from the place where<br />
they had first arrived<br />
Place where the action takes place<br />
We felt pretty comfortable where we had<br />
camped<br />
Soikos<br />
Einqos jote prōd kseutrom<br />
stānetéwijom<br />
Destination<br />
He has to go where they can fix his shaver<br />
Módesjom prótinom<br />
Woghejō twe jote chélesi<br />
Woghejō twe jote chélēsi<br />
Woghejō twe jote chelois<br />
Modal contrast<br />
I take you where you want<br />
I take you where you may want<br />
I take you where you may ever want<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Mēlowōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> temporality<br />
Relative<br />
location <strong>of</strong> the<br />
principal<br />
Absolute location<br />
<strong>of</strong> the action<br />
Action limit not marked<br />
Action limit marked<br />
Mixed composition<br />
Singular action Iterative action Singular action Iterative action Singular<br />
action<br />
Iterative<br />
action<br />
sentence<br />
Anterior Past [11a] [11b] [11c] [11d]<br />
Present/atemporal [12a] [12b] [12c] [12d]<br />
Future [13a] [13b] [13c] [13d]<br />
Simultaneous Past [21a] [21b] [21c] [21d] [21e] [21f]<br />
Present/atemporal ----- [22b] [22c] [22d] ----- -----<br />
Future [23a] [23b] [23c] [23d] [23e] [23f]<br />
Posterior Past [31a] [31b] [31c] [31d]<br />
Present/atemporal [32a] [32b] [32c] [32d]<br />
Future [33a] [33b] [33c] [33d]<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Antimēlowōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> anteriority<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
anti qām, prāi qām, pərosei, próteri,<br />
préiwijosi, preitjom, prótəmom,<br />
dom, dōqod, adqod, adnēqod<br />
dōnēqod, étiqe, prīsnim<br />
11a<br />
12a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi kr̥pjons eksí owóm qām en<br />
sodóm AOR. EFF. + AOR EFF.<br />
Énsostjes prāi kr̥pjons eksí<br />
owóm<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Éneisonts kr̥pjons eksí owóm<br />
Prāi wēra tesãi wedóm qām<br />
kr̥dītā ́ bhūjḗt<br />
Prāi sm̥dhēmn̥ pagtóm esti qām<br />
strudoint<br />
Prāi sm̥dhēmn̥ págsēto qām<br />
strudoint AOR. PREC. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi kr̥pjons eksí ōwa qām en<br />
ijoja PF. IND. + PF. IND<br />
Énsostjes prāi kr̥pjons eksí ōwa<br />
11a<br />
12a<br />
Actual fact<br />
I took <strong>of</strong>f my shoes before I entered<br />
Before (my) going inside I took <strong>of</strong>f<br />
my shoes<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
With a view to going in, I took <strong>of</strong>f<br />
my shoes<br />
I told her the truth before she got<br />
angry<br />
In anticipation <strong>of</strong> the fight, a treaty<br />
was struck<br />
In anticipation <strong>of</strong> the fight, a treaty<br />
would be struck<br />
Actual fact<br />
I’ve taken <strong>of</strong>f my shoes before<br />
entering<br />
Before (my) going inside I’ve taken<br />
<strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Prāi kr̥pjons eksí owō qām en<br />
eimi PRES. EFF.+ PRES. EFF.<br />
Énsostjes prāi kr̥pjons eksí owō<br />
I am taking <strong>of</strong>f my shoes before<br />
entering<br />
Before (my) going inside I am<br />
taking <strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Éneisonts kr̥pjons eksi ōwa<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
With a view to going in, I’ve taken<br />
<strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Prāi wēra tesãi wōda qām<br />
kr̥dītā ́ bhūjḗt/sjēt PF. IND. +<br />
AOR./PR. OPT.<br />
Éneisonts kr̥pjons eksi ewō<br />
I’ve told her the truth so that she<br />
may not get/be angry<br />
With a view to going in, am taking<br />
<strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Prāi wēra tesãi wedō qām<br />
kr̥ dītā ́ bhūjḗt PRES. EFF. + AOR.<br />
OPT.<br />
I am telling her the truth so that she<br />
may not get angry<br />
190
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
13a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi kr̥pjons eksí owsō qām en<br />
sódōmi FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
13a<br />
Actual fact<br />
I will take <strong>of</strong>f my shoes before<br />
entering<br />
Énsostjes prāi kr̥pjons eksí<br />
owsō<br />
Before (my) going inside I will take<br />
<strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Prāi seqe tod qām eksí sodēs<br />
PRES. IMP. + AOR. SUB.<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Éneisonts kr̥pjons eksi owsō<br />
Say this before you go out<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
With a view to going in, I will take<br />
<strong>of</strong>f my shoes<br />
Prāi wēra tesãi wedsō qām<br />
kr̥dītā ́ bhūjḗt FUT. IND. + AOR.<br />
OPT.<br />
I will tell her the truth before she<br />
gets angry<br />
Nē Rōmājōm swēdhus esti upo qim<br />
dōtum prāi qām loknós dr̥kã en dr̥kām<br />
lókontn̥s eikoit joqe énklēmn̥ kepoit<br />
wertrōi loktesmn̥ proti dhētéwijōi<br />
PRES. IND.+ PRES. OPT.+AOR. OPT<br />
It is not the custom <strong>of</strong> the Romans to hand<br />
over anyone before the accused has (met)<br />
the accusers face to face and has taken an<br />
opportunity to make a defense against the<br />
charge<br />
191
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
11b<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro ghawāt qām<br />
ludhāt AOR. PROT.<br />
11b<br />
Actual fact<br />
He would always phone before<br />
coming<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro ghawāt cemtjes<br />
He would always phone before (his)<br />
coming<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro<br />
ghawāt PART. FUT.+AOR. PROT.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
He would always phone before with<br />
a view to coming<br />
12b<br />
Prāi áiwesi lughānt qām<br />
alchom apo dəjent AOR. PROT. +<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro ghawet qām<br />
cemjet PRES. PROT.<br />
12b<br />
They would always lie before giving<br />
back the money<br />
Actual fact<br />
He always phones before coming<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro ghawet cemtjes<br />
He always phones before (his)<br />
coming<br />
Prāi dhūlā tercet quām nedhet<br />
The tempest threatens before it rises<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro<br />
ghawet.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
He always phones before with a<br />
view to coming<br />
Prāi áiwesi leughont qām<br />
alchom apo dəjent PRES. PROT.+<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
They always lie before giving back<br />
the money<br />
13b<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro cháwseti qām<br />
ludhēt FUT. IND..+ AOR. SUB.<br />
13b<br />
Actual fact<br />
He will always phone before<br />
coming<br />
Prāi áiwesi pro cháwseti<br />
cemtjes<br />
He will always phone before his<br />
coming (=13a)<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro<br />
cháwseti<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
He will always phone before with a<br />
view to coming (=13a)<br />
Prāi áiwesi léughsonti qām<br />
alchom apo dəjent FUT. IND..+<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
They will always lie before giving<br />
back the money<br />
192
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
11c<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Swpomes/swpāmes adqod<br />
stropom kleumes<br />
AOR. EFF./PROT.+AOR. EFF<br />
11c<br />
Actual fact<br />
We kept sleeping until we heard the<br />
noise<br />
Skroibht/skróibhsāto adqod wī<br />
tod lijónt PLPF. EFF./PROT.+AOR.<br />
EFF.<br />
It remained written until they<br />
deleted it<br />
Seghos nē prāi karét qām polim<br />
ept AOR. EFF.+AOR. EFF.<br />
He did not announce the victory<br />
until he reached the city<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Swpāmes adqod stropom<br />
kléwīmes (=dō stropoklūtim)<br />
AOR. PROT.+ AOR. OPT.<br />
Skróibhsāto adqod wī tod<br />
lijoint (=dō wilojom)<br />
Seghom prāi nē karsēt qām<br />
polim epoit AOR. PREC. + AOR.<br />
OPT.<br />
(=əptā́m dō polim, eptim dō<br />
pólejos, dō polīptím)<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We kept sleeping until we would<br />
hear any noise<br />
It remained written until they could<br />
delete it (=until deletion)<br />
He would not announce the victory<br />
until he would reach the city<br />
12c<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Tlóqomedha adqod eksí<br />
kréddhēmn̥ ausijōmes<br />
PRES. EFF. + AOR. SUB.<br />
Skroibhei adqod wī tod lijōnt<br />
PF. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
12c<br />
Actual fact<br />
We are talking until we run out <strong>of</strong><br />
credit<br />
It remains written until they delete it<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Tlóqomedha adqod eksí<br />
kréddhēmn̥ ausijoimes<br />
PRES. EFF. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Skroibhei adqod wī tod lijoint<br />
PF. IND. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We are talking until we may run out<br />
<strong>of</strong> credit<br />
It remains written until they may<br />
delete it<br />
13c<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Swépsomos adqod stropom<br />
kléuwomes<br />
FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
13c<br />
Actual fact<br />
We’ll be sleeping until we hear the<br />
noise<br />
Skribhtóm bhéwseti adqod<br />
wī tod lijōnt<br />
It will remain written until they will<br />
delete it<br />
Trejes procecəwoses bhéwsonti<br />
mḗnoses adqod eksí wēra<br />
weront<br />
FUT. PF. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
Three months will elapse<br />
until/before they discover the truth<br />
193
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Swépsomos adqod stropom<br />
kléwīmes<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We’ll be sleeping until we might<br />
hear the noise<br />
Skribhtóm bhéwseti adqod<br />
wī tod lijoint<br />
It will remain written until they can<br />
delete it<br />
Trejes procecəwoses bhéwsonti<br />
mḗnoses adqod eksí wēra<br />
werjént<br />
Three months will elapse<br />
until/before they might discover<br />
the truth<br />
11d<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelujāmes adqod<br />
mm̥bhomes<br />
AOR. PROT. + AOR. EFF.<br />
11d<br />
Actual fact<br />
We would travel without paying<br />
until we got punished<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelujāmes n̥seróm<br />
dō mombhom<br />
We would travel without paying<br />
until our punishement<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelújāmes adqod<br />
mm̥bhoimes<br />
AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We travelled without paying until<br />
we could get punished<br />
11d<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu nitjēd kelújomes<br />
adqod mémbhomes<br />
PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT.<br />
12d<br />
Actual fact<br />
We usually travel without paying<br />
until we get punished<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelújomes adqod<br />
m mm̥bhoimes<br />
PRES. PROT. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We are travelling without paying<br />
until we get punished<br />
11d<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelúsomes adqod<br />
mm̥bhēmes<br />
FUT. + AOR. SUB.<br />
13d<br />
Actual fact<br />
We will travel without paying until<br />
we get punished<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Leumn̥ əneu kelúsomes adqod<br />
mm̥bhoimes<br />
FUT. + AOR. OPT.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
We will travel without paying until<br />
we (may) get punished<br />
194
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Səmitiwōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> simultaneity<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
seijod, qidei, jāwn̥ ts<br />
səm, səmitū, jom, dom, mom, -<br />
mētrom<br />
21a<br />
Pródoikots jom petet, stenmn̥<br />
qesnim str̥pet<br />
21a<br />
When the actor fell down, the<br />
orchestra rumbled plaintively<br />
Pródoiketi piptn̥ tí, stenmn̥<br />
qesnim str̥pet<br />
*The actor falling down, the<br />
orthestra rumbled plaintevely<br />
(En) pródoiketos potoi, stenmn̥<br />
qesnim str̥pet<br />
With the actor’s downfall the<br />
orchestra rumbled plaintively<br />
Ksuróm jom eksí dhr̥ ghét,<br />
tresoma<br />
When he took out the knife, I got<br />
scared<br />
Ksuróm eksí dhraghn̥ tí<br />
(dhr̥ ghlō), tresoma<br />
When taking out the knife (having<br />
taken out), I got scared<br />
Ksuróm en (esjo) dhraghtewi<br />
tresoma<br />
In (his) taking out the knife, I got<br />
scared<br />
22a<br />
[ménketi]<br />
22a<br />
[uacat]<br />
23a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Pródoikots jom pétseti, stenmn̥<br />
qesnim strépseti 2x FUT. IND.<br />
23a<br />
Actual fact<br />
When the actor falls down, the<br />
orchestra will rumble plaintively<br />
(En) pródoiketos potoi, stenmn̥<br />
qesnim strépseti<br />
With the actor’s downfall the<br />
orchestra will rumble plaintively<br />
Apo jom éisesi, dhworim<br />
klawde<br />
When you go, close the door<br />
Apo jonts dhworim klawde<br />
When going, close the door<br />
En apo itewi/ (en) apo ojoi<br />
dhworim klawde<br />
When going, close the door<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Sedos jom dr̥kōm, sedsō<br />
AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
When I see a seat, I will sit down<br />
Sedos jom dr̥koijəm, sedsō<br />
AOR. OPT. + FUT. IND.<br />
When I happen to see a seat, I will<br />
sit down<br />
195
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
21b<br />
Stoighom jom trām (=stoighom<br />
sei trām, áiwesi déksterō-laiwō<br />
spekām<br />
21b<br />
When crossing a street (=everytime<br />
I crossed a street), I always looked<br />
right and left<br />
Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi<br />
déksterō-laiwō spekām<br />
*In the crossing a street, I always<br />
looked right and left<br />
Stoighom trānts (teronts),<br />
áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekām<br />
As I crossed a street, I always<br />
looked right and left<br />
Bhlōtom dr̥kāt sei, menāt wesr̥<br />
jāmi bhewtum (kolisposmḗlejā)<br />
When he saw a flower, he would<br />
think it was already spring (quasipost.)<br />
Bhlōtom dr̥klós, menāt wesr̥<br />
jāmi bhewtum (posmḗlejā)<br />
Bhlōtom en dr̥ktewi/ en<br />
dr̥kteni, menāt wesr̥ jāmi<br />
bhewtum<br />
Nébhesē perti jom imés<br />
bhíbhīmes<br />
Nébhesē perti jontes bhíbhīmes<br />
Having seen a flower, he would<br />
think it was already spring<br />
(posterior)<br />
*In seing a flower, he would think it<br />
was already spring<br />
When we passed through the cloud<br />
we were afraid<br />
When we passed through the cloud<br />
we were afraid<br />
Nébhesē perti en itewi<br />
bhíbhīmes<br />
*In passing through the cloud, we<br />
were afraid<br />
22b<br />
Stoighom terom sei, (áiwesi)<br />
déksterō-laiwō spekjom<br />
22b<br />
Everytime I cross a street, I look<br />
right and left<br />
Stoighom jom terō, áiwesi<br />
déksterō-laiwō spekjō<br />
When crossing a street, I always look<br />
right and left<br />
Stoighom trānts (teronts),<br />
áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekjō<br />
As I cross a street, I always look<br />
right and left<br />
Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi<br />
déksterō-laiwō spekjō<br />
*In the crossing a street, I always<br />
look right and left<br />
23b<br />
Séikena ta en upo seqdhjoi,<br />
Einos séqomna sénseti qérmona,<br />
qelnubhūmn̥ qérmona sm̥ pl̥ nānts<br />
Stoighom jom tersō, áiwesi<br />
déksterō-laiwō speksō<br />
Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi<br />
déksterō-laiwō speksō<br />
23b<br />
In pursuing these objectives, the<br />
Union shall carry out the following<br />
activities, complementing the<br />
activities carried out in the Member<br />
States<br />
When I will cross a street, I will<br />
always look right and left<br />
*In the crossing a street, I will<br />
always look right and left<br />
196
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
21c<br />
Demtṓr drājāt joqe səmitū<br />
swisdāt<br />
21c<br />
The bricklayer worked and whistled<br />
at the same time<br />
22c<br />
Demtṓr swisdāt dom drājāt<br />
Drājonts demtṓr swisdāt<br />
Drātim jāwn̥ts (drāteī́) demtṓr<br />
swisdāt<br />
Drātimētrom demtṓr swisdāt<br />
Neqom gr̥nos mədet jāwn̥ts<br />
deuks n̥serós cecsāt<br />
AOR. EFF. + PLPF. PROT.<br />
Demtṓr swéisdeti joqe səmitū<br />
drā́jeti<br />
Demtṓr swéisdeti dom drā́ jeti<br />
Drājonts demtṓr swéisdeti<br />
Drātim jāwn̥ts demtṓr swísdeti<br />
*Drātimētrom demtṓr swísdeti<br />
Nū altjṓs esmi, nē meghei pelu<br />
esti daitjos<br />
Qidei skównoisi nuwətṓs<br />
səmes, Weteljām usdhowōi<br />
bhūmós<br />
22c<br />
The bricklayer whistled while he<br />
worked<br />
The bricklayer whistled while<br />
working<br />
The bricklayer whistled during the<br />
work (at work).<br />
*The bricklayer whistled in the<br />
meantime <strong>of</strong> work<br />
Never did the council meet while our<br />
leader was away<br />
The bricklayer works and whistles at<br />
the same time<br />
The bricklayer whistles while he<br />
works<br />
The bricklayer whistles while<br />
working<br />
The bricklayer whistles during the<br />
work<br />
*The bricklayer whistles in the<br />
meantime he works<br />
Now I am an adult, I don’t have<br />
much time<br />
Now we have passed our exams, we<br />
are on holidays in Italy. (quasiposterior)<br />
23c<br />
Demtṓr swéisdseti drā́ seti dom<br />
23c<br />
The bricklayer will whistle while (he<br />
will be) working<br />
Drājonts demtṓr swéisdseti<br />
The bricklayer will whistle while<br />
working<br />
21d<br />
Demtṓr swisdāt áiwesi dom<br />
drājāt<br />
21d The bricklayer would always<br />
whisle while working<br />
22d<br />
Demtṓr swéisdeti áiwesi dom<br />
drā́ jeti<br />
22d The bricklayer always whisles<br />
while working<br />
23d<br />
Demtṓr swéisdseti áiwesi dom<br />
drā́ seti<br />
23d The bricklayer will always<br />
whistle while working<br />
197
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
21e<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs labhānt,<br />
néwostis molét<br />
21e<br />
While they were debating what to<br />
do, the news came up<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs lábhontes<br />
esānt, néwostis molét<br />
While they were people debating<br />
what to do, the news came up<br />
Wī qid dhēs lábhontom (gen.<br />
abs.), néwostis molét<br />
While debating what to do, the news<br />
came up<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs lábhātor,<br />
néwostis molét<br />
While what to do was being<br />
discussed, the news came up<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs labhmom<br />
ēsāt, néwostis molét<br />
While what to do was object <strong>of</strong><br />
discussion, the news came up<br />
Wī qid dhēs lábhmosjo (gen.<br />
abs.), néwostis molét<br />
What to do being object <strong>of</strong><br />
discussion, the news came up<br />
Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi/<br />
labhdhjoi néwostis molét<br />
*In the debate what to do, the news<br />
came up<br />
Jom putlom ēsām, meghei<br />
daitjos teusmn̥ esāt enim skidóm<br />
swenmn̥ dídəktum<br />
When I was a child, I had a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
time and decided to learn music<br />
Qidei (=praipodei jom)<br />
skównoisi nuwətṓs ésāmes,<br />
Weteljām usdhowōi sodomes<br />
When (=on the occasion <strong>of</strong>) we<br />
passed all our exams, we went on<br />
holiday to Italy (quasiposterior)<br />
22e<br />
[ménketi]<br />
22e<br />
[uacat]<br />
23e<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs lábhsonti,<br />
néwostis mólseti<br />
23e<br />
Actual fact<br />
While they will be debating what to<br />
do, the news will come up<br />
Qidei skównoisi nuwətṓs<br />
bhéwsomes, Weteljām<br />
usdhowōi éisomos/léitsomos.<br />
(kolisposmḗlejā)<br />
Having passed all our exams, we<br />
will go on holiday to Italy<br />
(quasiposterior)<br />
Jom senos bhewsō, meghei<br />
daitjos teusmn̥ bhéwseti enim<br />
skeidsō qid tābhi dhēs<br />
When I am old I will have a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
time and will decide what to do with<br />
it<br />
198
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Kolisposmḗlejā<br />
Quasiposterior<br />
Apo léudhsesi, bhā́somedha<br />
You’ll come back, we’ll speak<br />
Apo jom léudhsesi,<br />
bhā́somedhai<br />
When you come back, we’ll speak<br />
Apo tewe ludhlosjo,<br />
bhā́ somedhai<br />
Having you come back, we´ll speak<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Jom senos bhuwom (an<br />
moghōm), skeidsō qid dáitibhi<br />
dhēs AOR. SUB.+FT. IND.<br />
Jom senos bhūjḗm (praipodom<br />
an eiksēm), skeidsō qid dáitibhi<br />
dhēs AOR. OPT.+FT. IND.<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
When I am old (if I can), I will<br />
decide what to do with my time<br />
When I am old (if I ever have the<br />
chance), I will decide what to do<br />
with my time<br />
21f<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs labhānt,<br />
áiwesi néwostis molāt (moltājāt)<br />
21f<br />
While they were debating what to<br />
do, the news would always come up<br />
Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi áiwesi<br />
néwostis molāt (moltājāt)<br />
*In the debating what to do, the<br />
news would always come up<br />
22f<br />
[ménketi]<br />
22f<br />
[uacat]<br />
23f<br />
Jāwn̥ts wī qid dhēs lábhsonti<br />
(labhtā́sonti), áiwesi néwostis<br />
mólseti (moltā́seti) FUT. (ITER.)<br />
23f<br />
While they will be debating what to<br />
do, the news will always come up<br />
Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi áiwesi<br />
néwostis mólseti (moltā́seti)<br />
FUT. (ITER.)<br />
*In the debating what to do, the<br />
news will always come up<br />
199
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Posmēlowōdos<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
pos, posti, posnim, jom epi, ápori,<br />
metá, jn̥ tos, apoqod, ítāpo, ita tom,<br />
jom epi<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> posteriority<br />
31a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
31a<br />
Actual fact<br />
Pos kr̥pjons tr̥góm qām dānum<br />
teróm AOR. EFF.+ AOR. EFF.<br />
I wiped my shoes after crossing the<br />
river<br />
Kr̥pjons tr̥góm dānewos pos<br />
tertim<br />
I wiped my shoes after the crossing<br />
<strong>of</strong> the river<br />
Kr̥pjons tr̥góm dānutr̥tim<br />
/dānutorom pos<br />
I wiped my shoes after ther rivercrossing<br />
Dānum tetr̥ wṓs/ tetərusjā<br />
kr̥pjons tr̥góm<br />
Having crossed the river, I wiped<br />
my shoes<br />
Kr̥pjons tr̥góm jom epi dānum<br />
teróm/ jom epi dānum tetr̥ wṓs/<br />
tetərusjā<br />
I wiped my shoes as soon as I<br />
crossed the river<br />
(quasisimultaneous)<br />
Kr̥pjons tr̥góm epi dānutr̥tim pos<br />
I wiped my shoes just after the<br />
river-crossing<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
Pos Mónākom teksḗnt qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥pont<br />
Pos Mónākom teksḗnt qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point AOR. PREC.+<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
Mónākom teksḗnt kúsdhosjo<br />
pos klopom/kusdhom pos<br />
kl̥ptóm/ kusdhoklopom pos<br />
They would flee to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure (and they did<br />
steal the treasure)<br />
They would flee to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure (but<br />
everything was just a plan)<br />
They would flee to Monaco after the<br />
theft <strong>of</strong> the treasure<br />
Pos Mónākom tekwōnt qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥pont AOR. SUB.+<br />
AOR. EFF.<br />
They may have fled to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure (the theft is a<br />
fact)<br />
Pos Mónākom tekwōnt qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point AOR. SUB.+<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
Pos Mónākom tekwoint qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point AOR. OPT.+<br />
AOR. OPT.<br />
They may have fled to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure (everything is<br />
a conjecture)<br />
Let’s hope they have fled to Monaco<br />
after stealing the treasure<br />
200
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
32a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
32a<br />
Actual fact<br />
Pos kr̥pjons torga qām dānum<br />
tora PF. IND.+PF. IND.<br />
I’ve wiped my shoes after crossing<br />
the river<br />
Kr̥pjons torga dānutr̥tim<br />
/dānutorom pos/dānewos<br />
tertim<br />
Dānum tetr̥ wṓs/ tetərusjā<br />
kr̥pjons torga PF. PRT.+ PF/ IND.<br />
Kr̥pjons torga jom epi dānum<br />
tora/ jom epi dānum tetr̥ wṓs/<br />
tetərusjā<br />
I’ve wiped my shoes after the rivercrossing/the<br />
crossing <strong>of</strong> the river<br />
Having crossed the river, I’ve wiped<br />
my shoes<br />
I’ve wiped my shoes as soon as I<br />
have crossed the river<br />
(quasisimultaneous)<br />
Pos kr̥pjons tergō qām dānum<br />
tora PRES. IND.+ PF. IND.<br />
I am wiping my shoes after crossing<br />
the river<br />
Kr̥pjons tergō dānutr̥tim<br />
/dānutorom pos/dānewos<br />
tertim<br />
I am wiping my shoes after the<br />
river-crossing/the crossing <strong>of</strong> the<br />
river<br />
Dānum tetr̥ wṓs/ tetərusjā<br />
kr̥pjons tergō PF. PRT+PRES. IND.<br />
Having crossed the river, I am<br />
wiping my shoes<br />
Kr̥pjons tergō jom epi dānum<br />
tora/ jom epi dānum tetr̥ wṓs/<br />
tetərusjā<br />
I am wiping my shoes just after<br />
crossing the river<br />
(quasisimultaneous)<br />
Domus məgjṓs prépeti<br />
ápori werga dhédhōra<br />
The house looks bigger after they<br />
have done works<br />
Domus məgjṓs prépeti<br />
wergodhēmn̥ pos<br />
The house looks bigger after the<br />
execution <strong>of</strong> the works<br />
Pertidemnā ́ domus məgjṓs<br />
prépeti PF. PART. +PRES. IND.<br />
The house looks bigger once it has<br />
been refurbished<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
Pos Mónākom tekwōnti qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point<br />
They may be fleeing to Monaco<br />
after stealing the treasure<br />
Mónākom tekwōnti<br />
kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo<br />
pos klopom/kusdhom pos<br />
kl̥ptóm<br />
They may be fleeing to Monaco<br />
after the theft <strong>of</strong> the treasure<br />
201
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
33a<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
33a<br />
Actual fact<br />
Pos kr̥pjons tergsō qām dānum<br />
torom FUT. IND. + PF. SUB.<br />
I will wipe my shoes after crossing<br />
the river<br />
Kr̥pjons tergsō dānutr̥tim<br />
/dānutorom pos/dānewos<br />
tertim<br />
I will wipe my shoes after the rivercrossing/the<br />
crossing <strong>of</strong> the river<br />
Dānum tetr̥ wṓs/ tetərusjā<br />
kr̥pjons tergsō<br />
Having crossed the river, I will<br />
wipe my shoes<br />
Kr̥pjons tergsō jom epi dānum<br />
torom/ jom epi dānum tetr̥ wṓs/<br />
tetərusjā<br />
I will wipe my shoes as soon as I<br />
have crossed the river<br />
(quasisimultaneous)<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
Pos Mónākom téksonti qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point FUT. IND.<br />
+AOR. OPT.<br />
They will flee to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure<br />
Mónākom téksonti<br />
kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo<br />
pos klopom/kusdhom pos<br />
kl̥ptóm<br />
They will flee to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure<br />
Pos Mónākom téksōnt(i) qām<br />
kusdhom kl̥point<br />
They may flee to Monaco after<br />
stealing the treasure<br />
Mónākom téksōnt(i)<br />
kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo<br />
pos klopom/kusdhom pos<br />
kl̥ptóm<br />
They may flee to Monaco after the<br />
theft <strong>of</strong> the treasure<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
31b<br />
Áiwesi pos skeidāt qām<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wewqātām/<br />
wṓqsātām<br />
AOR. PROT. + AOR./PLPF PROT.<br />
31b<br />
He always decided after both parts<br />
had spoken<br />
Áiwesi skeidāt (ambhāus) aitjus<br />
wewqlóus/woqwesus<br />
AOR. PROT. + PART. AOR./PF.<br />
He always decided after both parts<br />
had spoken<br />
Áiwesi pos skeidāt (ambhāus)<br />
aitjus wōqom/weqtim pos<br />
He always decided after the speech<br />
<strong>of</strong> both parts<br />
Áiwesi skeidāt<br />
ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqt<br />
im pos<br />
He always decided after the<br />
bilateral speech<br />
Áiwesi pos skeidāt jom epi<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wewqātām/<br />
wṓqsātām<br />
He always decided just after both<br />
parts had spoken<br />
Áiwesi skeidāt epi<br />
ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqt<br />
im pos / (ambhāus) aitjus<br />
wōqom/weqtim pos<br />
He always decided just after the<br />
speech <strong>of</strong> both parts<br />
32b<br />
Áiwesi pos skeidet qām<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wíweqtām<br />
PRES. PROT.. + PRES. PROT.<br />
32b<br />
He always decides after both parts<br />
have spoken<br />
Áiwesi skeidet (ambhāus)<br />
aitjus wewqlóus/woqwesus<br />
He always decides after both parts<br />
have spoken<br />
Áiwesi skeidet<br />
ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqt<br />
im pos / (ambhāus) aitjus pos<br />
wōqom/weqtim<br />
He always decides after the speech<br />
<strong>of</strong> both parts<br />
Áiwesi pos skeidet jom epi<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wíweqtām<br />
He always decides just after both<br />
parts have spoken<br />
203
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
33b<br />
Áiwesi pos skéidseti qām<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wewqōtām<br />
FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
33b<br />
He will always decide after both<br />
parts will have spoken<br />
Áiwesi skéidseti (ambhāus)<br />
aitjus weqlóus/woqwesus<br />
He will always decide after both<br />
parts have spoken<br />
Áiwesi skéidseti<br />
ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqt<br />
im pos / (ambhāus) aitjus pos<br />
wōqom/weqtim<br />
He will always decide after the<br />
speech <strong>of</strong> both parts<br />
Áiwesi pos skéidseti jom epi<br />
(ambhāu) aitje wewqōtām<br />
He will always decide just after<br />
both parts had spoken<br />
204
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
31c<br />
Ghebhlā mene pisdōjāt ápori<br />
bheudhm̥<br />
31c<br />
My head ached since I woke up<br />
Ghebhlā mene pisdōjāt<br />
bheustjes apo<br />
My head ached since my awakening<br />
Móijn̥to ápori prāwnim<br />
mədont<br />
They (had) changed since they first<br />
met<br />
32c<br />
Ghebhlā ápoqod bhoudha<br />
pisdḗjeti<br />
32c<br />
My head aches since I woke up<br />
Mijḗr (mijērai) ápori prāwnim<br />
mədont<br />
They have changed since they first<br />
met<br />
Mijḗr (mijērai) ápori dhēljōs<br />
esānt<br />
They have changed since they were<br />
babies<br />
Tríqr̥ twos gr̥ nos mədet ápoqod<br />
deuks n̥serós cece AOR.+ PF.<br />
The council has met three times<br />
since our leader departed<br />
Neqom gr̥nos mədet ápoqod<br />
deuks n̥serós cece AOR. +AOR.<br />
Never has the council met since our<br />
leader departed<br />
Gr̥nokēlā kéklawstai ápoqod<br />
deuks n̥serós cece PF. + PF.<br />
The meeting room is closed since<br />
our leader departed<br />
33c<br />
Bhéwōqā dhētis<br />
Ghebhlā mene pisdḗseti ápori<br />
bhoudhom FUT. IND. +SUB. PF.<br />
33c<br />
Actual fact<br />
My head will ache since I wake up<br />
Moimnās bhéwsonti ápori<br />
prāwnim mədont<br />
FUT. PF. IND.+ AOR. SUB.<br />
They will have changed since they<br />
first met<br />
Méisontoi/mijusjās bhéwsonti<br />
ápori prāwnim mədōnt<br />
FUT./FUT. PF IND. +AOR. SUB.<br />
They will change/will have changed<br />
since they first meet<br />
Seiktis/Adesmn̥diktis<br />
Intention/Indication <strong>of</strong> preparation<br />
Nē drātum skélsomos ápori<br />
klutjom túghoimes<br />
We won’t have to work from the<br />
time we may hit the lottery<br />
205
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
31d<br />
Sólwoqom nikānt ápori<br />
prāwnim mədont AOR. SUB.<br />
31d<br />
They quarrelled all the time since<br />
they first met<br />
Sólwoqom nikānt prāwēd ápo<br />
modnēd<br />
They quarrelled all the time since<br />
their first meeting<br />
32d<br />
33d<br />
Sólwoqom níkjonti ápori<br />
prāwnim mədont<br />
Sólwoqom néíksonti ápori<br />
prāwnim mədōnt<br />
32d<br />
33d<br />
They are quarreling/have been<br />
quarreling all the time since they<br />
first met<br />
They will quarrel once and againg<br />
since they fist meet<br />
206
A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Upódhētiwōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> condition<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
an, s(w)ei, jod ei<br />
mō an<br />
tom-ke<br />
Bhéwoqā upódhētis<br />
Udbhūwḗr deiwṓs an, ēséwes senti<br />
PERF. IND. + PRES. IND.<br />
Woista an, chedhō seqe<br />
PERF. IND. + PRES. IMP.<br />
Kaudjā an esti, (tom-ke) esjãi bhāghewi<br />
esti mélnomos laiwói<br />
PRES. IND. + PRES. IND.<br />
Real condition (Indicative-effective)<br />
If gods exist, they are good<br />
If you know it, please say it<br />
If it is Claudia, she has a mole on her left<br />
arm<br />
Ainos dhédhēja an (=woināwents esmi<br />
an), membhtéwijos esmi<br />
PERF. IND./PRES. IND.+ PRES. IND./FUT.<br />
IND.<br />
If I have commited a crime (=if I am<br />
guilty), I shall be punished<br />
Upo mewom an seqonto, upo yusmé<br />
toqe séqsonto AOR. IND. + FUT. IND.<br />
If they persecuted me, they will also<br />
persecute you<br />
Te n̥ widrim kəlést, tom-ke ersā́ st<br />
AOR. IND. + AOR. IND.<br />
If he called you stupid he was wrong<br />
Probhoudhos: Ánglijā opwents bhūmr̥ ,<br />
Namibjā ita nē (Səmodhēiwom)<br />
Attention: If England is a rich nation,<br />
Namibia not so much (Comparative)<br />
207
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Enstn̥tqm̥dōqídqejā upódhētis<br />
Incidental condition in the present<br />
(Indicative-protelative)<br />
Gourom premes an, skanstos cm̥ sket<br />
PRES. IND. (PROT.) + PRES. IND.<br />
If you press the button, the lift comes<br />
n̥dhi edm̥ sei, ghebhlā edunāt<br />
PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT.<br />
Ghawes mewom sei, kōnāja tewom<br />
jewtum<br />
PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT<br />
Bhūloqm̥dōqídqejā upódhētis<br />
Everytime I eat too much, my head aches<br />
Whenever you call me, I try to help you<br />
Incidental condition in the past (Indicativeprotelative)<br />
Ghawānt nōs sei, ins kōnā́jāmedha<br />
jewtum<br />
AOR. PROT. + AOR. PROT.<br />
Whenever they called us, we tried to help<br />
them<br />
Spepondāt qid (an), nē lughāt<br />
If he promised something, he would not lie<br />
Bhewsontqm̥dōqídqejā upódhētis<br />
Incidental condition in the future (Future<br />
subjunctive)<br />
Gháwsēsi sei, kōnāsāi tewom jewtum<br />
FUT. SUB. FUT. IND.<br />
Whenever you call me, I will try to help<br />
you<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Ambhígoisā upódhētis<br />
Eventual condition (Subjunctive)<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtra<br />
En éseti an, wéidseti<br />
Ēsús bhéwsēsi (an), dōnom tebhei dōsō<br />
FUT. SUB.<br />
FUT. IND.<br />
Təkējēt (an), dr̥ misāi<br />
PRES . SUB. + FUT. IND.<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtra<br />
Ludhēt (an), weqsō qid dhētéwijom<br />
(éseti)<br />
AOR. SUB. FUT. IND. PRES. SUB.<br />
Posti ghwet (an), enã galsō<br />
AOR. SUB. FUT. IND.<br />
Imperfective clauses<br />
If he happens to be inside, he will know it<br />
If you are good, I will give you a present<br />
If he keeps silent, I will fall asleep<br />
Perfective clauses<br />
Should he come, I will tell him what to do<br />
If she calls later, I will talk with her<br />
Mr̥tis pelset an, nē qis mr̥tum welt<br />
AOR. SUB.<br />
AOR. IND.<br />
When death approaches, no one wants to<br />
die<br />
Komnom skékidet jod worgós qis an<br />
plējosn̥s epet qoksúns awti déikmenjom<br />
eikēt pronojom, apo misdhḗsēto<br />
AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB. + PRES. PREC.<br />
Təkēset (an), apo n̥ sme nē jḗsonti<br />
AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND.<br />
The board decided that should any employee<br />
win more clients or have an exemplary<br />
performance, they would be rewarded<br />
If he shuts up, they will not expel us<br />
209
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Ménstrejā méinōpnijā upódhētis<br />
N̥ komqiqerjosjūtra<br />
Prijóm éikojəm (an) –enim eikēmi-,<br />
ghoilos sjēm<br />
PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.<br />
Reiwents sjēm (an), ónjota cejwoim<br />
PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.<br />
Daitim eikois, jewois (Prókn̥ stijom)<br />
Təkējoit (an), dr̥ míjoija<br />
Komqiqerjosjūtra<br />
Reiwents bhūjḗm, nūtenóm linqoim<br />
wergom enim ónjota cejwoim<br />
AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.<br />
Imaginary potential condition (Optative)<br />
Imperfective clauses<br />
If I had a friend -and I may have it-, I<br />
would be happy<br />
If I were rich, I would live otherwise<br />
If you had time, you should help<br />
(Recommendative)<br />
If he kept silent, I would fall asleep<br />
Perfective clauses<br />
If I became rich, I would leave my present<br />
job and live otherwise<br />
Nūtenóm liqoim wergom ónjota<br />
cejwoim<br />
Təkḗbhūjēt, apo n̥ sme nē jijīnt<br />
AOR. OPT. I + PRES. OPT.<br />
Təkēsīt, apo n̥ sme nē jijīnt<br />
AOR. OPT. II + PRES. OPT.<br />
If I left my present job I would live<br />
otherwise<br />
If he shut up, they would not expel us<br />
If he had shup up, they would not expel us<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Énsn̥tos n̥bhéwoqā upódhētis<br />
Prijóm eiksēm (an) –atqe nē eikēmighoilos<br />
bhewsēm 2 x PRES. PREC.<br />
Irreal condition <strong>of</strong> present (Precative)<br />
If I had a friend -but I can’t have it-, I<br />
would be happy<br />
Bhūlosjo n̥bhéwoqā upódhētis<br />
Alchom noudsēm solwom, nū nē<br />
PERF. PREC.<br />
moghsēm usdhowōi eitum<br />
PRES. PREC<br />
Meghei leiktim píplāksēs (an), nē<br />
mn̥ sēm AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Alchom nóudissēm solwom, tom-ke nē<br />
moghsḗm usdhowōi eitum<br />
PLPF. PREC. + AOR. PREC<br />
Təkḗbhūsēt, apo n̥ sme nē jēsēnt<br />
AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Bhewsn̥tn̥bhéwoqā<br />
Sm̥ jugnós tom an eset, bhéwonom nē<br />
kréddhējet<br />
PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Sm̥ jugnós tom an bhewsēt, bhéwonom<br />
nē kréddhējet<br />
PRES. PREC. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Irreal <strong>of</strong> past (Precative)<br />
If I had spent all the money, now I could<br />
not go on holidays<br />
If you had advised me to leave, I would not<br />
have stayed.<br />
If I had spent all the money, then I could<br />
not have gone on holidays<br />
If he had kept silent, they would not have<br />
expelled us<br />
Irreal <strong>of</strong> future (Subjunctive/ precative)<br />
If he were married by that time, he would<br />
not believe the reality<br />
If he were married by that time, he would<br />
not believe the reality<br />
Rēd ciwotām (an) ludhēt, bhéwonom<br />
nē kréddhējet<br />
AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Rēd ciwotām (an) cemsēt, bhéwonom<br />
nē kréddhēsēt<br />
PRES. PREC.+ PRES. PREC.<br />
If he came back to life, he would not<br />
believe the reality<br />
If he came back to life, he would not<br />
believe the reality<br />
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Səmostātíwōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> comparison<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
jota, jotei, s(w)ei, swāi, tām….qām,<br />
məgis, plēis, plējós, meiwis, minos,<br />
jāwn̥ tom…tāwn̥ tom<br />
Somotā́<br />
Kánmona-swo kánonti jota esom<br />
awisdhíjonti wéqesa<br />
Tā́wn̥ tod bherois kléwesos māwn̥ tod<br />
pākos n̥ smei loiqta<br />
(Ita) bhāto jota sei duspodom woidsēt<br />
AOR. EFF. + PF. PREC.<br />
(Ita) bhā́wāto jota sei<br />
pedgugjospordhām widēsēt<br />
AOR. PROT. + PRES. PREC.<br />
(Ita) bhā́wāto jota sei<br />
pedgugjospordhām widoit<br />
AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.<br />
(Ita) bhātoi jota sei duspodom woidsēt<br />
PRES. EFF. + PF. PREC.<br />
(Ita) bhātoi jota sei pedgugjospordhām<br />
widēsēt<br />
PRES. EFF. + PRES. PREC.<br />
(Ita) bhātoi jota sei pedgugjospordhām<br />
widoit/widējēt AOR. PROT. + AOR.<br />
OPT./PRES. SUB.<br />
Arti jota prowṓs (wodrokṓs) djejont<br />
dhr̥ neutū, dhr̥ neutū, ita putla menja<br />
(djejont)<br />
Tod dhḗsomos jota wn̥ skesí<br />
Tod dhḗsomos jota wn̥ skēs/ wn̥ skois<br />
Equality<br />
They sing their songs as they feel their<br />
lyrics<br />
Take as much glory as peace you leave to us<br />
He spoke as if he had seen the accident<br />
He was speaking /used to speak as if he<br />
were seeing the football match<br />
He was speaking /used to speak as if he<br />
were going to see the football match<br />
He is speaking as if he had seen the<br />
accident<br />
He is speaking as if he were seeing the<br />
football match<br />
He is speaking as if he were going to see<br />
the football match<br />
Just like frogs move by jumping and<br />
jumping, the same way my children move<br />
We’ll do it as you want<br />
We’ll do it as you may want it<br />
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n̥ somotā́<br />
Bhodjṓs apoworetus qām upoqeltus<br />
Prāi stístāti apoworetus upoqéltewes<br />
Apoworetis upoqéltewes bhodjṓs<br />
Inequality<br />
It is better to prevent than to treat<br />
It is more worth preventing than treating<br />
Prevention is better than treatment<br />
Prosodos<br />
Meiwis ghosāt, minos kn̥ krewos eikāt<br />
(=meiwis kn̥ kōjāt)<br />
Məgis welō bhrātros-two dr̥ kām, məgis<br />
gélāmi<br />
Jāwn̥ tom jāwn̥ tom te spekjō, tāwn̥ tom<br />
tāwn̥ tom lubhēsmi<br />
Progression<br />
The less she ate, the less appetite she had<br />
The more I see your brother’s face, the<br />
more I laugh<br />
The more I look at you, the more I fall in<br />
love<br />
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Weismn̥wōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> cause<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
jod, qod, jod qid, ar, ar ge, qija,<br />
ghina, josmēd<br />
Bhéwoqos<br />
Nāws sonqe; jegibhr̥ ghom proti stoupt<br />
Nāws sonqe qā-i jegibhr̥ ghom proti<br />
stoupt<br />
Nāws sonqe jodqid jegibhr̥ ghom proti<br />
stoupt<br />
Nāws sonqe jegibhr̥ ghom proti stuplā́<br />
(kolimḗlejom sjūtrom) PF. IND. + PART. AOR.<br />
Nāws jegibhr̥ ghoprotistuptū sonqe<br />
Nāws jegibhr̥ ghoprotistuptī sonqe<br />
Nāws jegibhr̥ ghoprotistuptewós/<br />
jegibhr̥ ghoprotistuptejós rōdhí sonqe<br />
Nāws jegibhr̥ ghoprotistuptiwoisō<br />
sonqe<br />
Real<br />
The ship sank; she had hit an iceberg<br />
The ship sank which (=because she) had<br />
hit an iceberg<br />
The ship sank because she had hit an<br />
iceberg<br />
The ship sank having hit an iceberg<br />
(quasitemporal clause)<br />
The ship sank because <strong>of</strong> the fact <strong>of</strong><br />
colliding against an iceberg<br />
The ship sank because <strong>of</strong> a collision against<br />
an iceberg<br />
The ship sank on account <strong>of</strong> a collision<br />
against an iceberg<br />
The ship sank due to the collision against<br />
an iceberg<br />
Bhloigos nē dom tōje; dhghómones<br />
oljoi en senti<br />
Bhloigos nē dom tōje; ghina<br />
dhghómones oljoi en senti<br />
Bhloigos nē dom tōje, jod (=qija)<br />
dhghómones oljoi en senti<br />
Bhloigos nē dom tōje dhghómones oljoi<br />
énesn̥ tes (kolimḗlejom sjūtrom)<br />
The film has not finished yet; all the people<br />
are inside<br />
The film has not finished yet; indeed all the<br />
people are inside<br />
The film has not finished yet, since all the<br />
people are inside<br />
The film has not finished yet, all the people<br />
being inside (quasitemporal clause)<br />
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Elwom adḗjonti wosjom; dhēljos cm̥ jēti<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom, ar ge dhēljos<br />
cm̥ jēti (=komjougosjūtrom)<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom, jod dhēljos<br />
cm̥ jēti<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljō<br />
cémonqō (pérəmom sjūtrom)<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljōcm̥ tū<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljōcm̥ tī<br />
Elwom adḗjonti wosjom<br />
dhēljōcm̥ tiwoisō<br />
They are preparing the pink room; a baby is<br />
coming<br />
They are preparing the pink room because a<br />
baby is coming (=coordinative clause)<br />
They are preparing the pink room because a<br />
baby is coming<br />
They are preparing the pink room, a baby<br />
being coming (absolute clause)<br />
They are preparing the pink room because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fact <strong>of</strong> the baby’s arrival<br />
They are preparing the pink room because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the baby’s arrival<br />
They are preparing the pink room due to the<br />
baby’s arrival<br />
Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī; im məríjomnom<br />
widét<br />
Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī jod/ qod im<br />
məríjomnom widét<br />
Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī qom im<br />
məríjomnom widét<br />
Bhendhrom məríjontm̥ widlā́ , im<br />
ormodhḗt<br />
Bhendhrom məríjomnom weidn̥ ts, im<br />
ormodhḗt<br />
He pitied her friend; she saw him dying<br />
He pitied her friend, because she saw him<br />
dying<br />
He pitied her friend, whom (=because) she<br />
saw him dying<br />
As (=when, because) she saw her friend<br />
dying, she pitied him<br />
As (=when, because) she was seing her<br />
friend dying, she pitied him<br />
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Aljodhōmōnabhṛnós<br />
Apójēnos esti wergēd jod/ qod<br />
adkl̥ nobhos n̥ prijós sjēt/bhūjoit<br />
Twōkr̥ tḗs jod/ qod júwn̥ tām<br />
kr̥ nəjēt loketor<br />
Twōkr̥ tḗs jod/ qod júwn̥ tām<br />
keroit loketor<br />
Twōkr̥ tḗs prowrētosjo juwn̥ tākrjosjo<br />
rōdhí loketor<br />
Áiwesi prijótəmōs ismei bhuwānt jod/<br />
qod pērēd ins nosojoit<br />
Áiwesi prijótəmōs ismei sont jod/ qod<br />
pērēd ins bhéwsn̥ ti nosesoit<br />
Referred as someone else’s opinion<br />
He’s been expelled from work (as they<br />
said/allegedly) because he was not friendly<br />
to the clients<br />
Socrates was arraigned on the ground<br />
that he was corrupting the youth<br />
Socrates was arraigned on the ground<br />
that he (had) corrupted the youth<br />
Socrates was arraigned on account <strong>of</strong><br />
alleged corruption <strong>of</strong> the youth<br />
They were always very kind to him because<br />
he had delivered them from danger<br />
They are always very kind to him because<br />
he is supposed to deliver them from danger<br />
in the future<br />
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Proqórejos<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlḗjesi<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlḗjēsi<br />
Gāudhēbhūm jod wəlḗjesi<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlēbhūs<br />
Gāudhēbhūm jod wəlḗjēsi<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlḗbhuwes<br />
Gāudhēsō jod wəlḗjesi<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlḗsesi<br />
Gāudhēsō jod wəlḗjēsi<br />
Gāudhējō jod wəlḗsēsi<br />
Tod esti jod swr̥ ghōmes<br />
Tod esti jod swérghōmosi<br />
Tod esti jod swérghsōmosi<br />
Thematic<br />
I am happy you are fine<br />
I am happy you are probably fine<br />
I was happy you were fine<br />
I am happy you were fine<br />
I was happy you were probably fine<br />
I am happy you were probably fine<br />
I will be happy that you will be fine<br />
I am happy you will be fine<br />
I will be happy that you will probably be<br />
fine<br />
I am happy you will probably be fine<br />
This is something we had to be careful<br />
about<br />
This is something we have to be careful<br />
about<br />
This is something we’ll have to be careful<br />
about<br />
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Epistā́ mejos (koliskomjougosjūtra)<br />
Josmēd somosodē cm̥ jesi, ad moi<br />
wogheje koināns<br />
(Josmēd) n̥ knāmis nē moghāt steightum<br />
Nē moghāt steightum, josmēd knāmāns<br />
nē eikt (=ar knāmāns nē eikt)<br />
n̥ dhistóutejos<br />
Oqowidnim Ludhjā donsonjom cēme,<br />
qidpe im edjḗw woida<br />
Epistemic (quasicoordinative clauses)<br />
Since you are coming by car, bring the<br />
cradle to me<br />
(Since) legless it could not walk<br />
It could not walk, since it had no legs (=as it<br />
had no legs<br />
Assertive<br />
Of course Lydia has come to school, since<br />
I’ve seen her today<br />
Upomónejos (óptijō /próknejō)<br />
Epi tewom nē dhedhōmóm jod/ qod<br />
odwṓs bhūsēm r̥ sonébhūsēmwe, nū jod/<br />
qod lubhóm<br />
2 X AOR. PREC + AOR. IND.<br />
Epi tewom nē dhōmésm̥ jod/ qod<br />
odwṓs bhūjḗm r̥ sonébhūjēmwe, nū jod/<br />
qod lubhóm<br />
2 X AOR. OPT. + AOR. IND.<br />
Epi tewom nē dhōmejō jod/ qod ōdsēm<br />
r̥ sonesēmwe, nū jod/ qod lubhjō<br />
2 X PRES. PREC. + PRES. IND.<br />
Epi tewom nē dhōmejō jod/qod ōdoim<br />
r̥ sonejoimwe, nū jod/ qod lubhjō<br />
2 X PRES. OPT. + PRES. IND.<br />
Epi tewom nē dhōmesō jod/qod odwṓs<br />
bhewsoim r̥ sonesoimwe, nū jod/ qod<br />
leubhsō<br />
2 X FUT. OPT. + FUT. IND.<br />
Hypothetical (with optative/precative)<br />
I did not critize you because I hated or<br />
envied you, but because I loved you<br />
I did not critize you because I hated or<br />
envied you, but because I loved you<br />
I don’t criticize you because I hate or envy<br />
you, but because I love you<br />
I don’t criticize you because I hate or envy<br />
you, but because I love you<br />
I won’t criticize you because I will hate or<br />
envy you, but because I will ove you<br />
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Sqermn̥wōdos/kómseqmn̥wōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> effect/ consecution<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
tori, ita, itaqe, tom, tom-ke, jotosqe,<br />
tā́ wn̥ tos, ute, ita…jod, ita..jota,<br />
tām..qām, tām…jod, ítətom<br />
Bhūlā ́ qertis<br />
Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, kólsomom med<br />
repet (áddhēmn̥ )<br />
Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, tom-ke<br />
kólsomom med repet (enbhorokomjougos)<br />
Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, (enim) tori<br />
kólsomom med repet<br />
Ita akrēd dhuwāt wentos, jod kólsomom<br />
med repēt AOR. PROT. IND. + AOR. SUB.<br />
(Ita) akrēd dhuwāt wentos ute med<br />
kólsomom reptewei AOR. INF.<br />
Tām akrēd dhuwāt wentos qām<br />
kólsomom med reponts AOR. PART.<br />
Akrēd dhuwāt wentos kólsomom med<br />
reponts AOR. PART.<br />
Tām apo ēsm ̥ dew, jod im nē dr̥ ksēm<br />
AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Tām apo ēsm̥ dew, jod im nē dr̥ kōm<br />
AOR. EFF. + AOR. SUB.<br />
Tām apo ēsm ̥ dew, jod im nē dr̥ ksonts<br />
bhūsēm<br />
AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC. COMP.<br />
Past action<br />
The wind blew strongly; it pulled <strong>of</strong>f my<br />
scarf (apposition)<br />
The wind blew strongly, and so pulled <strong>of</strong>f<br />
my scarf (illative coordination)<br />
The wind blew strongly, (and) therefore<br />
pulled <strong>of</strong>f my scarf<br />
The wind blew so strongly, that it pulled <strong>of</strong>f<br />
my scarf<br />
*(So) strongly blew the wind as to pull <strong>of</strong>f<br />
my scarf<br />
*The wind blew so strongly as (being able<br />
to) pull <strong>of</strong>f my scarf<br />
The wind blew strongly pulling <strong>of</strong>f my scarf<br />
I was so far that I could not see him<br />
I was so far that I did not see him<br />
I was so far that I would not see him<br />
thereafter<br />
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Enstānts qertis<br />
Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, qorjostānei<br />
séptəmantjoisi wésomosi<br />
Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, tom-ke<br />
qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésomosi<br />
Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, (enim) tori<br />
qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésomosi<br />
Tāwn̥ tod éikomos wergom (wérgosjo),<br />
jod qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi<br />
wésōmosi PRES. IND. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Tāwn̥ tod éikomos wergom (wérgosjo)<br />
ute qorjostānej séptəmantjoisi westewei<br />
Tāwn̥ tod éikomos wergom jotosqe<br />
qorjostānej séptəmantjoisi wésontes<br />
Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē<br />
dédorkom<br />
PRES. EFF. + PERF. SUB.<br />
Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē dr̥ kjōmi<br />
PRES. EFF. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē<br />
dr̥ ksōm(i)<br />
PRES. EFF. + FUT. SUB.<br />
Present action<br />
We have a lot <strong>of</strong> work; are staying in the<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
We have a lot <strong>of</strong> work, and so we are<br />
staying in the <strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
We have a lot <strong>of</strong> work, (and) therefore we<br />
are staying in the <strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
We have so much work that we are staying<br />
in the <strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
We have so much work so as to stay in the<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
We have so much work that we are staying<br />
in the <strong>of</strong>fice during the weekends<br />
I am so far that I haven’t seen him<br />
I am so far that I don’t (cannot) see him<br />
I am so far that I will not see him<br />
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Bhewsonts qertis<br />
Douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, per modnom<br />
oighejōm (oighesō)<br />
Douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, tom-ke per<br />
modnom oighejōm (oighesō)<br />
Douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, (enim) tori per<br />
modnom oighejōm (oighesō)<br />
Ita douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, jod per modnom<br />
oighejōm PERF. IND. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Ita douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, jota egō<br />
modnom oighéjesei ACT. FUT. INF.<br />
Ita douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, jota per mojo<br />
modnom oighéjesdhjōi PASS. FUT. INF.<br />
(Tām) douknom stn̥ tḗjeti, jotosqe per<br />
mojo modnom oighésontē ABS. INSTR.+<br />
D.OBJ.<br />
Ita douknom stn̥ tējet, jod per modnom<br />
oighesonts bhūsēt PRES. PROT. + AOR.<br />
PREC. COMP.<br />
Tām apo bhewsō dew, jod im nē<br />
dr̥ ksōmi<br />
FUT. IND. + FUT. SUB.<br />
Future action<br />
The train is delayed, I will miss the meeting<br />
The train is delayed, and so I will miss the<br />
meeting<br />
The train is delayed, (and) therefore I will<br />
miss the meeting<br />
The train is so delayed, that I will miss the<br />
meeting<br />
*The train is delayed, so as to miss the<br />
meeting<br />
*The train is delayed, so as the meeting to<br />
be missed by me<br />
The train is (so) delayed, being myself<br />
missing the meeting<br />
The train was delayed, so that he would<br />
miss the meeting<br />
I will be so far that I won’t see him<br />
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Protistoupowōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> concession<br />
sm̥dhētla<br />
eti, eti s(w)ei, eti an, epi, qita, nū,<br />
qidimmōqe, qāmqām<br />
Dhḗtijos protistoupos<br />
Bhūlā ́ qertis<br />
Bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt, stoighom<br />
terét AOR. IND. + AOR. IND.<br />
Bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt. Nū<br />
stoighom terét (protiwr̥tnokomjougos)<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt,<br />
stoighom terét<br />
Factual concession<br />
Past accion<br />
The light was red; he crossed the street<br />
The light was red; however he crossed the<br />
street ( adversative coordination)<br />
Even though the light was red, he crossed<br />
the street<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom terét PART. PRES. + AOR. IND.<br />
Epi/eti bhāloukjō roudhō, stoighom<br />
terét<br />
Énstānts qertis<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom esti,<br />
stoighom téreti PRES. IND.+PRES. IND.<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom téreti PART. PRES.+ PRES. IND.<br />
Wēra wédonti, eti (sei) kauná<br />
Wēra wédonti, eti kauná ésn̥ta<br />
Wēra wédonti, eti sei kauná sonti<br />
Bhewsonts qertis<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhéwseti,<br />
stoighom térseti FUT. IND. +FUT. IND<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom térseti PART. PRES. + FUT.<br />
IND.<br />
Even the light being red, he crossed the<br />
street<br />
Even with the red light, he crossed the<br />
street<br />
Present action<br />
Even though the light is red, he is crossing<br />
the street<br />
Even the light being red, he is crossing the<br />
street<br />
They tell the truth, even (if) shameful<br />
They tell the truth, even being shameful<br />
They thell the truth, even if it is shameful<br />
Future action<br />
Even though the light will be red, he will<br />
cross the street<br />
Even the light being red, he will cross the<br />
street<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Upódhētijos protistoupos<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhūsēt,<br />
stoighom tersḗt<br />
AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom tersḗt<br />
PART. PRES. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhewsēt,<br />
stoighom tersēt<br />
PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC.<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom tersēt<br />
PART. PRES. + PRES. PREC.<br />
Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhewēt,<br />
stoighom terēt<br />
PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésn̥ tē,<br />
stoighom terēt<br />
PART. PRES. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Conditional concession<br />
Even if the light had been red, he would<br />
have crossed the street<br />
Even the light being red, he would have<br />
crossed the street<br />
Even if the light were red, he would (now)<br />
cross the street<br />
Even the light being red, he would (now)<br />
cross the street<br />
Even if the light may be red, he would cross<br />
the street<br />
Even the light being red, he would cross the<br />
street<br />
Eti sei prōd preksēt, wī im nē<br />
mnā́ bhūsēm<br />
AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē<br />
mnā́ bhūsēm PART. AOR. + AOR. PREC.<br />
Eti sei prōd prekēt, wī im nē mnā́ jōmi<br />
AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnā́ jōmi<br />
PART. AOR. + PRES. SUB.<br />
Eti sei prōd pr̥ ksēt, wī im nē mnāsēm<br />
PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC.<br />
Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnāsēm<br />
PART. AOR. + PRES. PREC.<br />
Eti sei prōd prekoit, wī im nē mnājoim<br />
AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT.<br />
Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnājoim<br />
PART. AOR. + PRES. OPT.<br />
Even if he had apologized, I would not<br />
have forgiven him<br />
Even having apologized, I would not have<br />
forgiven him<br />
Even if he apologizes, I will not forgive<br />
him<br />
Even having apologized, I will not forgive<br />
him<br />
Even if he would apologize, I would not<br />
forgive him<br />
Even having apologized, I would not<br />
forgive him<br />
Even if he may apologize, I would not<br />
forgive him<br />
Even having apologized, I wouldl not<br />
forgive him<br />
223
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Skándslājos protistoupos<br />
Epi méneswos (esn̥ ts), nē bhéughseti<br />
Méneswos esn̥ ts, nē bhéughseti<br />
Qāmqām ghlendhōm PRES. SUB., nē<br />
kom n̥ kjō kod dídəktum uponejər<br />
Dn̥ suqólosjo skreibhmn, epi prójotnim<br />
skrībhnóm, áiwesi n̥ légnijom<br />
Wítn̥stijos protistoupos<br />
Qidimmōqe gíssēto, dūdōi tewom<br />
stergsō<br />
Qidimmōqe gistóm, dūdōi tewom<br />
stergsō<br />
Qidimmōqe gísēto AOR. SUB., dūdōi<br />
tewom stergsō<br />
Qidimmōqe geistéwijom, dūdōi tewom<br />
stergsō<br />
Apṓgnujos protistoupos<br />
Ita dhēt, (tū) nē tosmōi proktor<br />
(protiwr̥tnokomjougos)<br />
Ita dhēt, pr̥ ktim əneu tosmōi<br />
Ita dhēt tosmōi ənpr̥ knós<br />
Ambhimojós protistoupos<br />
Qita álchodətijom edqom épomos/<br />
épsōmos AOR./ FUT SUB. stoutom newe,<br />
prōd olnō-nos éisomos<br />
Álchodətijom edqom eplṓs/ épsontes<br />
stoutom newe, prōd olnō-nos éisomos<br />
Strongwos protistoupos<br />
Neqid ənástətjei wédhn̥ tos épitəmēd<br />
pḗrowent bhewtum mógheti –eti sei<br />
ənástətis dhghomenmōsm̥ wī krātēt<br />
Scalar concession<br />
However clever he may be, he won’t<br />
succeed<br />
Clever as he is/may be, he won’t succeed<br />
No matter how much I study, I don’t<br />
succeed in learning this lesson<br />
A scholar’s writing, though written<br />
carefully, is always illegible<br />
Extensional concession<br />
Whatever may have happened, I shall love<br />
you for ever<br />
*Whatever happened, I shall love you for<br />
ever<br />
Whatever may happen, I shall love you for<br />
ever<br />
*Whatever to happen, I shall love you for<br />
ever<br />
Negative concession<br />
He did so, (however) he had not been<br />
asked for that (adversative coordination)<br />
He did so, without having been asked for<br />
that<br />
*He did so unasked for that<br />
Alternative concession<br />
Whether we get/ get thereafter any<br />
financial support or not, we will go ahead<br />
with our project<br />
*Getting any financial support or not, we<br />
will go ahead with our project<br />
Restrictive concession<br />
Nothing that leads to revolt can be<br />
definitively dangerous − even if revolt may<br />
distort the character <strong>of</strong> the people.<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Koituwōdos<br />
The expression <strong>of</strong> manner<br />
Púslēkes dhr̥ neutū djejont<br />
Púslēkes dhr̥ neuwn̥ tes djejont<br />
Púslēkes dhrōtī djejont<br />
Púslēkes dhōrō djejont<br />
Púslēkes dhōromoghtrō/<br />
dhrōtimoghtrō djejont<br />
Fleas move by jumping<br />
Fleas move jumping<br />
Fleas move with the jumping<br />
Fleas move with the jump<br />
Fleas move by means <strong>of</strong> the jump/jumping<br />
-tū (-twē) demtis<br />
Piskim ghostū jekom bhérghesi<br />
kerəsrom<br />
n̥ neutū didksker<br />
Stəróteni mímnātū, ati séwijom áugeti<br />
croughnos<br />
Suswedhesregdhlāns n̥ dhighrəstū<br />
wergopedom ghōde<br />
Deiwom gnōtū sl̥ wopākowidhchijos<br />
bhéweti; oləlnoisu qéntessu,<br />
gnātimrtjewidhchijos bhéweti. Ismi<br />
mestī, tritjos esti stātus; kr̥ peswileuteī ́ ,<br />
olardijaudhis, oinei wn̥ skā kómpl̥ nā<br />
Apo n̥ streptū sodét<br />
-tū (-twē) construction<br />
By eating fish you keep your brain healthy<br />
One learns by teaching<br />
On constantly remembering, one’s grief<br />
grows anew<br />
He got his post by transgressing rules <strong>of</strong><br />
ethics<br />
By knowing God there is a falling <strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> all<br />
fetters; when the sufferings are destroyed,<br />
there is a cessation <strong>of</strong> birth and death. By<br />
meditating on him, there is the third state;<br />
on the dissolution <strong>of</strong> the body, universal<br />
lordship; being alone, his desire is fulfilled<br />
She went without making any noise<br />
225
̥<br />
Chapter B2: Sentence combination<br />
Atikōpjodemtis<br />
Piskim edn̥ ts jekom bhérghesi kerəsrom<br />
n̥ neunts didksker<br />
Stəróteni mímnāskn̥ tos, ati séwijom<br />
áugeti croughnos (perəmā́)<br />
Stəróteni mímnāskonts, ati séwijom<br />
augéjeti croughnos<br />
Suswedhesregdhlāns ndhighr̥ dlós<br />
wergopedom ghōde<br />
Participial construction<br />
By eating fish you keep your brain healthy<br />
The one who teaches learns<br />
On constantly remembering, one’s grief<br />
grows anew (absolute)<br />
The one who constantly remembers, makes<br />
one’s grief grows anew<br />
He got his post by transgressing rules <strong>of</strong><br />
ethics<br />
Piktamorignasúweqtum<br />
wedhmn̥ koitús (esti)<br />
upódətijos<br />
Blessing the adorned girl is the traditional<br />
way <strong>of</strong> marriage<br />
Morignasúweqtum morignām<br />
pikusjās upódətijos wedhmn̥ koitús<br />
(esti) (perəmā́)<br />
Apo n̥ streponts sodét<br />
Koliskómseqmenjos<br />
Qāqōi ghostipotjei wórsotrom bhūt,<br />
qesjo wornos qā́qosjo ghóstipotjos<br />
kr̥ pjobhjom plakēbhwāt<br />
Qāqōi ghostipotjei wórsotrom bhūt, ita<br />
jod qāqoworsotrowornos qā́qosjo<br />
ghóstipotjos kr̥ pjobhjom plakēbhwāt<br />
Qāqōi ghostipotjei wornoi kr̥ pjobhjom<br />
plakēntm̥ wórsotrom bhūt<br />
Blessing the girl after adorning the girl is<br />
the traditional way <strong>of</strong> marriage (absolute)<br />
She went without making any noise<br />
Quasiconsecutive<br />
For every guest there was an umbrella the<br />
colour <strong>of</strong> which went with the colour eacb<br />
guest’s shoes<br />
For every guest there was an umbrella so<br />
that the colour <strong>of</strong> eacb umbrella went with<br />
the colour eacb guest’s shoes<br />
For every guest there was an umbrella going<br />
with eacb guest’s shoes in the colour<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom,<br />
wr̥ tjōm esomqe kómseqmenos<br />
General pattern <strong>of</strong> tenses, moods and their<br />
sequence<br />
Mood<br />
Modal connotations<br />
Indicative mood<br />
Reality, universality or assertiveness<br />
Subjunctive mood<br />
Capacity, eventuality or potentiality<br />
Optative mood<br />
Potentiality, wish or recommendation<br />
Precative mood<br />
Potentiality, intention or irreality<br />
Imperative mood<br />
Order<br />
Infinitives/ participles -----<br />
Present effective<br />
Present protelative<br />
Aorist effective<br />
Aorist protelative<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Indicative mood: Reality, universality or assertiveness<br />
Aspect<br />
Temporal perspective<br />
In simple sentence/ in<br />
principal clause/ in<br />
temporal, causal or<br />
consecutive subordinate*<br />
Imperfective. action in<br />
progress<br />
Imperfective or<br />
durative<br />
Perfective.<br />
Imperfective or<br />
repetitive<br />
Resultative,<br />
consequent, stative<br />
Imperfective and<br />
perfective<br />
Reproduction <strong>of</strong> an ongoing<br />
action<br />
Universal<br />
Absolute: universal action<br />
Absolute: action vanished in<br />
the past<br />
Absolute: past action recalled<br />
in the present (dramatic)<br />
Absolute: single action with a<br />
duration in the past<br />
(constantive)<br />
Past action caming over to the<br />
present<br />
Future singular or durative<br />
action<br />
In rest <strong>of</strong> subordinate<br />
clauses<br />
Relatively<br />
simultaneous action<br />
Relatively past action<br />
Relatively resultative<br />
action<br />
Relatively future action<br />
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Chapter B3: General pattern <strong>of</strong> moods, tenses and their sequence<br />
Subjunctive mood: Capacity, eventuality or potentiality<br />
Aspect<br />
In simple<br />
sentence/ in<br />
principal<br />
clause/ in<br />
causal clause*<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause<br />
(conditional and<br />
concessive type)<br />
Temporal perspective<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause<br />
(temporal, final,<br />
consecutive, or<br />
injunctive type)<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause (reportative<br />
type)<br />
Present<br />
Imperfective.<br />
Possible or<br />
eventual<br />
Future eventual<br />
Relative future<br />
eventual<br />
Relatively<br />
simulataneous<br />
transmitted action<br />
Aorist Perfective. Past potential<br />
Relatively past<br />
transmitted action<br />
Perfect<br />
Future<br />
Resultative,<br />
consequent,<br />
stative<br />
Imperfective<br />
and perfective<br />
Resultative<br />
potential/<br />
eventual<br />
Future potential/<br />
eventual<br />
Resultative<br />
potential/ eventual<br />
Future potential/<br />
eventual<br />
Relative<br />
resultative<br />
potential/ eventual<br />
Relative future<br />
potential/ eventual<br />
Relatively resultative<br />
transmitted action<br />
Relatively future<br />
transmitted action<br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Optative mood: Potentiality, wish or recommendation<br />
Aspect<br />
Temporal perspective<br />
In simple<br />
sentence/ in<br />
principal<br />
clause/ in<br />
causal clause*<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause<br />
(conditional<br />
and concessive<br />
type)<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause<br />
(temporal, final,<br />
consecutive, or<br />
injunctive type)<br />
Imperfective.<br />
Perfective.<br />
Potential,<br />
recommendative<br />
or desiderative<br />
Past potential,<br />
recommendative<br />
or desiderative<br />
Imaginary<br />
potential<br />
Relative potential<br />
In subordinate<br />
clause (reportative<br />
type)<br />
Relatively<br />
simultaneous<br />
potential transmitted<br />
action<br />
Relatively past<br />
potential transmitted<br />
action<br />
Perfect<br />
Resultative,<br />
consequent,<br />
stative<br />
Resultative potential,<br />
recommendative or desiderative<br />
Relative<br />
resultative<br />
potential<br />
Relatively resultative<br />
potential transmitted<br />
action<br />
Future<br />
Imperfective<br />
and perfective<br />
Future potential, recommendative<br />
or desiderative<br />
Relative future<br />
potential<br />
Relatively future<br />
potential transmitted<br />
action<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
Present<br />
Aorist<br />
Perfect<br />
Aspect<br />
Imperfective.<br />
Perfective.<br />
Resultative,<br />
consequent,<br />
stative<br />
Precative mood: Potentiality, intention or irreality<br />
Temporal perspective<br />
In simple sentence/ in<br />
In subordinate clause<br />
principal clause/ in causal,<br />
(final, portative and<br />
temporal or consecutive<br />
temporal type)<br />
subordinate clause*<br />
Intentional future <strong>of</strong> the<br />
present. Recommendative<br />
proposal. Potential event.<br />
Relative intentional<br />
future<br />
In subordinate clause<br />
(conditional-concessive<br />
and injunctive type)<br />
Irreal present/ irreal future<br />
Irreal past<br />
Relative intentional<br />
future <strong>of</strong> the past<br />
Irreal past<br />
Intentional future <strong>of</strong> the past Relative irreal past Intentional future <strong>of</strong> the past<br />
Resultative irreal<br />
Relative resultative<br />
irreal<br />
Resultative irreal<br />
Imperative mood: Order or concession<br />
Aspect<br />
Temporal perspective<br />
In simple sentence/ in<br />
principal clause<br />
Present effective Action to be realised Present or future order<br />
Aorist effective Perfective. Presen, past or future order<br />
Perfect<br />
Resultative,<br />
consequent, stative<br />
Resultative order<br />
Future<br />
Imperfective and<br />
perfective<br />
Future or universal order<br />
*In these subordinate constructions, the perfect in the subordinate clause has a correlation with the<br />
principal clause and viceversa. This perfect may thus adopt past (pluperfect) o future (perfect<br />
future) forms, either in principal or in subordinate clause, following rules <strong>of</strong> sequence <strong>of</strong> tenses.<br />
229
Chapter B3: General pattern <strong>of</strong> moods, tenses and their sequence<br />
Déikmona<br />
Examples<br />
Kmāmi jod nē swéswōdha<br />
Kmām jod nē swéswōdhm̥<br />
Kmāsō jod nē sweswdhwṓs bhewsō<br />
I get tired because I am not used to it<br />
I got tired because I was not used to it<br />
I will get tired because I will not be used to<br />
it<br />
Tām kékoma jod nē lubhējōm<br />
Tām kékomm ̥ jod nē lubhējōm<br />
Tām kekməwṓs bhewsō jod nē<br />
lubhēsōm<br />
I am so tired that I am not liking it<br />
I was so tired that I was not liking it<br />
I will be so tired that I will not be liking it<br />
Léloubha jod im gnōwa<br />
Léloubhm ̥ jod im gnōwm̥<br />
Lelubhwṓs bhewsō jod im gnōwṓs<br />
bhewsō<br />
I have a liking for him because I know him<br />
I had a liking for him because I knew him<br />
I will have a liking for him because I will<br />
know him<br />
Pos léloubha qām im gnōwa<br />
Pos lubhēsm ́ ̥ qām im gnōwm̥<br />
Pos lelubhwṓs bhewsō qām im gnōwṓs<br />
bhewsō<br />
Pos leubhsō qām im gnōwṓs bhewsō<br />
I have a liking for him after having known<br />
him<br />
I got a liking for him after having known<br />
him<br />
I will have a liking for him after having<br />
known him<br />
I will get a liking for him after having<br />
known him<br />
Prāi léloubha qām im gnōwa<br />
Pos léloubhm ̥ qām im gnōwm̥<br />
Prāi lelubhwṓs bhewsō qām im gnōwṓs<br />
bhewsō<br />
I have a liking for him before having<br />
known him<br />
I had a liking for him before having known<br />
him<br />
I will have a liking for him before having<br />
known him<br />
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A <strong>Tentative</strong> <strong>Syntax</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>Indoeuropean</strong><br />
4.-Kómseqtis módesom<br />
Óiwoisu ptṓtisu, ud modesspātis<br />
bhéweti<br />
Jom sōlis bhúweti, dhéghomm ̥ tepēti<br />
AOR. SUB (=Jom sōlis bhuweti,<br />
dhéghomm ̥ tepóit/ tēpsīt AOR. OPT)<br />
Qota oinonts tn̥ gējois jodhei mātḗr-two<br />
sjēt (=jodhei mātḗr-two esti)<br />
Sequence <strong>of</strong> moods<br />
In some particular cases, modal attraction<br />
may take place:<br />
When there is sun, may it warm the earth<br />
How could you feel lonely where your<br />
mother is<br />
231
References<br />
Ənábhorās / References<br />
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Company.DI.<br />
Ashdowne, Richard (2002) . The vocative’s calling The syntax <strong>of</strong> address in Latin. Oxford<br />
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Ballester, Xaverio. (2002). Tiempo al tiempo de las lenguas indoeuropeas. Universidad de<br />
Valencia. Facultad de Filología. Faventia 25/1, 2003 125-153.<br />
Barnes, Michael (2008). A new Introduction to Old norse. Part I, Grammar. Third edition.<br />
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Bartolotta (2008). Proto-Indo-European verbal suppletion and emerging paradigms.<br />
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Baum, Daniel. (2006). The Imperative In The Rigveda. Proefschrift. Lot. ISBN-10: 90-<br />
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Beckwith, Miles. (2008). The Latin Imperfect and V-Perfect: A Paradigm split. Iona<br />
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Beekes, R.S.P. (1988). A grammar <strong>of</strong> Gatha-Avestan. Leiden.<br />
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Breunis, Andries Anne. (1944). The nominal sentence in Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan.<br />
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European local adverbs and adpositions. 8 th International conference on Greek linguistics.<br />
Memorial University <strong>of</strong> Newfoundland, St.John’, Canada.<br />
Bubenik, Vit. (2004). On the evolution <strong>of</strong> the Hittite system <strong>of</strong> postpositions from Proto-<br />
Indo-European. 17 th International conference on linguistics, Prague.<br />
Carrasco Dug, Félix. (1976). El “imperfecto de subjuntivo” en los periodos condicionales<br />
de Plauto.<br />
Collins, Daniel E. (2011). The pragmatics <strong>of</strong> “unruly” dative absolutes in Early Slavic.<br />
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Parnassus. University College London<br />
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Corver, Norbert. (2006). Uniformity and diversity in the syntax <strong>of</strong> evaluative vocatives.<br />
Utrecht University.<br />
Coulson, Michael. (2003). Teach Yourself: Sanskrit. Footnote Books.<br />
Dahl, Eystein. The Indo-European Subjunctive and questions <strong>of</strong> relative chronology.<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo.<br />
Darden, Bill J. (1995). The Slavic s-aorist and the Baltic s-future. Linguistica Baltica 4 217-<br />
23. University <strong>of</strong> Chicago.<br />
Daues, Alexandra. (2006). On the Function <strong>of</strong> the Mediopassive Perfect in the Homeric<br />
Epics1. University <strong>of</strong> Cologne. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Conference on 'Greek <strong>Syntax</strong> and Word<br />
Classes' held in Madrid on 18-21, June<br />
De Boel, Gunnar. (2010). The Concordant and Genitival Numeric Phrases in Indo-<br />
European. Dissertation presented by Alexander Demoor to the Faculty <strong>of</strong> Arts and<br />
Philosophy to obtain the degree <strong>of</strong> Master <strong>of</strong> Advanced Linguistics in Advanced Linguistics<br />
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