Untitled - subsite - 国際基督教大学

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Field Reports: Gender and Human Security in Asia: Women and Education
Endnotes
¹Ogata, Sadako. "Human Security and Global Security," Speech at Columbia University,
March 2002.
²In my mind, "human rights" and "human security" are almost synonyms, yet the latter
refers to an elementary human right such as the "right to live". For the distinction, please
refer to Sen, Amartya. Basic Education and Human Security, 2002.
³The "trickle down effect" is a classic theory of economic development. It suggests that
national economic growth and its benefit would "trickle down" from the top to the
bottom. India adopted this approach in the1960s for its Five Year Plan, but the effect
was widely disproved and replaced by bottom-up approach in the 1970s.
⁴The Commission on Human Security. Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering
People, 2004
⁵ Krishna Anirudh. Economic and Political Weekly, 17 July 2004
⁶The latest census data shows that the sex ratio in India has fallen from 945 (1991) to
927(2001) per 1000 males. Census 2001 is available at http://www.censusindia.net/
⁷UNDP "Human Development Report 1995," UNDP, New York
⁸ Robert Chambers is probably the biggest academic figure in the development sector
today. He focuses on the knowledge and capacity of local people and enhances
their active participation in situation analysis, policy making, and implementation.
His empirical studies heavily relies on fieldwork in rural India and the local workers'
approach to poor illiterate peasants. This approach and method are called Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA), later referred as Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). PRA-PLA
had a great impact on the development sector in the 1990s.
⁹Chambers, Robert. Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman Publishing Group
,1983.
¹⁰Grameen Bank is the micro credit pioneer which reached over 43,000 villages across
Bangladesh. Grameen's borrowers are almost exclusively women, 96 percent, with
no access to other credit. Founded in 1983, its loan recovery rate still remains at a
miraculous 99 percent (Muhammad Yunus 2004). Little reported however, is the number
of field supervisors who outreached the bottom and went bankrupt. Those local workers
who themselves possess little, sometimes repaid the money instead of the borrowers.
This emotional attachment or obligation is the challenge of any field worker who
directly caters to the poor.
¹¹The Dowry Prohibition Act (No. 18 of 1961) stipulates a penalty of seven years
imprisonment and a fine for giving or taking dowry. The minimum age of marriage is
stated by the Indian Constitution as 18 years of age for women and 21 years for men.
¹²In rural Rajasthan, poor farmers commonly practice arrangedmarriages of two
daughters with two sons from another family. This saves the amount of dowry items -
money, motorcycle, color TV and other furniture - at one time.
¹³ Literature on Meo-Muslims is almost non existent. Hashim Amir-Ali's socio-economic