Eco. Lec. Syllabus.pdf - University of Sulaimani

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY COURSE BOOK
(Theory)
FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2010-2011
By
Dr. Tola A. Mirza
Assistant Professor
University of Sulaimani
College of Science
Department of Geology
Kurdistan Region-Iraq

�College: Science
�Department: Geology
�Course: Economic Geology / 4 th year students
�Course coordinator: Dr. Tola A. Mirza
�Email: tola.merza@univsul.net
�Course link in the University: tola.merza@univsul.net
�List of lecturers of this course: Dr. Tola A. Mirza

Course overview
ï This course presents to the undergraduate fourth year Geology
Department College of Science University of Sulaimani. The course
work will be conducted over a period of one semesters of 15 ñ
weeks including also laboratory and field classes.. The course is an
attempt to provide the basic principles and some definition in ore
geology. Also the course is an attempt to provide important points in
Economic geology such as the resource and reserves types,
Geothermometry, Geobarometry, zoning and dating of ore deposits
deposition, Classification of ore deposits, and giving detail about
some magamtic ore deposits
ï All the above and other important points such as localization of ore
deposits and mineral associated with them in Kurdistan Region and
other localities, Minerogenic map of metallic and non metallic
mineral deposits in Iraq, chemical and geologic characteristic.

ï Main objectives of the course:
ï The main objectives of the course are to provide a better
understanding of the economic geology, become familiar with using
of appropriate economic terminology . Processes as well as the
nature and origin of mineral occurrences especially the metallic ore
deposits in in general and especially those found in Kurdistan Region
and how they fit into the earth system.
ï The other objective is to provide opportunity in exploration of ore
deposits and methods of finding them. All the above background
knowledge for classification of ore deposits and Geothermometry,
Geobarometry and isotopic studies.

Course references
Text books available in the college library
� Guilbert, J. M. and Park, C. F., 1986, The geology of ore
deposits, W.H. Freeman and Company/ New York, 985p.
� Jassim, S.Z. and Goff, C. Geology of Iraq, 2006, Published by
Dolin,Prague Moravian Museum, Brno, 341p.
� Jensen, M. L and Batman, A. M., 1979, Economic mineral
deposits 3rd edition, New York, 593p.
� Mirza, T.A. Petrogenesis of the Mawat ophiolite complex and
the associated chromitite, Kurdistan region, NE Iraq,
Unpublished phD Thesis, University of sulaimani, 221p.
� Tarling, D.H., 1981, Economic geology and geotectonics,
Blackwell Scientefic Publications, Oxford London Edinburgh,
Bosten Mebourne, 312p.

Useful references:
� Al-bassam, K. and Akif, A. 1977 The ore mineralogy of the Marabasta Lead-Zinc
deposit Northeastern Iraq, Jour. Of Geological Society of Iraq, Vol. X, pp. 12-32.
� Awadh, S.M. 2006 Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of the Zinc-Lead-Barite
deposits from selected areas from north OF Zakho, Northern Iraq, Unpublished
PhD. Thesis, UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD,182 p.
� Duke, M.J, Mineralogy of Canadian Mineral deposit types (Mafic- Ultramafic
hosted chromitePages 615-620;
� Evans, A.M., 1993, Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals An Introduction, Third
Edition, Blackwell Publishing, PP.84-95
� Jensen, M. L and Batman, A. M., 1979, Economic mineral deposits 3rd edition,
New York, 593p.
� Musa, I, O, 2007, Petrography, Geochemistry and Genesis of Copper-Iron
Mineralization and Associated Rocks in Waraz Area, Sulaimanya, NE Iraq,
Unpublished MsC. Thesis, University of Baghdad,133 p.
� Robb, L., Introduction to ore-forming process, (2005) Blackwell Publishing, 373p.
� Mineral resource classification From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
� Mineral Information Institute -- http://www.mii.org/
� www.nd.edu/~emsi/Dahlheimer.REU03.ppt

Lec. No.
-
1 & 2
3 & 4
5
6
7 &8
9 & 10
11
12
Syllabus
Syllabus, References, Objectives
Introduction to Economic Geology
Natural Resources and Reserves
Geothermometry, Geobarometry, zoning and dating of ore deposits
Classification of Ore Deposits
Minerogenic zonation in Iraq
Magmatic Base metal Deposits
Platinum group Elements (PGEs)
Subjects
Hydrothermal mineral deposits and Metamorphic ore deposits

ï Assessment methods
ï Lectures, class discussion, homework, reading, final
test
ï Language of Instruction
ï English
�Course marks
� First exam semester 1 (4 marks)
� Second exam semester 1 (4 Marks)
� The Pop quizzes (2 Marks)
� Final lab exam 15%

Exams
A- Times of exams
The following patterns of examinations are depended for the
Economic geology course:
Pop quizzes of the first semester (2 marks).
The Pop quizzes are sudden short quizzes that can be taken during any
theoretical or practical lecture (without any previous declaration).
First Semester exams (4 marks).
1- The first exam are usually taken by the end of the lecture No. 5.
They include: 4 mark exam in theoretical lectures.
2- The second exam are usually taken by the end of the lecture No. 10.
They include: 4 mark exam in theoretical lectures.
3- A 15 mark exam in the practical lectures.
The final exams (25 marks).
The final exams are usually taken by the end of the second semester.
They include: 25 mark exam in theoretical lectures (Economic
Geology).

B- Examís duration
No specific duration is determined for the Pop quizzes, it will be
determined at their times depending on the number and type of the
questions but usually, the duration of the pop quiz is not more than
5 minutes.
The duration of the first and second exams is 90 minute.
The duration of the final exams is 90 minute for Economic geology
and 90 minute for industrial rocks and minerals (Total time 3
hours).
Answering technique by the student:
Our advices to the students are:
To read and think about the questions deeply before answering.
If the student doesnít know the correct answer of a particular
question, in this case there is no benefit from wasting the time and
he (she) should skip it and go to the next, and at last when there is a
space of time he (she) could go back and try to answer the skipped
question

Type and samples of the exams
ï Multiple choice questions
1st Exam of Economic geology
Time: 1 hr. 23/12/2009
Q1 / Select the suitable word for the following statements:
Words:
a- Mineral character, b- Qulqula Formation c- Halite ñgypsum, d- Injana Formation, e- undesirable substance,
f- Low quartz to high Quartz, g- Walash Series, h- Siderophile, i- Chalcopyrite (cubic system invert to
chalcopyrite (tetragonal system), j- Silicophile, k- Proven, L- By product, m- Thiophile, n- Measured, O- Smelting
p-Reasonably assured, Q- Extractive metallurgy, r-Indicated, S- magmatic injection, T- Mineralogical form,
u- Refining, V- Ore deposit character, w- Fatha Formation, X- Filter pressing, Y- Glauberite salttern
Statements
1- The ore mineral are considered to be naturally occurring compound valued for their metal content so further
processing after mining should be adapt generally including -----------------, --------------, ----------
2- The extraction of Ni from sulfide ore mineral are more easy than silicate ore mineral (it means the cut-off grade for the
former is 0.5 % and for the later is 1.5 % this explanation can be considered for one factor that controlling cut-off like
---------------------
3- The ---------------reserve in B.S is equivalent to -----------------in international agency of uranium nucleation
4- An example of polymorphism in metallic ore mineral is -----------------
5- Partly crystallized magma in which subjected to differential external stress is called --------------- and the squeezed
liquid into surrounding rock known as ---------------------
6- The element partitioned in magma liquid into sulfide group called -------------- and those elements partitioned into
oxide group is called --------------
7- According to the minerogenic map of Iraq the economic mineral like native sulfur is related to ----------- Formation
while the Cr-Ni deposits are related to ----------------
8- According to the minerogenic map of Iraq an example of continental evaporite deposits is -------------- and an
example on marine evaporite is ----------------

Answers
1- O- Smelting, Q- Extractive metallurgy, u- Refining
2- T- Mineralogical form
3- k- Proven, p-Reasonably assured
4- i- Chalcopyrite (cubic system to chalcopyrite (tetragonal system)
5- X- Filter pressing, S- magmatic injection,
6- m- Thiophile, h- Siderophile
7- w- Fatha Formation, g- Walash Series,
8- Y- Glauberite salttern, c- Halite ñgypsum

Compositional questions. Examples:
Describe the Iron mineralization in the Zagrose Suture Zone.
Three types of Iron mineralization are found in the Zagrose suture
are:
1- Contact metasomatic or skarn deposits.
2- Magmatic segregation deposits.
3- Hydrothermal veins and lenses of siderite.
The major iron occurrence of contact metasomatic character are
concentrated near Penjween the largest one is Asnawa deposit,
located about 3.5 km S,SW of penjween town .
Skarn type magnetite mineralization was also described from
Marapasta area in the Qandil range of Zagrose suture Zone, NE of
Ranya.
Magnetite occurs in small lenses in siliceous limestone and schist in
the lower unit of penjween group accompanied by minor pyrrhotite,
pyrite, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite.

Compare between podiform and stratiform chromite deposits
due to:
1- TiO2 content in both type
2- The rock associated within both type
3- The field appearance
4- Structure classification
Answer
Podiform
1- TiO 2 < 0.3 %
2- Ultramafic rocks (dunite,
peridotites, pyroxenite)
3- Lensoidal or podiform
4- Three types they are
Concordant, discordant,
subcordant
Stratiform
1- TiO 2 > 0.3 %
2- Ultramafic and mafic rocks
mostly gabbroic rocks
3- layered or stratiform
4- structurally are layered

What are the exploration guidelines for PGE?
Answers
1- Identify layered mafic ñ ultramafic intrusions and differentiated
sills (possibly cratonic).
2- Sample any sulphide bearing materials especially if carrying visible
pyrrohotite chalcopyrite mineralization.
3- Look for any very thin (1m) but laterally persistent disseminated
sulphide bearing horizon within complexly interlayer peridotites,
pyroxenite, troctolite, anorthosite, and gabbro sequenences.
4- Look for sulphide bearing material near contact zone of mafic ñ
ultramafic complexes composed of several intrusive phases.
5- Look for unusual textures and mineralogy namely looks for
pegmatitic texture and development of hydrous minerals within
layers or massive unit that are normally of even grain size and
anhydrous.
6- Investigate within the drainage line for potentially significant Pt
placers.