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Prosodic Boundary Prediction based on Maximum Entropy Model ...

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lack of high-level syntactic and semantic informati<strong>on</strong> impeded its accurate predicti<strong>on</strong>,<br />

a multi-pass procedure served to strike a better prosodic balance. Besides, the<br />

combinati<strong>on</strong> of machine learning power and human wisdom through error-driven<br />

ruled-<str<strong>on</strong>g>based</str<strong>on</strong>g> modificati<strong>on</strong> further enhanced its performance.<br />

Future work should focus <strong>on</strong> extracti<strong>on</strong> of ‘deeper’ c<strong>on</strong>textual informati<strong>on</strong> such as<br />

sense group and semantic chunk to aid the percepti<strong>on</strong> of prosodic phrase boundaries.<br />

Moreover, the inherent uncertainty in prosody structure in natural language may<br />

require a more flexible approach to its predicti<strong>on</strong>, possibly by using a minimum errorrate<br />

criteri<strong>on</strong> (MERC) [12] in place of the traditi<strong>on</strong>al maximum correct-rate criteri<strong>on</strong><br />

currently adopted by us.<br />

References<br />

[1] Jianfen Cao: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Predicti<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Prosodic</str<strong>on</strong>g> Organizati<strong>on</strong> Based <strong>on</strong> Grammatical Informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Journal of Chinese Informati<strong>on</strong> Processing, Vol. 17. (2003) 41–46<br />

[2] Gee J.P., Grosjean F: Performance structures: A psycholinguistic and Linguistic Appraisal.<br />

Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 15. (1983) 411–458<br />

[3] Jianfen Cao, Weibin Zhu: Syntactic and Lexical C<strong>on</strong>straint in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Prosodic</str<strong>on</strong>g> Segmentati<strong>on</strong> and<br />

Grouping. In: Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2002. Aix-en-Provence, France (2002)<br />

[4] H<strong>on</strong>gjun Wang: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Prosodic</str<strong>on</strong>g> words and prosodic phrases in Chinese. Chinese Language,Vol. 6.<br />

(2000) 525–536<br />

[5] Wang M., Hirschberg J.: Predicting Int<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>al Boundaries Automatically from Text, In:<br />

the ATIS Domain Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop,<br />

(199l) 378–383<br />

[6] Paul Taylor, Alan. W. Black: Assigning phrase breaks from part-of speech sequences,<br />

Computer Speech and Language, Vol. 12(4). (1998) 99–117<br />

[7] Z Sheng, T Jianhua, C Lianh<strong>on</strong>g: Learning rules for Chinese prosodic phrase predicti<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Computati<strong>on</strong>al Linguistics, Proceeding of the first SIGHAN<br />

workshop <strong>on</strong> Chinese language processing, Vol. 18. (2002)<br />

[8] Jian-Feng Li, Guo-Ping Hu, Renhua Wang: Chinese prosody phrase break predicti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>based</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

<strong>on</strong> maximum entropy model, In: Interspeech 2004, Jeju Island, Korea. (2004) 729–732<br />

[9] BERGER AL, STEPHEN A, DELLA PIETRA SA, et al: A maximum entropy approach to<br />

natural language processing [J]. Computati<strong>on</strong>al Linguistics, Vol. 22(1). (1996) 39–71<br />

[10] Min Zheng, Lianh<strong>on</strong>g Cai: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Prosodic</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>stituents Segmentati<strong>on</strong> and Syntax of Chinese: In:<br />

Proceeding of 5th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop, Singapore (2004)<br />

[11] Brill, Eric: Transformati<strong>on</strong>-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language<br />

Processing: A Case Study in Part-of-Speech Tagging. Computati<strong>on</strong>al Linguistics. Vol. 21(4).<br />

543–565<br />

[12] Min Chu: The Uncertainty in Prosody of Natural Speech and Its Applicati<strong>on</strong> in Speech<br />

Synthesis, Journal of Chinese Informati<strong>on</strong> Processing, Vol. 18(4). (2004) 66–71

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