North American Heavy Oil, Oil Sands, and Oil Shale Resources

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Engineering 2004, 82, pp 628-654. [34] Ophus, K. Removal of Hydrocarbons from Particulate Solids. International Patent Application number: PCT/CA2004/001826, April 20, 2004. [35] Sandler, K. and Davis, P. In Situ Bitumen Overview and Activity Update in the Province of Alberta. SPE/PS-CIM/CHOA International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, November 1-3, 2005, Calgary, Alberta; Society of Petroleum Engineers: Dallas, TX, 2005; SPE 97800. [36] McLendon, T.R.; Bartke, T.C. Tar Sand, Technology Status Report; DOE/METC- 91/0274 (DE91002070); Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy: Morgantown, WV, 1990. [37] Flint, L. Bitumen Recovery Technology: A Review of Long Term R&D Opportunities; LENEF Consulting Limited, 2005. [38] Gray, M. Research Challenges for Sustainable Oil Sands Production. Research presentation to the Utah Heavy Oil Program, University of Utah, March 15, 2007. [39] Koel, M. Estonian Oil Shale. www.kirj.ee/oilshale/Est-OS.htm (accessed June 18, 2007). Oil Shale, A Scientific-Technical Journal, Oil Shale Extra. [40] Shell Oil Company. Welcome to the Mahogany Research Project. http://www. shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=us-en&FC2=/us-en/html/iwgen/leftnavs/ zzz_lhn4_4_0.html&FC3=/us-en/html/iwgen/shell_for_businesses/exploration_production_shared/mahogany_shared/dir_mahogany.html (accessed October 1, 2006). [41] Vinegar, H.J. Shell Oil Company. Personnal communication, July 2006. [42] Heidrick, T.; Bilodeau, V.; Godin, M. Oil Sands Research Inventory; Alberta Energy Research Institute: Edmonton, Alberta, March 2004. Also available at http://www. aeri.ab.ca/sec/new_res/docs/Oil_Sands_Public_Research_27Apr07.pdf. [43] Energy Information Administration. Refinery Capacity Report 2007; Department of Energy: Washington, D.C., June 2007. Also available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/ oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/refinery_capacity_data/refcapacity.html. [44] Energy Information Administration. Refinery Capacity and Utilization. http:// tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_top.asp (accessed December 13, 2006). [45] Gossen, S.; Partial Upgrading of Heavy Oil and Bitumen: Strategic Value in Western Canada, Canadian Heavy Oil Association, Calgary, Alberta, May 8, 2002. Also available at http://www.ensyn.com/info/08052002.htm. [46] Speight, J.G.; Özüm, B. Petroleum Refining Process, Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York, 2002. [47] Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2007 with Projections to 2030; DOE/EIA-0383(2007); U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, D.C., February 2007. Also available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/index.html. [48] Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2007; DOE/EIA- 0484(2006); U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, D.C., May 2007. Also available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html. [49] Berry Petroleum. 2005 Form 10-K. http://www.bry.com/index.php?page=investor (accessed January 20, 2007). [50] Berry Petroleum. 2006 Form 10-K. http://www.bry.com/index.php?page=investor (accessed May 7, 2007). [51] Guntis, M. California Steam Produces Less: Other EOR Continues. Oil & Gas Journal 2002, 100(15), pp 48-74. [52] Athabasca Regional Issues Working Group; Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo; Fort McMurray Public Schools; Fort McMurray Catholic Board of Education; Northland School Division; Keyano College; Northern Lights Health Region. Wood Buffalo Business Case 2005: A Business Case for Government Investment in the Wood Buffalo Region’s Infrastructure; Athabasca Regional Issues Working Group, March 2005. Also available at http://www.oilsands.cc/pdfs/Wood%20Buffalo%20Busines s%20Case%202005.pdf. [53] National Energy Board – Canada. Canada’s Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update; National Energy Board – Canada, May 2004. Also Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconventional Oils Research Report September 2007 xxvi
available at http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/lsnd/pprtntsndchllngs20152004/pprtntsndchllngs20152004-eng.pdf. [54] National Energy Board – Canada. Canada’s Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update; National Energy Board – Canada, June 2006. Also available at http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/lsnd/pprtntsndchllngs20152006/pprtntsndchllngs20152006-eng.pdf. [55] Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Bitumen Pricing Methodology for SEC Reserves Disclosure; Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, September 2005. Also available at http://capp.ca/raw.asp?x=1&dt=NTV&e=PDF&dn=91581. [56] Bauman, J. Vernal Company Set to Exploit Oil Shale. Deseret Morning News. March 14, 2005. [57] Isaacson, Alan E. Western Oil Shale: Past, Present and Future. Utah Economic and Business Review 2006, 66, pp 1-11. [58] Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. http:// stats.bls.gov/cew/home.htm (accessed November 10, 2006). Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconventional Oils Research Report September 2007 xxvii
Page 1 and 2: A T e c h n i c A l , e c o n o m i
Page 3 and 4: A Technical, Economic, and Legal As
Page 5 and 6: Forward The Energy Policy Act of 20
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents List of Figures .
Page 9 and 10: 6 Economic and Social Issues Relate
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4-9. Schematic of the THAI P
Page 13 and 14: List of Acronyms ACEC Areas of Crit
Page 15 and 16: TESS Threatened and Endangered Spec
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Against the backd
Page 19 and 20: Current unconventional fuel product
Page 21 and 22: higher temperatures with the highes
Page 23 and 24: trades at a discount to West Texas
Page 25 and 26: Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is
Page 27: [14] Buschkuehle, B.E.; Grobe, M. G
Page 31 and 32: 1 Introduction Due to the current p
Page 33 and 34: miles or 7 kilometers) and at tempe
Page 35 and 36: deposits in western Canada containi
Page 37 and 38: In contrast to oil sands, enourmous
Page 39 and 40: 1.12 References [1] Population Refe
Page 41 and 42: [37] Natural Gas Division of Natura
Page 43 and 44: Utah Heavy Oil Program ArcIMS® Map
Page 45 and 46: 2.2 Toolbar Description Currently,
Page 47 and 48: The table of contents also contains
Page 49 and 50: It is possible that more than one f
Page 51 and 52: To use the Query UHOP Repository to
Page 53 and 54: 3 The North American Unconventional
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Heavy Oil Resource North Americ
Page 57 and 58: Table 3-1. U.S. Heavy Oil Database
Page 59 and 60: (EOR), California is the largest pr
Page 61 and 62: Table 3-2. Table of the remaining p
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3-10. Map of the areas (Acti
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3-12. Age of oil sands depos
Page 67 and 68: arrels considered speculative. The
Page 69 and 70: Oil sand deposits are also present
Page 71 and 72: Table 3-7. Characterization of Nort
Page 73 and 74: Of the other U.S. oil shales, Devon
Page 75 and 76: University Press: London, 1938; pp
Page 77 and 78: Production/Processing Technologies
Page 79 and 80:
Surface extraction and processing t
Page 81 and 82:
Modern commercial steamfloods began
Page 83 and 84:
production data from a number of he
Page 85 and 86:
with downhole separation technology
Page 87 and 88:
even though the recovery varied sig
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4-1. Typical physical and che
Page 91 and 92:
4.2.2.1 Surface Mining The Canadian
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 4-6. Bitumen liberation and
Page 95 and 96:
Table 4-4. Properties of bitumen-de
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 4-7. Schematic of a cyclic s
Page 99 and 100:
itumen [74]. Nevertheless, as the C
Page 101 and 102:
Despite the technical progress that
Page 103 and 104:
Table 4-6. Average chemical and ele
Page 105 and 106:
Large scale processing of mined oil
Page 107 and 108:
kiln retort combines direct and ind
Page 109 and 110:
water mixture. The freeze wall esta
Page 111 and 112:
nature of the resource and the resp
Page 113 and 114:
Conference and Exhibition, April 20
Page 115 and 116:
[67] Cha, S.M. Pyrolysis of Oil San
Page 117 and 118:
Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconvention
Page 119 and 120:
5 Upgrading and Refining While ligh
Page 121 and 122:
Research is driven by the need to r
Page 123 and 124:
Table 5-1. Available upgrading proc
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5-3. Comparison of yield and
Page 127 and 128:
A schematic of a fluid coker is sho
Page 129 and 130:
Because it produces negligible crac
Page 131 and 132:
5.6 Enhanced Upgrading There is an
Page 133 and 134:
5.6.3 Novel Hydrovisbreaking and Fa
Page 135 and 136:
Oil & Gas Journal 2004, 102(30), pp
Page 137 and 138:
Economic and Social Issues Related
Page 139 and 140:
low-sulfur crude oil is forecast to
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6-2. Price of WTI and less t
Page 143 and 144:
Past variations in the prices of bo
Page 145 and 146:
However, in recent years the cost o
Page 147 and 148:
were 50 to 60 plants in the United
Page 149 and 150:
increased production from heavy oil
Page 151 and 152:
As seen in Table 6-5, the Rocky Mou
Page 153 and 154:
Wyoming. In general, the Chevron Pi
Page 155 and 156:
Table 6-7. Annual average wages in
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 6-8. Southern California are
Page 159 and 160:
as a whole as seen in Table 6-10 [4
Page 161 and 162:
Table 6-13. Recent oil and gas prod
Page 163 and 164:
density of the seven-county area wa
Page 165 and 166:
esources will not cause significant
Page 167 and 168:
Production of both crude oil and na
Page 169 and 170:
Advances in economic modeling in th
Page 171 and 172:
Table 6-20 (continued). Petroleum r
Page 173 and 174:
Table 6-20 (continued). Petroleum r
Page 175 and 176:
6.6 References [1] Energy Informati
Page 177 and 178:
[39] IOGCC Governor’s Task Force.
Page 179 and 180:
7 Environmental, Legal and Policy I
Page 181 and 182:
Unconventional fuel resource develo
Page 183 and 184:
Under this legal framework, the BLM
Page 185 and 186:
The only environmental conditions i
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 7-3. Utah oil sands with see
Page 189 and 190:
action in question, and the “cumu
Page 191 and 192:
incentives for cleaner, more sustai
Page 193 and 194:
life, historic, cultural, or other
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 7-5. Green River Formation o
Page 197 and 198:
permitting requests must be evaluat
Page 199 and 200:
esponsibilities include preparation
Page 201 and 202:
the action clearly outweigh the ben
Page 203 and 204:
7.6.1 Clean Water Act The CWA [118]
Page 205 and 206:
a realistic average water flow esti
Page 207 and 208:
[21] See Combined Hydrocarbon Leasi
Page 209 and 210:
[80] Executive Order 13242, dated M
Page 211:
Utah Heavy Oil Program Institute fo
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