North American Heavy Oil, Oil Sands, and Oil Shale Resources

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Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconventional Oils Research Report September 2007 iv
Table of Contents List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................x List of Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................xi List of Units ................................................................................................................................xiv Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................xv 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1.1 1.1 Energy and Global Economic Development ................................................................. 1.1 1.2 North American Unconventional Oil Resources ........................................................... 1.2 1.3 Unconventional Oil Resources and the Global Petroleum Market ................................. 1.4 1.4 Heavy Oil ..................................................................................................................... 1.4 1.5 Oil Sands ...................................................................................................................... 1.5 1.6 Oil Shale ....................................................................................................................... 1.5 1.7 Upstream Processing ..................................................................................................... 1.5 1.8 Downstream Processing and Markets ............................................................................ 1.7 1.9 Economic Issues ............................................................................................................ 1.7 1.10 Legal and Environmental Issues .................................................................................. 1.8 1.11 Summary .................................................................................................................... 1.8 1.12 References ................................................................................................................... 1.9 2 Utah Heavy Oil Program ArcIMS® Map Server Interface ....................................................... 2.1 2.1 UHOP ArcIMS® Map Server Interface ......................................................................... 2.1 2.2 Toolbar Description ...................................................................................................... 2.2 2.3 ArcIMS® Table of Contents ........................................................................................... 2.3 2.4 Usage Tips .................................................................................................................... 2.4 2.5 Accessing the UHOP Repository through the Map Server Interface .............................. 2.4 2.5.1 Using the Identify Results Tool ............................................................................ 2.5 2.5.2 Using the Select by Rectangle Tool ...................................................................... 2.6 2.5.3 Using the Query UHOP Repository Tool ............................................................ 2.7 2.6 Future Work ................................................................................................................. 2.8 3 The North American Unconventional Oil Resource ............................................................... 3.1 3.1 Heavy Oil Resource ...................................................................................................... 3.3 3.1.1 Canadian Heavy Oil Resource ............................................................................. 3.5 3.1.2 U.S. Heavy Oil Resource ..................................................................................... 3.6 3.1.3 Mexican and Central American Heavy Oil Resource ........................................... 3.8 3.2 Oil Sands Resource ..................................................................................................... 3.12 3.2.1 Canadian Oil Sands Resource ............................................................................ 3.14 3.2.2 U.S. Oil Sands Resource .................................................................................... 3.14 3.2.3 Mexican and Central American Oil Sands Resource .......................................... 3.17 3.3 Oil Shale Resource ...................................................................................................... 3.17 3.3.1 Canadian Oil Shale Resource ............................................................................. 3.20 3.3.2 U.S. Oil Shale Resource..................................................................................... 3.20 3.3.3 Mexican and Central American Oil Shale Resource ........................................... 3.21 3.4 New Technology Impacts ............................................................................................ 3.21 3.5 References ................................................................................................................... 3.21 4 Production/Processing Technologies for Unconventional Oil Resources ................................. 4.1 4.1 Production Processes for Heavy Oil .............................................................................. 4.2 4.1.1 Evolution of Steam Injection Technologies .......................................................... 4.3 4.1.2 Reservoir and Performance Monitoring ............................................................... 4.5 4.1.3 Screening Criteria for Steamflood Technologies ................................................... 4.5 4.1.4 Models for Steamflood Performance .................................................................... 4.6 4.1.5 New Technology Impacts and Future Research .................................................... 4.6 4.1.6 Selected Field Surveys .......................................................................................... 4.8 Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconventional Oils Research Report September 2007 v
Page 1 and 2: A T e c h n i c A l , e c o n o m i
Page 3 and 4: A Technical, Economic, and Legal As
Page 5: Forward The Energy Policy Act of 20
Page 9 and 10: 6 Economic and Social Issues Relate
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4-9. Schematic of the THAI P
Page 13 and 14: List of Acronyms ACEC Areas of Crit
Page 15 and 16: TESS Threatened and Endangered Spec
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Against the backd
Page 19 and 20: Current unconventional fuel product
Page 21 and 22: higher temperatures with the highes
Page 23 and 24: trades at a discount to West Texas
Page 25 and 26: Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is
Page 27 and 28: [14] Buschkuehle, B.E.; Grobe, M. G
Page 29 and 30: available at http://www.neb-one.gc.
Page 31 and 32: 1 Introduction Due to the current p
Page 33 and 34: miles or 7 kilometers) and at tempe
Page 35 and 36: deposits in western Canada containi
Page 37 and 38: In contrast to oil sands, enourmous
Page 39 and 40: 1.12 References [1] Population Refe
Page 41 and 42: [37] Natural Gas Division of Natura
Page 43 and 44: Utah Heavy Oil Program ArcIMS® Map
Page 45 and 46: 2.2 Toolbar Description Currently,
Page 47 and 48: The table of contents also contains
Page 49 and 50: It is possible that more than one f
Page 51 and 52: To use the Query UHOP Repository to
Page 53 and 54: 3 The North American Unconventional
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Heavy Oil Resource North Americ
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3-1. U.S. Heavy Oil Database
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(EOR), California is the largest pr
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Table 3-2. Table of the remaining p
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Figure 3-10. Map of the areas (Acti
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Figure 3-12. Age of oil sands depos
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arrels considered speculative. The
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Oil sand deposits are also present
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Table 3-7. Characterization of Nort
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Of the other U.S. oil shales, Devon
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University Press: London, 1938; pp
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Production/Processing Technologies
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Surface extraction and processing t
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Modern commercial steamfloods began
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production data from a number of he
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with downhole separation technology
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even though the recovery varied sig
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Table 4-1. Typical physical and che
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4.2.2.1 Surface Mining The Canadian
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Figure 4-6. Bitumen liberation and
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Table 4-4. Properties of bitumen-de
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Figure 4-7. Schematic of a cyclic s
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itumen [74]. Nevertheless, as the C
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Despite the technical progress that
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Table 4-6. Average chemical and ele
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Large scale processing of mined oil
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kiln retort combines direct and ind
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water mixture. The freeze wall esta
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nature of the resource and the resp
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Conference and Exhibition, April 20
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[67] Cha, S.M. Pyrolysis of Oil San
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Utah Heavy Oil Program Unconvention
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5 Upgrading and Refining While ligh
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Research is driven by the need to r
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Table 5-1. Available upgrading proc
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Table 5-3. Comparison of yield and
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A schematic of a fluid coker is sho
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Because it produces negligible crac
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5.6 Enhanced Upgrading There is an
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5.6.3 Novel Hydrovisbreaking and Fa
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Oil & Gas Journal 2004, 102(30), pp
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Economic and Social Issues Related
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low-sulfur crude oil is forecast to
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Figure 6-2. Price of WTI and less t
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Past variations in the prices of bo
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However, in recent years the cost o
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were 50 to 60 plants in the United
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increased production from heavy oil
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As seen in Table 6-5, the Rocky Mou
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Wyoming. In general, the Chevron Pi
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Table 6-7. Annual average wages in
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Figure 6-8. Southern California are
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as a whole as seen in Table 6-10 [4
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Table 6-13. Recent oil and gas prod
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density of the seven-county area wa
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esources will not cause significant
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Production of both crude oil and na
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Advances in economic modeling in th
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Table 6-20 (continued). Petroleum r
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Table 6-20 (continued). Petroleum r
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6.6 References [1] Energy Informati
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[39] IOGCC Governor’s Task Force.
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7 Environmental, Legal and Policy I
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Unconventional fuel resource develo
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Under this legal framework, the BLM
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The only environmental conditions i
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Figure 7-3. Utah oil sands with see
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action in question, and the “cumu
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incentives for cleaner, more sustai
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life, historic, cultural, or other
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Figure 7-5. Green River Formation o
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permitting requests must be evaluat
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esponsibilities include preparation
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the action clearly outweigh the ben
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7.6.1 Clean Water Act The CWA [118]
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a realistic average water flow esti
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[21] See Combined Hydrocarbon Leasi
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[80] Executive Order 13242, dated M
Page 211:
Utah Heavy Oil Program Institute fo
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North American Heavy Oil, Oil Sands, and Oil Shale Resources

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