Vector-borne Infectious Diseases in Pakistan

5
as Culex modestus; also,
the hard tick Hyalomma
marginatum
Reservoirs:
Birds
known to be present since
1982; in Karachi approx.
50% of patients with
encephalitis were WNV
seropositive; Chiniot
region (1983-85) 32.8%
seropositivity; Changa
Manga National Forest
region 38.5%
seropositivity;
seroprevalence in
Pakistani soldiers (1996)
33-41%
Bite properties:
Culex mosquitoes bite at
dawn and dusk as well as
indoors (endophilic,
endophagic); Cx.
tritaeniorrhynchus is
endo- and exophagic in
urban areas; infectious
females overwinter in
buildings, cellars, and
animal stables, sometimes
in large numbers
Breeding grounds:
Though there is some
species-specific variation,
the principal vectors
(Culex pipiens,Cx.
modestus) thrive in any
available small, stagnant
on windows
- Outdoors:
Larval mosquito control;
use insect repellent
combined with
permethrin-treated
uniform; eliminate
potential breeding sites,
such as cans and
containers