The Genera Boophilus Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis (Ixodidae ...

SECURITY AGENCY 

FEDERAL 

STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 

UNITED 

GENERA BOOPHILUS, RHIPICEPHALUS, 

THE 

HAEMAPHYSALIS (IXODIDAE) 

AND 

By 

A. COOLEY, Senior Entomologist 

R. 

the Rocky Mountain Laboratory 

From 

of Infectious Diseases 

Division 

79th Congress, 2d Session House Document No. 603 

National Institute of Health Bulletin No. 187 

OF THE NEW WORLD 

United States Public Health Service 

National Institute of Health 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 1946

Introduction 

and veterinary importance 3 

Medical 

o1 terms.. 5 

Explanation 

Bo,ophilus 9 

Genus 

armtlattts (Say) 11 

Boophilus 

microphts (Canestrini) 17 

t3oophilus 

lhipicephalus 23 

Genus 

scmtTuineus (Latreille) 24 

lhipicephtlus 

1-1ctemctthysctlis 30 

Genus 

to adults 30 

Iey 

to nymphs 30 

Iey 

leporis-pcdustris (Packard) 31 

Hctemctphyscdis 

chordeilis (Packard) 37 

Haemephyscdis 

kochi Arago 44 

Haemaphysalis 

furttkochi, n. sp 48 

Haemaphysttlis 

51 

References 

CONTENTS 

111

present paper, the last in the monographic series- on NEW WORLD 

The 

prepared at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, treats of the genera 

ticks 

Rhipicep,halus, and Haemaphysalis, and is based mainly on 

Boophilus, 

numerous specimens which have accumulated in this laboratory 

the 

collections .made by field workers from the laboratory, and 

through 

correspondence with individuals in this country and in other 

through 

Since sufficient material was available, the species from both 

countries. 

America and South America are included. 

North 

more attention should be directed to the study of ticks in all 

Much 

Americas south of the United States. There are probably many 

the 

southern Mexico, Central America, and espe- 

in South America south of the 25th meridian where only one 

cially 

Ixodes uriae, has been recorded. 

species, 

acknowledgment is made to Dr. E. W. Price and to Mr. 

Grateful 

Mclntosh of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart- 

Allen 

of Agriculture for authentic specimens of Boopl,ilus nnultus 

ment 

date back to the time when this tick was of importance because it 

which 

the vector of Texas fever in cattle; to Dr. Henrique de Beaurepaire 

is 

of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for 

Arago 

B. Fairchild, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, for essential 

G, 

of Haemaphysalis. from Central America. 

specimens 

Genera Dermacentor and Octocentor (Ixodidae) in the United States, with studies in 


R. A. Cooley. National Institute of Health Bulletin No. 175. Government Printing 

variation, 

1938. 

Office, 

Genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United States, R. A. Cooley and Glen M. Kohls. 


of ParasitoIogy, 3o: 77-111, 1944. 

Journal 

Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba, R. A. Cooley and Glen M Kohls. 


Midland Naturalist, Monograph No. 1, 1944. 

Atneriean 

Genus Ixodes in North America, R. A. Cooley and Glen M. Kohls. National Institute of 


INTRODUCTION 

species new to science in 

authentic specimens;to Mr. L. H. Dunn, Ovid, New York, and to 

Dr. 

Health Bulletin No. 184. Government Printing Office, 1945.

in the last century epoch-making discoveries were announced 

Late 

Smith and F. L. Kilbourne. According to Herms (1939, p. 

Theobald 

made the second great fundamental discovery in the field of med 

they 

namely, that the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (S: 

entomology, 

the disease." 

of 

findings led to the subsequent discovery of numerous sire 

These 

of ticks and organisms pathogenic to man 

and animals. 

associations 

microplus is more prevalent on cattle in the New World tl 


annulatus. The ormer is also a 

carrier of Babesia bigemina, 

is-B. 

by the writings of Parodi (1916), Clark (1918), Guy (191 

shown 

and Braga (1923), Lignieres (1924), Rosenbusch (1927), 

Fonseca 

de Asua, Dios, Zuccarini,.and Kuhn (1928). 

Jimenez 

sanguineus is probably the most cosmopolitan tick in 

Rhipicephalus 

and in the New World occurs in many parts of North and So 

world 

where its range is being rapidly extended by transportation 

America 

its most important host. In the Old World, it is the transmitt 

dogs, 

has not been introduced. A rickettsia which is at least very clo, 

it 

to the pathogenic agent of fivre boutonneuse is prevalent 

related 

maculatum in southern United States. While pathogenic 

./tmblyomma 

pigs, this rickettsia has not been associated with disease in n 

guinea 

any native animal (Parker, Kohls, Cox, George W., and Davis, 19. 

or 

and Cox, H. R., 1939). 

Parker 

sanguineus is also the vector of canine piroplasmosis which is R. w 

in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Eaton (1934) recognized 

known 

of this disease in dogs in Florida' Hagen (1943)states tha 

presence 

been reported in Puerto Rico and in Brazil," and the "has aut] same 

"It was seen by Clark in Panama in imported hunting dogs," 

states, 

disease occurs in Texas." 

"the 

MEDICAL AND VETERINARY IMPORTANCE 

rank with Laveran's discovery of the malaria parasite is 

'"Taking 

by Theobald Smith in 1889 (Smith and Kilbourne, 1893) 

discovery 

the causative .organism (Babesia bigemina) of Texas cattle 

fever, als 

p'otozo6n. Associated with Smith in 

-red-blood-corpuscle-inhabiting 

of the disease was F. L. Kilbourne, and together in 11 

investigation 

(B. boris Riley), is 

the necessary intermediary host of the causal a 

of fivre boutonneuse among dogs and to man. This disease is 

agent 

to occur in the New World, but it cannot be safely.assumed 

known 

Parker, Philip, and Jellison (1933) showed that under experimet

Mountain spotted fever. Since this tick is found on dogs in 

Rocky 

with the proved vectors of this disease, it is hardly conceiv- 

association 

that R. sangieus has not already become a 

transmitting agent 

able 

dogs. Fortunately this tick seldom bites man in this country. It 

among 

has already occurred in Mexico. 

transmission 

P. Regendanz and Julio Muniz (1935) in laboratory experiments 

Drs. 

guinea pigs were able to demonstrate stage-to-stage transmission in 

on 

sanguineus of "exanthematic typhus" of So Paulo, now known to be 

R. 

same as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

the 

a parasite, R. sanguineus is not only directly injurious to the dog 

As 

is a continual annoyance, calling for repeated removal of the ticks 

but 

treatment of kennels and other bedding places. 

and 

that are kept in dwellings or that have access to them, commonly 

Dogs 

infestations difficult to eradicate and,-in large cities, provide fre- 

cause 

jobs for the commercial pest exterminators. 

quent 

(1923) discovered Haemaphysalis l'eporis-palustris to be a 

Parker 

man, its passage of the disease from animal to animal is of 

attacks 

importance in the maintenance of the disease in nature. 

primary 

(1924) also showed that H. leporis-palustris is a natural vector 

Parker 

tularemia among rabbits and certain ground-frequenting birds in North 

of 

natural maintenance of tularemia. 

the 

Shillinger, and Green (1936) reported the transmission of 

Larson, 

papillomatosis by H. leporis-palustris in laboratory experiments. 

rabbit 

(1919) reported a fatal case of tick paralysis in a child (age 107) 

Todd 

attached to 

head of the child. 

the 

Philip, and Davis (1932) have published data which suggest 

Parker, 

H. cinnabarina may be a transmitting agent of tularemia among 

that 

birds. If it is, this tick, too, is of possible significance 

ground-frequenting 

the incidence of tularemia in man resulting from contact with 

in 

birds. 

game 

4 

does occasionally do so when dwellings are infested; 

particularly when 

of living are low, and there is a close association between dogs 

standards 

occupants. Under such conditions, occasional instances of the trans- 


of Rocky Mountain spotted fever to man appear to be a 

definite' 

mission 

possibility; in fact, there is evidence which suggests that such 

future 

natural vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

While this tick rarely 

It is possible that this tick is of considerable importance also .in 

America. 

due to a single Haemaphysalis cinnabarina (now chordeilis)

Female calitulum, dorsal. F. From Boophilus. G,H,I, Spi.racular plates. 

C,D,E. 

695499-46-2 

EXPLANATION OF TERMS 

C 

BOOPHILUS RHIPICEPHALU HAEMAPHYSALIS 

TARSAL VENTRAL SPURS BOOPHILUS P,HIPICEPHALU HAEMAPHYSAIJ8 

FZGUR 1. 

A. From male Boophilus, venter. B. From male Haernphysalis, dorsum. 

5

SHIELDS: Paired shields outside the adanal shields in males of 

ACCESSORY 

and Rhipicephalus. 


SHIELDS: Paired ventral shields near the anus in males of Boophilus 

ADANAL 

Rhipicephalus. 


PROCESS: On coxa I in Boophilus; the attenuated anterior extension 

ANTERIOR 

in ventral and dorsal views in males, 

visible 

A distinct articulated portion of a leg or palpus. In the leg, the sequence 

ARTICLE: 

articles is indicated by names, trochanter, femur, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus. 

of 

the palpus the sequence is indicated by Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4, being 

In 

proximal article. 

the 

CAPITULI: The basal portion of the capitulum which is movably articulated 

BASIS 

the body and to 

which the mouth parts are 

attached. Often abbreviated to 

With 

"basis". 

The movable anterior portion of the body including the mouth parts. 

CAPITULUM: 

cases the process was fully developed. 

GROOVES: The pair of grooves or depressions on the anterior part 

CERVICAL 

the scutum of adults, nymphs, and larvae, starting near the emargination and 

of 

caudad. 

extending 

The apical portion of the hypostome which is differentiated from the 

CORONA: 

by having very small denticles which may be numerous or few in 

remainder 

number. 

The sclerotized portions COXAE: plates on the renter to which the legs are 

or. 

attached; their sequence from anterior to posterior is indicated by 

movably 

numerals I, II, III, and IV. 

Roman 

SPURS: Large or 

small, long or short projections usually on the posterior 

CO'XAL 

of the coxae. Spurs may be only short, salient elevations on or near the 

margins 

edge. The one on the median side is the internal spur, that on 

the 

posterior 

side the external spur. When the inner spur is replaced by a 

lobe, it is 

outer 

spoken of as a spur. In Haemaphysalis there may be a single spur near the 

still 

of the posterior margin, and it is denoted a middle spur. 

middle 

Marked with minute cracks or crazing. 

CRAZED: 

The recurved "teeth" on the ventral side of the hypostome. See 

DENTICLES: 

hypostome. 

In all stages of Ixodidae, the excavation, more or less pronounced, 

EMARGINATION: 

between the scapulae of the scutum. 

More or less rectangular areas separated by. grooves, along the posterior 

FESTOONS: 

submarginal area of the dorsum in both sexes. In Haemaphysalis, present 

on nymphs and larvae. 

APERTURE: The external evidence of the genital organs found on 

GENITAL 

ventral median line posterior to the capitulum. Absent in nymphs and larvae. 

the 

GROOVE: A long groove beginning near the genital aperture and extending 

GENITAL 

toward, or to the posterior margin. 

GROOVE: A semicircular groove posterior to the anus present in some 

ANAL 

genera. 

ARTICULATION: The joining, 

movable or fixed,, between articles. 

"head" or "false head" of some authors. 


PROCESS: Process on the extremity of males in Boophilus and Rhipi- 

CAUDAL 

Some writers have indicated that this process appears only after feedincephalus. 

of the tick" but the writer has repeatedly seenmales of microplus still enclosed 

within the nymphal shell, and in all 

also

capituli. Its dentition is expressed by a ratio. Thus 3/3 means that there 

basis 

three longitudinal files on each half of the hypostome. Measurement is made 

are 

the base to the anterior extremity. 

from 

CARINAE: On the scutum in all stages, paired lineal elevations outside 

LATERAL 

cervical grooves, and usually more declivitous on their inner sides, and 

the 

so faint as to be indefinite. Often absent. 

sometimes 

GROOVES: In males, grooves at the sides of the scutum. 

LATERAL 

The sequence of the legs from anterior to posterior is indicated in Roman 

LEGS: 

I, II, III, and IV. Measurements of the articles are made on the 

numerals 

side since they "telescope" dorsal the ventral side. 

on 

A tongue-shaped retrograde, sclerotized projection LIGULA: the venter of 

on 

article 1. 

palpal 

GROO'VES: In females, grooves at the sides of the body posterior to 

MARGINAL 

scutum. 

the 

GROOVE: A dorsal body groove, on the middle line back of the scutum. 

MEDIAN 

Paired, articulated appendages on the basis capituli lying parallel with the 

PALPI: 

and chelicerae. Four articles were originally present in all ticks, 

hypostome 

the proximal article may be obsolescent or absent. In the genus 

but 

palpal articles 2, 3, and 4 are plainly visible, and all articulations 

Boophilus, 

movable, though between 2 and 3 the movement is only slight. The articula- 

are 

between the basis capituIi and article and that between and 2 is confusintion 

by reason of the fact that has been much reduced or may be absent. 

present at all, is represented only by a sclerotized spot, or plate, on the 

If 

side (toward the hypostome) which may be very indefinite, a distinct 

inner 

"ligula." (See fig. 5B.) The palpi in this genus do not have a 

fixed length 

a 

may be observed in occasional specimens which have one paIpus distinctly 

as 

than the other. 

longer 

Rhipicephcdus, article is present and movably attached to 2. On the 

In 

plate on the inner side may be present or absent. 

small 

all species of Haemaphysalis known to the writer palpal article is absent 

In 

the between 2 and 3 is fused. 

and articulation 

A pair of pitted areas, usually depressed, the 

on dorsum oJ; the 

AREAS: POROSE 

capituli, present in all females (of Ixodidae), absent in males, nymphs and 

basis 

larvae. 

MEDIAN GROOVE: Ventral, longitudinal groove posterior to the 

POSTANAL 

anus. 

GROOVES: A pair of dorsal body grooves outside the 

POSTEROLATERAL 

groove. 

median 

Pits in the surface of the exoskeleton, frequent on the scutum 

PUNCTATIONS: 

sometimes present on the basis capituli. The pit may or may not have a 


in it, and in some the "floor" is level. 

hair 

An edge that extends, in contradistinction to a 

margin that terminates 

SALIENT: 

by a 

its parts by the deposit of nonchitinous substances in the exocuticula. 

or 

The sclerotized plate covering all or most of the dorsllra ha rna.les and 

SCUTUM: 

7 

The median ventral mouth part which is immovably attached to the 

HYPOSTOME: 

or a retrograde extension, which, because of its shape, may be called 

inner-edge, 

there is a large triangular plate On the inner side while on the dorsum a 

renter 

rounded edge. 

SCLEROTIZATION: The hardening, and incidentally, 

darkening of the body wall 

th anterior plate: i.n. fales, nymphs, and larvae.

PLATE: Paired plates situated behind legs IV, the external evidence 

SPIRACULAR 

of the respiratory system. 

SPUR: Retrograde projection near the distal end of the trochanter. 

TROCHANTAL 

dorsal and ventral spurs may be present in a species. 

Both 

sur- 

of the basis, similar to the cornua on the dorsal surface. 

face 

TARSAL SPURS: Spurs on the ventral side of the tarsus designated as 

VENTRAL 

terminal and subterminal ventral spurs. 

VENTRAL CORNUA: Retrograde horns on 

the posterior margin of ventral

Boophilus Curtice. Name Boophilus used without description. 

1890. 

Boophilus Curtice, p. 317. Original description. 

1891. 

Boophilus Curtice: Salmon and Stiles, p. 419. Description, synonymy, and 

1901. 

bibliography. 

Margaropus Karsch: Neumann, p.. 223. Makes Boophilus a synonym of 

1907. 

Margaropus. 

Margaropus Karsch:Banks, p. 35. 

1908. 

Boophilus Curtice" Nuttall and Warburton, p. 124. 

1911. 

Margaropus Karsch: Hooker et al., p. 111. 

1912. 

Boophilus Curtice Minning, p. 11. 

1934. 

Boophilus Curtice: Osorno-Mesa, p. 428. 

1941. 

Boophilus Curtice: Mackie et al., p. 536. 

1945. 

sclerotized. Inornate, with eyes but without festoons. Anal 

Lightly 

obsolete in female, faint in male. Basis capituli definitely 

groove 

(in front of the lateral points) never marginate at the sides. 

portion 

with dentition 3/3 or 4/4. Palpi short, when apposed not 

Hypostome 

absent on the sclerotized spots, present or absent on the small plates; 

hairs 

with a small, retrograde ligula. All palpal articulations movable (not 

or 

and 2, is a band of soft tissue causing the palpus to become mildly 

1 

Female scutum small. Male scutum extending the full length 

protrusile. 

tarsi with terminal ventral spurs. 

Coxa I with one or 

genus. Boophilus (and the distinct genus Martgaropus ) are onehost 


ticks and probably originated on ungulates long before the coming 

phylogenetic group and show relation- 

to R.hipicephalus and Anocentor. 

ships 

knowledge of the systematics of the Ixodoidea is 

Our 

GENUS BOOPHILUS CURTICE 1891 

hexagonal or in male sometimes lacking lateral points 

(angles); anterior 

over the chelicerae; articles 2 and 3 with transverse ridges 

meeting 

on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Palpal article 1 absent or re- 

continuous 

duced to sclerotized spot or plate, which, if 

present, is on the inner edge; 

though the degree of movement between 2 and 3 is slight. The 

fixed) 

between basis and article 1, as well as that between articles 

articulation 

of the body. Adanal and accessory shields present. 

spurs and with a long anterior process (in male) coxae II, III, and 

two 

with two, one, or no spurs. Spiracular plate oval or subcircular. All 

IV 

Male caudal process present or absent. 

Genotype: Boophilus annulatus 

(Say). 

of modern man. We should not be too much influenced by the less 

important 

records of these ticks 

taken from animals other than ungulates. 

They const,itute a rather distinct 

far from com- 

and emphasis should be placed on facilitating, not confusing, 

plete, 

studies of these ticks. To continue to use questionable new genera, 

future

and the species and subspecies of this group could retard 

subgenera, 

and lead to probable errors. The present author has decided 

development 

disregard for: the present the :new subgenera of Minning, synonymize 

to 

(from Central America), and suspend judgment on new species 

cyclops 

subspecies from other countries. Some of these species and subspecies 


are lacking in our collection. 

10

Ixodes annulatus Say, pp. 75-76. Original description. 

1821. 

Haemaphysalis rosae Koch, p. 237. 

1844. 

Ixodes boris Riley, p. 168. (Type host, Bos taurus, type locality, Missouri.) 

1869. 

Ixodes indentatus Gamgee, p. 121. 

1869. 

Boohilus boris (Riley)" Curtiee, pp. 313-319. 

1891. 

Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say): Neumann, p. 407. 

1897. 

Boophilus ann.ulatus (Say): Salmon and Stiles, pp. 420-426, bibliography. 

1901. 

I:rodes annulatus Say: Stiles and Hassall, 1901. 3, as a synonym of Boophilus 

p. 

hosts. 

Margaropus annulatus (Say): Hooker et al., p. 111. 

1912. 

Boophilu annulatus (Say): Minning, p. 11. 

1934. 

Margaropus annulatus (Say) Brumpt, p. 1174. 

1936. 

FEMALE 

Length (unengorged), 2.751; width, 1.40. Scutum occupying 

Body. 

half the length. Edges of spiracular plates usually visible from 

about 

Dorsal surface outside the scutum and venter with numerous fine 

above. 

hairs. Median and posterolateral grooves present. Hairs absent in. 

short 

grooves. Fully engorged female large, oval, with both ends equally 

all 

dorsoventrally. Leg I distant from the capitulum. Length and width 

thick 

be as much as 12.00 by 8.00. 

may 

Length ,from tips of palpi to posterior margin, about 

C,apitulum. 

greatest width of 'basis, 0.72. Basis about twice 0.48; wide as long. 

as 

faint, sometimes absent. Porose areas large, subcircular or oval, 

Cornua 

concave, size variable. Palpal hairs small and few. 

mildly 

ventral-view, basis is subreniform in shape. Palpal article 1 obliterated 

In 

or very faint as a sclerotized spot on the inner edge; never with 

on its inner edge. Articles 2 and 3 with a few palpal hairs on their 

hairs 

edges. 

inner 

BOOPHtLUS ANNULATUS (SAY), 1821 

Fmss 2 ^ 3 

annulatus 

(Say). 

Margaropus annulatus (Say): Neumann, p. 224. 

1907. 

Margaropus annulatus (Say): Banks, pp. 36-37. Follows Neumann in mak- 

1908. 

Boophilus a synonym of Margaropus. 

ing 

Margaropus annulatus annulatus (Say)" Neumann, 1911, p. 47. Synonymy, 

1911. 

1941. Boophilus annulatus (Say): Travis, pp. 465-467. 

ltypostome, 

Slightly longer than the palpi, at the base narrower than 

All measurements in this paper are in millimeters. 

11

2. B.oophilus annulatus (Say). A. Female capitulum and scutum, dorsum. 

FIGURE 

Female capitulum and coxae, renter, and variant. C. Female hypostome. D. 

B. 

metatarsus and tarsus, leg I. E. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. 

Female 

Engorged female. G. Larva capitulum and scutum, dorsum. H. Larva capit- 

F. 

ulum and coxae, venter. I. Larva hypostome. 

combined width of the chelicerae, apex rounded, denticles seven or 

the 

in each file and covering the apical two-thirds. Length, about 0.36. 

eight 

Length, 1.20; width, 1.38. Widest in front of the eyes, 

Seutum. 

margins straight or mildly convex, scapulae long, very 

posterolateral 

12 

separated, emargination deep. Cervical grooves faint or absent just 

widely 

to the emargination, distinct and broad near the posterolateral 

posterior 

Punctations absent. Hairs few, scattered, sometimes absent. 

margins. 

Long, moderately thin, longer than in the male. All tarsi taper- 

Legs. 

ing gradually, Tarsi II, 

III, and IV with subapical ventral spurs. Pulvilli 

695499-46-3

3. Boophilus annulats (Say). A. Male capitulum and scutum, dorsum. 

FmuRE 

Male capitulum, .coxae, and shields, renter. C. Male hypostome. D. Nymph 

B. 

and scutum, dorsum. E. Nymph coxae, renter. F. Nymph capitulum, 

capitulum 

G. Nymph hypostome. 

venter. 

Length of tarsus I, 0.48; metatarsus, 0.42. Length of tarsus IV, 

small. 

metatarsus, 0.63. 

0.51 

in nearly parallel rows, mildly convex, 

few and short. (Coxae II, III, and IV longer and narrower than 

hairs 

microplus. Coxa I with a broad, short, rounded, external spur; in- 

in 

ternal spur absent; anterior process short, not free anteriorly. 

Coxae II, 

and IV without spurs. 

III, 

about the .level of the intervals between coxae 

Genital,aperture..At 

13 

Coxaeo All about equal in size, 

and II. 

I

Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 2.16 to 2.28.; 

Body. 

width, 1.26 to 1.32. Oval, widest, at about the middle. Scutum 

greatest 

covering the entire dorsal surface! at the sides. Body folds at sides 

not 

and without hairs. Spiracular plates usually visible from above. 

striate 

hairs few and small. 

Palpal 

in ventral view short and broad, 

Basis 

margin not salient. 

posterior 

of palpal article reduced to an indefinite sclerotized edge or 

Venter 

mildly sclerotized plate on the inner side. A few .palpal setae present 

a 

the inner edges of articles 2 and 3. 

on 

long, situated far apart. Lateral and posterior margin mildly 

Scapulae 

Cervical grooves as shallow depressions extending from back 

crenate. 

the emargination to about opposite legs III. Posterior to the cervical 

of 

two circular or elliptical depressions at about the widest part of 

grooves, 

scutum.. Median and posterolateral grooves present, the median groove 

the 

longer than the others. Hairs absent in all grooves and depressions, 

often 

on the more elevated areas. Surface smooth, shining; eyes small, 

present 

flat, and sometimes not easily seen. 

nearly 

Adanal and accessory shields each with a blunt terminal 

Shields. 

surfaces with fine hairs. 

point; 

IV, 0.33; metatarsus, 0.45. 

tarsus 

Coxa I with internal and external Spurs about equal in length; 

Coxae. 

wider and more rounded, variable; anterior process 

extending beyond the scapula and visible from above, free terminally. 

long, 

Coxae II, III, and IV without spurs. Hairs on coxae small and few. 

When engorged, wider in front, sides constricted at the spirac- 

plates, which are usually visible from above. (No unengorged 

ular 

available.) 

nymphs 

14 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 0.36; 

Capilulum. 

width of basis, 0.48.. Basis about twice as wide as long, posterior 

greatest 

nearly straight, salient. Cornua definite, variable in length, elevated 

margin 

over the level of the straight, salient, posterior edge of the basis. 

approaching reniform shape; 

Essentially as in the female. Length, 0.21. 

Hypostome. 

Mildly excavated at the sides near the spiracular plates. 

Seutum. 

Short, heavier than on the female, otherwise essentially the same 

Legs. 

in the female. Length of tarsus I, 0.30; metatarsus, 0.27. Length of 

as 

internal spur a little 

Genital aperture. 

Between coxae II. 

NYMPH 

Body. 

Length, tip of palpi to posterior margin, 0.24; greatest 

Capitulum. 

of basis, 0.45. Cornua absent. Palpi much as in-adults but less 

width 

sclerotized, in ventral view, article 1 not in evidence. Palpal hairs few.

Length and width about equal, each 0.48 to 0.57. Subpentagonal; 

Seutum. 

.eyes faint. Cervical grooves as broad shallow valleys, divergent 

Small, convex; one or two hairs on each coxa. Coxae I, II, 

Coxae. 

III each with one short, broad, rounded spur; IV with spurs 


Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 0.63; width, 

Body. 

Short oval. Scutum occupying about half the length of the body. 

0.45. 


Capitulum. 

0.15. Lateral profile lines of basis convex; posterior margin mildly 

width, 

or straight. Cornua absent. Palpi short, bro.ader and with hairs 

convex 

than in microplus; article 1 absent. In ventral view, basis broadly 

shorter 

behind. 

rounded 

Short, broad, with about five denticles in each file. Den- 

Hypostome. 

2/2. Length about 0.08. 

tition 

of the old genus Booph.ilus Curtice, Minning (1934) made 3 sub.- 

Out 

as follows" 13oophilus including 6 species and subspecies, Palpoboophilus 

genera 

including one species, and Uroboophilus including 11 species. 

12 are 

specimens collected from many parts of the world, but he showed little 

of 

of having given adequate attention to the effect of variation in 

evidence 

t,o the obvious desirability of pointing out distinct correlat- 

speciationand 

criteria in erecting new subgene.ra, species, and subspecies. His very 

ing 

figures are not convincing. 

s.mall 

annulatus (Say) was described from deer, "Cervus virginianus", 


Florida and Ixodes boris Riley, a synonym, was described from 

tau.rus Missouri. This tick was widely distributed in the Southern 

Bos 

at about the beginning of this century; bt because it was the 

States 

Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Louisiana, Tennessie, 

follows" 

Alabama, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, South 

Mississippi, 

15. 

Denticles 3/3. About seven denticle.s in each file. Length 

Hypostome. 

0.16. 

about 

posteriorly. 

Surface smooth, shining; punctations and hairs absent. 

Legs. 

Short, moderately heavy. 

absent. 

LARVA 

Of the total of 18 species and subspecies appearing in the paper, 

described as new. In his studies, 

M,inning had before him numerous lots 

HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION 

of the very destructive Texas cattle fever, eradication measures 

vector 

applied and have reduced its numbers to, or near, .extinction in the 

were 

States. At its worst, it was present in all or parts of 16 States as 

United 

Georgia, Florida, and California. In Mexico, this tick was 

Carolina, 

and still occurs there. 

present

program of eradication is still being continued, especially along 


areas in Texas and California that border on Mexico, where there 

the 

Rico. In recent years, there have been a few instances of reintroduction 

Puerto 

of this tick, but prompt action has stamped out the infestations. 

are the usual hosts of this tick, but other hosts listed by the 

Cattle 

16 

is 

danger that B. cnnulatus may be brought in again, and in Florida and 

early writers include deer, horse, mule, sheep, goat, and buffalo.

MICROPLUS (CANESTRINI), 1887 

BOOPHILUS 

4AND 5 

FIGURES 

ftaemaphysalis micropla Canestrini, p. 104. Original description. 

1887. 

Rhipicephalus micropla (Canestrini), p. 493. 

1890. 

Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say): Neumann, p. 407. 

1897. 

Rhipicephalus a.utrMis Fuller, pp. 389-394. 

1899. 

Boophilus gust'rails (Fuller): Stiles and Hassell, pp. 2-3. 

1901. 

Boophilus australis (Fuller): Salmon and Stiles, p. 426. 

1901. 

Rhipicephalus annulgtus vat. microplus (Canestrini) Neumann, p. 280. 

1901. 

Margaropus micropla (Canestrini) Neumann, p. 49. Synonymy and 1911. the says 

Margaropus annulatus australis (Fuller) Hooker et al., p. 117. 

1912. 

Margaropus annulatus australis. (Fuller): Bishopp, 1913. 366. p. 

Uroboophilus cyclops Minning, p. 35. Original description. 

1934. 

Uroboophilus micropIus (Canestrini) Minning, 1934. 33. p. 

BoophiIus (Uroboophilus) microplus (Canestrini): Osorno-Mesa, 1941. 429. 

p. 

Boophilus annulctus microplus (Canestrini) Travis, 1941. 465-467. 

pp. 

1943. Boophilus microplus (Canestrini): Fairchild, p. 586. 

to 2.85 width from 1.14 to 1.50. Long oval. Scutum occupying about 

2.34 

the total length. Median and posterolateral grooves present. Mar- 

half 

groove absent. Venter with genital and postanal median grooves 

ginal 

Hairs present on dorsal and ventral surfaces but absent in all 

present. 

Fully engorged specimens may be as large as 13.0 by 9.0 and are 

grooves. 

wider and thicker behind. 

oval, 

Length from tip of palpi to posterior margin, about 0.45 

Capitulum. 

from 0.62 to 0.66. (The palpi are mildly protrusile, hence measure- 

width 

of length are not entirely dependable.) Hexagonal. Cornua as 

ments 

corners (variable). Dorsal surface with two longitudinal valleys 

rounded 

traverse the porose areas. Porose areas oval, mildly convex, with 

which 

axes diagonal. Palpal article 1 not visible above. Inner edge of 

longer 

2 either in one continuous convex curve or mildly notchednear 

article 

middle, the notch when present leading to a transverse dorsal crease, 

the 

may or may not extend to the outer side of the article. 

which 

ventral view, basis is subreniform with posterior margin salient. 

In 

article 1 absent. Articles 2 and 3 with the posterior salient edges 

Palpal 

into the median margin; postero-inner edges of 2 and 3 some- 

continuing 

extended into mild diagonal lobes. 

times 

Short, broad, mildly notched apically; denticles, five Hypostome. or 

in each file and occupying about three-fifths of the total length. 

six 

about 0.30. 

l_cngth, 

species is 

very probably* M. annulatus australis. 

FEMALE 

Body. 

Unengorged, length from tip of palpi to posterior margin, from 

17

4. Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). A. Female capitulum and scutum, 

FIGURE 

B. Female capitulum and coxae, venter. C. Female hypostome. D. Female 

dorsum. 

and tarsus, leg I. E. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. F. Engorged 

metatarsus 

female. G. Larva capitulum and scutum, dorsum. H. Larva capituIum and 

coxae, venter. I. Larva hypostome. 

wide. Scapulae long, blunt;the interval deep, very wide. Eyes distinct. 

than 

Cervical grooves as broad divergent valleys, terminating at postero- 

margins. Hairs few, scattered, absent in the valleys. Punctations 

lateral 

absent. 

about equally heavy. Terminal ventral spurs on tarsus 

Long,.all 

and both terminal and subterminal spurs on II, III, and IV present. 

I, 

18 

Scutum. 

Length, from 0.96 to 1.02; width, from 0.75 to 0.80; longer 

Legs.

5. Boophilu microplu, (Canestrini).-A. Male capitulum and scutum, dorsum. 

Fmtav. 

B. Male capitulum, coxae, and shields, venter. C. Male hypostome. D. Male 

and tarsus, leg I. E. Male metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. F. Nymph 

metatarsus 

and scutum, dorsum. G. Nymph capitulum, venter. H. Nymph coxae, 

capitulum 

venter. I. Nymph hypostome. J. Engorged nymph. 

of tarsus I, 0.36; metatarsus, 030. Length of tarsus IV, 0.39; 

Length 

0.495. 

metatarsus, 

Coxae I and II with spurs broadly rounded, about equal, 

,oxae. 

than long. Coxa III, outer spur, smaller than on II; internal spur 

vider 

Coxa IV, external spur very short, scarcely more than a 

salience" 

absent. 

spur absent. Hairs few. 

internal 

19 

J

MALE 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior, margin (not to tip of 

Body. 

process) from 1.75 to 2.00; greatest width, 1.05 to 1.20. Oval, 

caudal 

at about the middle. Scutum not covering entire body at sides; 

widest 

parts striate and without hairs. 

exposed 

Length from tips of palpi to tips of cornua, from 0..33 to 

Capitulum. 

width, 0.40 to 0.49. Basis about twice as long as wide. Cornua 

0.40; 

pointed, a little raised over the level of the posterior margin..& 

bluntly 

hairs present on sides and top of basis. Palpal article 1 not visible 

few 

above. 

from 

setae. 

palpal 

Essentially as in the female. Length, about 0.24. 

Hypostome. 

to the margins. Posterior margin plain, not crenate. Cervical 

declivitous 

mild, divergent posteriorly; posterior to them, at about the 

grooves 

absent in grooves and depressions. Surface throughout with very 

areas, 

Eyes small and often not easily seen. 

granulations. 

Terminating posteriorly with blunt, free points; surfaces convex; 

Shields. 

hairs present. 

Shorter and heavier than in the female. Length ot tarsus I, 

Legs. 

metatarsus, 0.30. Length of tarsus IV, 0.:36; metatarsus, 0.50. 

0.323 

Coxa I with spurs very distinct, triangular, pointed; internal 

Goxae. 

wider than external; anterior process |ong, extending beyond the 

spur 

(visible from above). Coxa II with internal and external spurs 

scapula 

rounded, shorter than on I, internal spur wider. Coxa III with 

distinctly 

still shorter, rounded, external spur; internal spur as a 

roundel 

a 

(similar to that on II). Coxa IV with spurs absent. Hairs few. 

salience 

NYMPH 

Length well-engorged, 2.40 to 2.70; width, 1.60 to 1.80. Wide 

Body. 

front, narrow behind, mildly constricted at the spiracular plates; edges 

in 

the spiracular plates usually visible from above. (No unfed nymphs 

of 

available.) 


Capitulum. 

20 


Between coxae.II. 

ventral view, palpal article 1 with ]n retrograde projection on the 

a 

side (shape variable). Inner edges of article 2 and 3 with a few 

inner 

Mildly excaLcated at the sides near the spiracular plates. 

Seutum. 

long, situated far apart. Lateral and posterior areas increasingly 

Scapulae 

rounded depressions t:'osterior to these rounded depressions, 

middle, 

and median grooves present. Hairs numerous on elevated 

posterolateral 

fine 

Genital aperture. Situated between coxae II. 

greatest width, 0.30. Basis with posterior salient margin convex. Cornua

or absent. Palpi short, poorly sclerotized; transverse ridges faint. 

faint, 

of the chelicerae very long, fully twice as long as the palpi. 

Sheaths 

hairs few, not conspicuous. 

Palpal 

Short and broad. Denticles 3/3 with about five in each 

H'ypostome. 

Length about 0.14. 

file. 

Pentagonal. Length and width equal, each about 0.45. Cer- 

Seutum. 

grooves as shallow valleys, divergent posteriorly. Eyes small, oval, 

vical 

Surface smooth, shining. Punctations absent. Hairs few. 

faint. 

Small,-convex. Coxa I with a short, broad, rounded, external 

Coxae. 

II and III about as in I but progressively smaller; IV, spurs 

spur; 


Capitulum. 

of basis, 0.18. Lateral profile lines of basis convex; posterior 

width 

nearly straight. Cornua absent. Palpal article absent. In 

margin 

view, basis broadly rounded behind. Palpi with relatively long 

ventral 

hairs. 

Short, broad, with about six broad, short, rounded den- 

Hypostome. 

in each file. Dentition 2/2. Length about 0.065. 

ticles 

Length, 0.31;width, 0.42. Cervical grooves shallow, short, 

Scutum. 

posteriorly. Surface smooth, shining, impunctate, and with 

converging 

absent. 

hairs 

Coxa I with a short, broad, internal spur; II and III without 

Coxae. 

spurs. 

AND DISTRIBUTION 

HOSTS 

microplus (Canestrini) was described as 

Haemaphysalis n4i- 


from specimens that came from Paraguay. Salmon and Stiles 

cropla 

referred to this tick as australis Fuller and mentioned that 

(1901) 

from Argentina, and from deer, ox, and horse from Brazil. Osornoman 

(1941, p. 429) mentions it as present in Colombia. Dunn (1923, 

Mesa 

21) under the name Mrgaropus ann, ulatus australis, records the tick 

p. 

cattle in Panama; and Fairchild (1943, p. 586) states it is common 

from 

cattle in Panama and is also found on horse, dog, goat, and deer. 

on 

(1923, p. 202) mentions the tick under the name Margaropus 

Valadez 

21 

Legs. 

Short, moderately heavy. 

absent.- 

LARVA 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin of body, 0.60; 

Body. 

0.42. Short oval. Scutum occupying about three-fifths of the length 

width, 

the body. 

of 

as present on cattle in this country. Arago, in various papers has 

species 

the species as present on cattle, deer (Maa.ma sp.) horse, and 

mentioned 

annulatus australis as present in Mexico. 

695499-46-4

(1941, p. 466) gave Travis report of special interest because his survey 

a 

gave records from numerous mammals and birds. One hundred and 

mammals of twelve species were examined and ticks of various 

fifty-five 

were found, but B. mic'oplus was found only on deer, and on only 

kinds 

out of 22 examined. Eighty'seven birds, including twenty-on species, 

13 

examined and showed various other ticks present but none of 

were 

mic'oplus. 

B. 

the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection are the following: from 

In 

from cows; Costa Rica, 2 lots from 

lot 

and tapir; from Honduras, :3 lots from cattle; from Guatemala, 2 

ox 

lots from cows;and from Mexico, 5 lots from cows. 

22 

1 lot; from Peru, 1 lot; fromEcuador, 1 lot from cattle; 

Argentina, 

Colombia, 33 lots from cattle, horse, and dog; from Brazil, 17 

from 

lots from cows; from Venezuela, 1

Rhipicephalus Koch, p. 238. Original description. 

1844. 

Phantoixodes Berlese, p. 289. 

1889. 

Rhipicephalus Koch: Neumann, p. 384. 

1897. 

Rhipicephalus Koch: Salmon and Stiles, p. 415. Description, bibliography, 

1901. 

synonymy. 


Rhipicephalua Koch: Banks, p. 34. Description. 

1908. 

Rhipicephcdus Koch: Nuttall and Warburton, p. 122. Description and figures. 

1911. 

Rhipicephclus Koch: Mackie et al., p. 536. 

1945. 

inornate, with eyes and festoons. Sexual dimorphism slight. 

Usually 

and median postanal grooves present. Males with adanal shields 

Anal 

anterior portion (in front of the :lateral points) not emarginated 

with 

Palpi short, articulation between 1 and 2 movable, between 2 and 

laterally. 

slightly movable. In dorsal view, article 1 either visible or not; in 

3 

view, 1 distinct as a subtriangular plate. Coxa I bifid, deeply 

ventral 

Male caudal process present or absent. Spiracular plate bluntly 

divided. 

elongate comma-shaped. 

or 

(1911, p. 

Neumann 

present in Curacao, Cuba, Haiti, and Vera Cruz. This species, 

as 

size and by other features, is readily separated from R. 

greater 

and it is surprising that bursa has not been reported again by 

san#uineus 

R. bursa is present in many countries in the Mediterranean 

collectors. 

and includes among its hosts cow, horse, sheep, hog, and dog. 

area, 

a tick could have been introduced easily into the New World by 

Such 

shipment of domestic animals. However, because of the absence of 

the 

and the lack of additional evidence of its occurrence in the 

specimens 

Hemisphere, the species is not included in this paper. 

Western 

GENUS RHIPICEPHALUS KOCH, 1844 

and usually a pair of accessory shields. 

Basis capituli usually hexagonal 

Genotype: Rhipcephalus sanguineus 

(Latreille). 

38) mentions Rhipicephalus bursa Can. and Fanz. 

by its 

23

6 AN 7 

FIGURES 

Ixodes sanguineus Latreille, p. 157. Original description.. 

1806. 

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille)" Koch, pp. 238-239. 

1844. 

Rhipicephalus stigmaticus Gerstaecker, p. 496. 

1873. 

Rhipicephalus sa.nguineus(Latreille): Neumann, p. 385. Description and 

1897. 

synonymy. 

Rhipicephalus texan.us Banks, p. 34. 

1908. 

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille): Neumann, p. 35. Synonymy, hosts, 

1911. 

distribution. 


Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille): Hooker et al., p. 102. Description, 

1912. 

FEMALE 

Length (unfed) tips of scapulae to posterior margin, from 

Body. 

to 2.70; width, 1.44 to 1.68. Either elliptical or oval; when oval, 

2.40 

behind. Scutum occupying about half the length of the body. 

wider 

large as 

Engorged specimens may become as 

dorsoventrally behind. 

thicker 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior corners, 0.62 to 

Capitulum. 

Extreme width of basis, 0.77 to 0.79. Posterior margin of basis 

0.68. 

straight, salient. Cornua as salient corners. Porose areas small, 

nearly 

depressed., with their longer axes longitudinal. Surface smooth, 

elliptical, 

a few punctations; hairs absent. Palpal article visible as 

shining;with 

small sharp point on the inner side. (Seen .better if the palpi are 

a 

Often obscure.) 

separated. 

ventral view, basis smooth, shining, impunctate; posterior margin 

In 

salient, with faint sclerotized posterolateral corners. Palpal article 

not 

a 

subtriangular plate on the inner side. Inner edge of article with 

with 

curved, parallel hairs which are irregularly branched; and 

conspicuous, 

2, similar hairs on the inner edge; 3 with two or three fine, simple hairs. 

on 

Clavete, long, with a distinct corona. Dentition 3/3. All 

Hypostome. 

and broadly rounded behind. Scapulae long, rounded. Eyes large, 

broad 

mildly convex; situated at about the widest part of the scutum. 

oval, 

grooves short, deepest in front, and fading out posteriorly. Lateral 

Cervical 

faint. Punctations, large and small, too.re numerous in median 

carinae 

RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS (LATREILIE), 1806 

hosts, distribution. 

profile lines of postscutal area diverging from the scutum opposite 

Lateral 

eyes. Median and posterolateral grooves usually present and con- 

the 

spicuous. Marginal grooves distinct. 

11.50 long by 7.50"w,ide and are oval; slightly wider, and a little 

about equal in size, with 9 or 10 in each file. Length, about 0.39. 

denticles 

Length, from 1.14 to 1.44; width, from 1.02 to 1.14. Oval, 

Seutum. 

24

25 

6. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). A. Female capitulum and scuturn, 

FIGURE 

dorsum. B. Female capitulum and coxae, renter, and palpal hair enlarged. 

Female hypostome. D. Female spiracular plate. E. Female metatarsus and 

C. 

leg I. F. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. G. Nymph capitulum and 

tarsus, 

scutum, dorsum. H. Nymph capitul.um and coxae, vent.er. I. Nymph hypostome.

7. Rhitn'cephalus sanguineus (Latreille). A. Male capitulum and scutum, 

FIGORE 

B. Male capitulum, coxae, and shields, venter, and palpal hair enlarged. 

dorsum. 

Male hypostome. D. Male spiracular plate. E. Larva capitu!um and scutum, 

C. 

F. Larva capitulum and coxae, venter, and palpal hair enlarged G. Larva 

dorsum. 

H. Nymph spiracular plate. 

26 

hypostome.

posterior areas. Short, fine hairs arising from the punctations in 


numbers. 

moderate 

Long, moderately thin. Tarsi II, III, and IV, each with a 

Legs. 

and a subterminal ventral spur, the latter shorter than in the 

terminal 

Length of tarsus I, 0.60; metatarsus, 0.42. Length of tarsus IV, 

male. 

metatarsus, 0.51. 

0.54 

Coxa I deeply cleft, the two spurs close together, internal spur 

Coxae. 

Coxae II, III, and IV With short, rounded, external spurs, 

wider, 

in size posteriorly; internal spurs on II, III, and IV as 

diminishing 

short, saliences. Hairs on coxae few, long. 

broad, 

plate. Short, comma-shaped. 

Spiraeular 

aperture. Situated between coxae II. 

Genital 

MALE 

Length, from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 2.28 to 3.18; 

Body. 

1.11 to 1.68. Oval, long, widest back of the middle. 

width, 

Length, tips of palpi to posterolateral corners, 0.48 to 

Capitulum. 

point on the inner side as in the female. In ventral view, palpal 

sharp 

with a distinct plate as in the female. Inner edges of 1, 2, and 3 

article 

hairs as in the female. 

with 

Much as in the female but smaller. Seven or 

eight 

Hypostom,,_. 

in each file. Length about 0.30. 

denticles 

Length, 1.86 to 2.70; width, 0.84 to 1.68. Scapulae long, 

Scutum. 

Surface convex and increasingly declivitous on lateral and posterior 

blunt. 

areas. Cervical grooves short, deep. Lateral grooves starting at 

marginal 

Festoons about as 

as wide. Eyes oval, mildly convex, l:'unctations small, intermingled 

long 

large pits, each with a fine short hair. 

with 

Progressively larger (heavier) posteriorly, otherwise essentially 

Legs. 

in the female. Tarsi II, III, and IV with a 

terminal ventral spur and 

as 

a 

subterminal ventral spur, the latter longer than in the female. 

tarsus I, 0.57; metatarsus, 0.39. Length of tarsus IV, 0.51; metatarsus, 

of 

0.54. 

aperture. Situated between the anterior portions of 

Genital 

II. coxae 

NYMPH 

Unengorged. Length, tip of palpi to posterior margin, from 

Body. 

27 

width of basis, 0.49 to 0.69. Posterior margin convex, salient, more 

0.60; 

than in the female. Palpal article l, in dorsal view, with a small 

convex 

the eyes and terminating after crossing two festoons. 

Length 

Coxae. 

As in the female, excepting that II and III have salient inner 

corners, and IV a small, 

short, inner spur. 

Spiracular plate. 

Elongate, comma-shaped. 

1.14 to 1.30; width, from 0.57 to 0.66. Oval, widest at about the middle.

oval and measure 

3.5 by 2.15. 

broad 

Length, tip of palpi to posterior margin from 0.20 to 

Capitulum. 

in ventral view visible as a 

rounded lobe on the inner side which 

visible; 

two long hairs, branched on one side. Article 2 with one similar 

bears 

hair. 

branched 

Clavate, small. Dentition 2/2 with six or seven teeth in 

ltypoome. 

file. Length, 0.125. 

each 

Length, 0.42 to 0.51; width, 0.45 to 0.48. 

Semum. 

Short and broad, 

sides nearly straight, posterior side broadly rounded. Eyes 

anterolateral 

oval, mildly convex. Cervical grooves deep, short. Surface faintly 

large, 

impunctate; hairs very few, short. 

crazed, 

Much as in the adults but lacking ventral spurs on all tarsi. 

Leg. 

Coxa I with two short spurs widely separated, the external 

Coxae. 

larger. II and III with very short, rounded, external spurs. IV with 

spur 

spurs. no 

plae. Oval, short; greatest length, 0.01. 

piraeular 

Broad oval, wider behind. Scutum occupying about one-third the 

0.39. 

of body. With festoons as in nymphs and adults. When fully fed, 

length 

may measure at least 1.20 by 0.78. 

larvae 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin of basis, 

Capitulum. 

width of basis, 0.14. Basis pointed at the sides. Cornua absent. 

0.11; 

article 2 (renter) with one long hair which is branched on 

Palpal 

side. one 

with dentition 2/2, four or five denticles in each file. 

Hypostome 

grooves shallow, moderately long, nearly parallel. A very few 

Cervical 

punctations present; hairs absent. 

faint 


HOSTS 

sanluineus, probably the most widely distributed species 

[hipiceph.cdus 

tick in the world, was described by Latreille from "Gallia," and early 

of 

record it from the Mediterranean area. It has been dispersed 

authors 

and is now present in all, or nearly all, countries lying between 

widely 

40 N. and 40 S. Dogs are the principal hosts. Since the tick was 

about 

before the coming of modern man, it seems probable that the 

present 

in primitive time was some animal of canine lineage. 

host 

occupying half the length of the body. Lateral profile lines of 

Scutum 

area 

diverging at the eyes. Festoons present. Engorged nymphs 

postscutal 

width of basis, from 0.28 to 0.30. Surfaces of basis and palpi 

0.23; 

impunctate; hairs absent. In dorsal view, palpal article 1 not 

smooth, 

LARVA 

Body. 

Total length from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 0.54; width, 

about 0.048. 

Length, 

Length, 0.21; width, 0.33. Eyes on the lateral corners, large. 

$euIum.

the New World, this tick is present in South America, Central 

In 

and Mexico and is spreading rapidly in the United States. So 

America, 

as we know, it does not occur in Canada. The spot map given by 

far 

and Trembley (1945, p. 47) shows it in the following States: 

Bishopp 

and Arizona. 

California 

Rocky Mountain Laboratory has records from many of the same 


which in some cases show the ticks to be somewhat more 

States, 

than is indicated on the spot map. The records show clearly 

prevalent 

since the first mention of this tick in the United States by Banks 

that 

1908, the tick has been found in the greater part of the United States, 

in 

it may be assumed that it will become more prevalent in ture 


years. 

are infrequently attacked by R. sanguineus; but when dogs 

Humans 

their bedding places are in close association with man, bites bezome 


more frequent. 

have been sent to the Rocky Mountain Laboratory for identification. 

apartments 

(1911, p. 36) in summarizing the known hosts gives a list, 

Neumann 

including man and dogs, as follows: 

not 

vulpes L., C. aureus..L., C. anthus F. Cuv., C. variegatus Riipp., 

Canis 

megalotis Desm., C. persicus Blanford, Viverra g'enetta L., Lynx sp. , 

C. 

domestica Briss., F. leo L., Lepus timidus L., L. aeth:iopicus H. E., 

Fells 

europaeus L., E. niger Blanford, E. pictus Stol., E. collaris 

Erinaceus 

Equus caballus L., Camelus dromedarius L., C. bactrianus L., 

Gray, 

dorcas (L.), Colus ellipsiprymnus Ogilb. & H. Sin., Ovis aries L., 

Gaella 

hircus L., Bos taurus L., Buffelus indicus Riitm., Manis sp., 

Capra 

massaicus Neum., Strix ascalaphus Sav., Theristicua leuco- 

Struthio 

(Gin.) [Ibis hatTedash], Testudo mauritanica D. B. 

cephalus 

(1932, p. 298) gives a list from Howard (1908) which adds 

Bedford 

the foregoing as follows" lion, genet, hare, pangolin, and waterbuck, 

to 

adds apparently from his own records, Raphiceros ca/mpestris and 


campestris. 

Lepus 

and Trembley (194.5, p. 

Bishopp 

the Rocky Mountain Laboratory are to be added as hosts" deer 

From 

and La Labor, Sinaloa, Mexico), mule (Colombia, South 

(Texas 

jack rabbit (Texas), Rombornys opimus (Russia), and 

America), 

(Los Pozos, Mexico). 

javeIina 

29 

Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, 

South 

Wiscqnsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Maine, Ver- 

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

mont, 

Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ken- 

Delaware, 

tucky, 

Tennessee, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Washington, 

In recent years, specimens of this tick rom houses and 

47) add ass and rabbit as hosfs. 

695499-46-5

Rhipistoma Koch, p. 239. (.Neumann 191I, p. 105, .makes Rhipistoma a 

1844. 

synonym.) 

Pseudixodes Haller, p. 311. Not this genus as stated by Canestrini 1890, pp. 

1882. 

485'526. 

GonixodesAlf. Dugs, pl 1291 

1888. 

Herpetobia Canestrini; pp. 486, 493, 527.. 

1890. 

.Opisthodon Canestrini, 13. 468. 

1897() 

Prospodon Canestrini, p. 417. 

18970) 

Hamphysalis Koch" Neumann, p..105. Description and synonymy. 

1911. 

Haemaphysalis Koch: Nutall and Warburton, p. 119. 

1911. 

Haemaphysalis Koch: Nuttall and Warburton, p. 349, extended synonymy. 

1915. 

Haemaphysalis Koch: Mackie et al,, p. 536. 

1945. 

Male with no ventral plates or shields. Coxa I never bifid or 

tangular. 

divided on posterior side, Spiracular plates usually oval or comma- 

deeply 

in the male; oval or rounded in the female. 

shaped 

Haemaphysalis concinna Koch. 

Genotype: 

Palpal article 3 with a very short retrograde ventral spur 2 

1. 

article 3 with a long retrograde ventral spur 3 

Palpal 

Ventral cornua present 

leporis-palustris- 

2. 

cornua absent 

chordeiIis 

Ventral 

Hypostome with dentition 5/5 kochi 

3. 

with dentition 4/4 u.vtakochi 

Hypostome 

of kochi and ]uxtakochi are unknown. 

Nymphs 

not 

pointe;d at the sides 

Basis 

HAEMAPHYSALIS KOCH, 1844 

GENUS 

.Haemaphysalis Koch, p. 237. Original description. 

1844." 

without I'nornate' but with festoons. Anal grooves present. Usually 

eyes, 

of small size. Sexual dimorphism slight. Palpi short, usually conical 

with article 2 extending laterally beyond the basis capituli. 

Basis subrec- 

KEY TO FEMALES AND MALES 

KEY TO NYMPHS 

leporis-lialutris 

Basis pointed .at the sides chdrdeilis 

30

Ixodes leporis-palustris Packard, p. 67. Original description. (Not Ixodes 

1869. 

Packard 1869 as stated by Neumann, 1897, p. 343.) 

chordeilis 

Rhipisto.ma leporis Osborn, p. 261. 

18%. 

Gonixodes rostralis Dugs, p. 129. (See also Nuttall and Warburton, 1915, 

1888. 

1897. 

1901. 

1905. 

1907. 

387.) 

p. 

leporis (Packard)" Neumann, p. 343. 


leporis (Packard)" Neumann, p. 262. 


leporis (Packard): Lahille, p. 45. 


leporis-palustris (Packard)" Hunter and Hooker, pp. 53, 


Distribution, biology, hosts. 

54. 

distribution. 

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard)" Hooker, pp. 47-48. Biology. 

1908. 

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard)" Hooker, p. 423. Geographical 

1909. 

distribution. 

Haemaphysalis proxima Arago, pp. 100-101. Namen nudum. (Not to be 

1909. 

with Haemaphysalis proxima Warburton and Nuttall which 

confused 

corni#er Neumann, 1897.) 

H. 

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard)" Hunter and Bishopp, pp. 

1911. 

Distribution, hosts, biology. 

228-229. 

Haemaphysalis leporis vat. proxima Arago, p. 167. Synonym. 

1911. 

Haemaphysatis leporis-palustris (Packard)" Hooker et al., pp. 89-96. Distribution, 

1912. 

biology, rearing. 

Haomaphysalis leporis-pagustris (Packard)" Hadwen, p. 97. 

1913. 

leporis-palustris (Packard)- Nuttall and Warburton, pp. 

1915.-Haemaphysalis 

Descriptions, synonymy, hosts, and distribution. 

387-394. 

Hgtemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard)- Hearle, p. 100. 

1938. 

Hae:physalis proxima Arago: Osorno-Mesa, p. 428. 

1941. 

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard)" Fairchild, p. 586. 

1943. 

Length from tips of.palpi to posterior margin from 1.71 to 

Body. 

width from 0.90 to 1.50. Oval, widest back of the middle. Scutum 

2.58; 

half the length of the body. Marginal groove deep, and continuous 

occupying 

across all festoons. Hairs absent on postscutal areas. Fully en- 

females become as large as 10.00 by 6.90. 

go.rge.d 

Length from tips of palpi to posterior margin from 0.48 

Capllu.m, 

to 0.57; length of basis 0.18; width of basis from 0.42 to 0.58. 

convex, mildly converging posteriorly. Cornua present or absent; 

basis 

well-developed, rounded Or bluntly pointed and about as long as the 

when 

at the base. Posterior margin nearly straight, salient. Surface flat or 

width 

concave. Porose areas oval, placed far apart, mildly depressed, 

faintly 

HAEMAPHYSALIS LEPORIS.PALUSTRIS (PACKARD), 1869 

FmuP.sS 8 AN]) 9 

Ha,omaphysalis leporis-palustris 

(Packard)" Banks, pp. 33-54. Redescription, 

1908. 

FEMALE 

Sides of 

31

8. Haemaphysalis leporis-palusfris (Packard). A. Female capitulum and 

FIGURE 

dorsum. B. Female capitulum and coxae, renter, and palpal hair enlarged. 

scutum, 

Female hypostome. D. Engorged female. E. Larva capitulum and scutum, 

C. 

F. Larva capitulum and coxae, venter. G. Larva hypostome. 

dorsum. 

longer axes converging anteriorly. Surface of palpi smooth, shining, 

their 

Posterior margin of article 2 more reflexed than in chordeilis. 

impunctate. 

ventral view, basis with small cornua on the broadly rounded 

In 

margin. Palpal article 2 fringed on the inner side with parallel, 

posterior 

mildly barbed hairs, which are directed toward the hypostome. 

flat, 

3, with a short retrograde spur and one or two tapering hairs on 

Article 

inner edge. 

the 

Clavate, with a small corona. Dentition 3/3. Denticles 

tlypotome. 

.equal in size and eight in number in each file. Length, about 0.30. 

about 

Length, 0.78 to 0.84; width, 0.66 to 0.75. Oval, widest in 

Seutum. 

of the middle. Scapulae large, rounded. Cervical grooves conspicuous, 

front 

deep, long. Lateral carinae absent. Punctations numerous, 

distributed. 

evenly 

Moderate in length and size. Trochanter I with a large, pointed 

Legs. 

32 

dorsal spur;absent on II, III, and IV. All trochanters with very small

9. Haemaphysalis leports-palustris (Packard). A. Male capitulum and 

FIGURE 

dorsum. B. Capitulum and coxae, venter, and palpal hair enlarged. C. 

scutum, 

hypostome. D. Male spiracular plate. E. Male" metatarsus and tarsus, leg I. 

Male 

Male metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. G. Nymph capitulum and scutum, dor- 

lZ. 

sum. t-I. Nymph capitulum and coxae, renter. I. Nymph hypostome. 

spurs. Terminal ventral spurs absent on all tarsi. Length of 

ventral 

I, 0.39; metatarsus, 0.27. Length .of tarsus IV, 0.36; meta- 

tarsus 

tarsus, 0.27.

Coxa I with internal spur large, rounded. Coxae II, III, and 

Coxae. 

with a single short middle spur. 

IV, 

Suboval with a mild extension on the posterodorsal 

Greatest dimension, 0.24. 

side. 

aperture. Situated between coxae II.I. 

Genital 

Total length, tip of palpi to posterior margin, from 1.38 to 

Body. 

width 0.80 to 0.90. 

2.10 

Length, tips of palpi to tips of cornua, from 0.36 to 

Capitulum. 

length of basis, 0.125; greatest width of basis, 0.30 to 0.45. 

0.45; 

with lateral profile, lines either parallel or mildly converging 

Basis 

Surface nearly level, lateral submarginal, longitudinal areas 

posteriorly. 

mildly elevated; punctations few, faint, hairs abs.ent. Cornua 

usually 

longer than in the. female, variable in length. P.osteri,or margin 

distinct, 

or mildly concave, salient. Palpi smooth, shining. Posterior 

straight 

of article 2 more reflexed than in chordeilis. 

margin 

ventral view, basis about twice as wide as long, posterior margin 

In 

and with ventral cornua. Palpal article 2 with a fringe of flat- 

salient 

hairs on the inner edge. Article 3 with a short, retrograde, ventral 

barbed 

and I or 2 simple hairs on the inner edge. 

spur 

Oval, widest back of the middle; convex and increasingly 

Seutum. 

in marginal areas. Lateral grooves incomplete anteriorly, and 

declivitous 

one festoon posteriorly. Cervical grooves deep, short. Surface 

crossing 

irregular especially in posterior areas. Punctations numerous, 

mildly 

distinct. 

small, 

and coxae essentially as in the female. 

Legs 

plate. Short, comma-shaped.; greatest dimension, 0.16. 

Spiraeular 

aperture. Situated between coxae II. 

Genital 

Total length from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 1.18; 

Body. 

0.84. When unfed, oval, widest, back of the middle. Scutum occupy- 

width, 

less than half the length. On the" dorsum with festoons, lateral, 

ing 

and posterolateral grooves, and on the renter Withanal, median, 

median, 

Length, tips of palpi to tips of cornua, 0.29; width o.f 

Capitulum. 

0.21. Basis quadrate, sides mildly convergent posteriorly, posterior 

basis, 

straight, salient. Cornua distinct, triangular, about as long as 

margin 

Surface flattened, mputictate, hairs absent. Palpi much as inadults 

wide. 

34 

Spiracular plate. 

MALE 

Clavate, with a large corona. Dentition 3/3. Denticles 

Hypotome. 

equal in size, and 8 in number in each file. Length, about 0.22. 

about 

NYMPH 

and genital grooves resembling the same inthe adults. Engorged 

postanal 

may reach a total length of 2.251 

specimens

oth surfaces but on the venter, article 2 with four to eight .simple 

on 

on the inner edge. Basis (venter) with distinct cornua on the pos-- 

hairs 

corners as in adults. 

terior 

Clavate, dentition 2//2. Lateral and median denticles 

Hypostome. 

equal, seven to eight in each file. Length, about 0.014, 

about 

Length, 0.45; width, 0.48. Nearly circular, slightly wider 

Scutum. 

long. Cervical grooves distinct, moderately deep, nearly parallel. Impunctate, 

than 

hairs absent. 

Essentially as in the female.. 

Coxae. 

plates. Essentially as in the adult. Greatest dimension, 

Spiraeular 

oval. Scutum occupying about two-fifths of the length of the body. 

Broad, 

and dorsal spurs on trochanter.s present as in adults and nymphs. 

Festoons 

0.075. 

Seutum. 

Impunctate, hairs absent. 

deep. 

Coxa I with a salient lobe on the inner side; II and III .each 

Coxae. 

a relatively large spur. 

with 

may be separated from H. c:hordeilis as 

H.-leporis-palustris 

former is usually found on rabbits, while the latter is found mostly 

the 

birds. Adults, nymphs, and larvae of leporis-palustris have ventral 

on 

cornua which.are lacking in chordeilis. 

coxa IV in leporis=palustris, while this spur is very long in chordeilis. 

on 

nymph of leporis-palustris has the basis capituli quadran,gular in 



HOSTS 

leporis-palustris was 

described by Packard in 1869 

Haemaph.ysalis 

and Arago (1938, p. 

321) records it (as .H. leporis) on 

Panama, 

sp. in Argentina. Valadez (1923, p. 204) records it from 

Sylvilagus 

and Vera Cruz, Mexico. Published records do not show the 

Tampico 

of distribution of this tick in. Mexico. 

extent 

H. leporis-paIustris is common on the various species and subspecies 

Legs. 

Trochanter I with dorsal and ventral spurs as in adults. 

0.16. 

LARVA. 

Length, tip of palpi .to posterior margin, 0.168; width 

Capitulum. 

basis, 0.134. Capitulum throughout much as in the nymph. 

of 

Hypostome. 

Dentition 2/2, with six teeth in each file;length about 

Length, 0.25; width, 0.30. Cervical grooves long, moderately 

follows: 

Males havea short internal spur 

dorsal view, while in chorddlis it 

is hexagonal. 

from Lepus palustris, Fort Macon, N. C. The type is 

in the Museum of 

Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 

Cambridge, Mass. This tick 

been recorded from Alaska, Canada, all the United States, and from 

has 

Dunn (1923) reported it on domestic rabbits and Dasyprocta in 

Mexico.

It is probable that the other rabbits, small mammals, and 

mammals. 

not yet recorded as hosts may be used when available. 

birds 

other than rabbits are as follows: Neumann (1911, p. 111) lists 

Hosts 

caballus and Paradoxurus sp. Bishopp and Trembley (1945) in 

Equus 

the records of the Bureau of Entomology up to date add many 

bringing 

birds and small, mammals, a total of 85 records, which need not be 

new 

species: Awame, WIanitoba Prince Albert, Saskatchewan Mount 

this 

Nelson, and Peardonville, British Columbia. Hewitt 

Lehman,-Agassiz, 

Rocky Mountain Laboratory has accumulated over 300 records, 


of which conform to those already published. The following new 

many 

may be added: white-throated sparrow (Arkansas), Gambel's 

rec.ords 

(Arizona), ruffed grouse (Montana), magpie (Idaho), sage: hen 

quail 

36 

Lepus and Cylvilagus as they occur throughout the United States and 

of 

also found on a wide variety of hosts, including birds and small 

is 

here; 65 of these records are from birds. 

repeated 

Canada, Hadwen (1912, 1914) gives the following localities 

From 

for 

p: 230) reported the tick from Awame, Manitoba, and Jeffrey 

(1915, 

Kings Co., New Brunswick. 

Corner, 

and eagle (Colorado). 

(Idaho),

CHORDEILIS (PACKARD), 1869 

HAEMAPHYSALIS 

10 AID 11 

FIGURES 

Ixodes chordeilis Packard, p. 67. Original description. 

1869. 

Haemaphysalis punctcta 1905. cinnabarinc Koch" Neumann, p. 237. 

var. 

Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard" Banks, p. 34. 

1908. 

Haemaphysalis punctata cinnabarina Koch" Neumann, p. 108. 

1911. 

Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard)" Hooker et al., p. 97. 

1912. 

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina Koch" Nuttall and Warburton, p. 372 (in part). 

1915. 

FEMALE 

Unengorged females are not available. Engorged specimens 

Body.. 

Length, tips of palpi to posterior margin, from 0.60 to 

Capitulum. 

length of basis, from 0.24 to 0.27; width of basis from 0.48 to 0.54. 

0.66; 

ventral view, basis is quadrate, convex; ventral cornua absent. 

In 

areas large, depiessed, oval, with their longer axes parallel or 

Iorose 

converging posteriorly. Palpal article 2 with posterior edge less 

faintly 

than in leporis-palustris and with a row of flat, mildly barbed 

reflexed 

hairs on the inner edge, overlapping the hypostome 

article/3 with a short, 

spur and two or three fine, tapering hairs on the 

ventral,-retrograde 

edge. 

inner 

12 to 14 teeth in each file. Length, about 0.36. 

with 

Length, 1.26 to 1.32; width, 1.11 to 1.14. Oval, widest in 

Seutum. 

have posterolateral corners. 

Moderate in length and size Trochantal dorsal spur large, 

Legs. 

on I; faint or absent on II, III, and IV. Ventral trochantal spurs 

pointed 

distinct short spurs placed near the middle of the posterior side; IV 

with 

longer spur placed witha the inner side. 

near 

as large as 

9.5 by 8.25 and are broad oval, and equally thick at 

become 

ends. 

both 

of basis convex. Surface nearly flat, with a 

few punctations. 

Sides 

faint or absent; posterior margin nearly straight or faintly sinu- 

Cornua 

ous, 

salient. 

.Clavate, with a small corona. Dentition 5/5, with principal 

tIypostome; 

denticles progressively smaller from laterals to the middle files and 

front of the middle, with some tendency to 

large, bluntly pointed. Cervical grooves conspicuous, deep, long. 

Scapulae 

carinae absent. Punctations numerous, evenly distributed. 

Lateral 

on all legs. Small terminal ventral spurs present on all tarsi. Length 

absent 

tarsus I, 0.60; metatarsus, 0.39. Length of tarsus IV, 0.48; meta- 

of 

0.39. 

tarsus, 

Coxa. Iwith internal spur moderately long. 

Coxae, 

Coxae II and III 

37

10. Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard). A. Female capitulum and scuturn, 

FIGURI 

dorsum, and side view of palpus. B. Female coxae, venter. C. Female hypos- 

D, Engorged female. E. Female spiracular plate. F. Nymph capitulum and 

tome. 

dorsum. G. Nymph capitulum and coxae, venter, and palpal hair enlarged. 

scutum, 

H. Nymph hypostome. 

Suboval with a mild, blunt extension on the pos- 

side. Greatest dimension, 0.36. 

terodorsal 

aperture. Opposite the intervals, between coxae I and II. 

Genital 

MALE 

Total length, tips of palpi to posterior margin, 2.20 to 2.80; 

Body. 

1.26 to 1.50. Oval, widest back o.f the middle. 

width, 

Length, tip of palpi to tips of cornua, from 0.42 to 0..49; 

Capitulum. 

of basis, from 0.20 to 0.21; width of basis, from 0.30 to 0.36. 

length 

of basis nearly straight. Surface nearly flat, with a few puncta- 

Sides 

38 

Spiraeular plate.

11. Haomaphysalis chordeilis (Packard). A. Male capitulum and scutum, 

FIGURE 

B. Male.capitulum and coxae, venter, and palpal hair enlarged. C. Male 

dorsum. 

IV. F. Larva capitulum and scutum, dorsum.-G. Larva capitulum and coxae, 

leg 

H. Larva hypostome. I. Nymph spiracular plate. 

venter. 

Cornua distinct, longer than in the female. Posterior margin concave, 

tions. 

salient. Posterior edge of palpal article 2 less reflexed than in 

leporis-palustris. 

ventral view, basis about twice.as wide as long, nearly flat, posterior 

In 

salient. Palpal article 2 with edge fringe of mildly barbed, flat hairs 

a 

overlap the hypostome. Article 3 with a retrograde ventral spur 

which 

one or two smooth tapering hairs on the inner edge. 


Clavate, with tIypostome. small corona. Denticles 5/5. Principal 

a 

all of about equal size and with 8 to 10 in each file. Length, 

denticles 

0.24. 

about 

39 

D. Male metatarsus and tarsus, leg I. E. Male metatarsus and tarsus; 

hypostome.

Oval, widest back .of the middle. Convex, and increasingly 

Seutum. 

in marginal areas. Lateral grooves complete anteriorly and 

declivitous 

two or three festoons posteriorly. Median and posterolateral 

limiting 

faint, usually visible'. Cervical grooves moderately deep. Puncta- 

grooves 

numerous, distinct, moderate in size. 

tions 

and eoxae. Essentially as in the female except that coxa IV 

Legs 

a very long spur. 

has 

plate. Essentially as in the female. Greatest dimension, 

Spiraeular 

0.33. 

aperture. 

Genital 

NYMPH 

Total length unfed, tips of palpi to posterior margin, from 

Body. 

to 1.38; wi.dth, 0.69 to 0.86. Oval, widest back of the middle. Scutum 

1.26 

distinctly less than half the length. Dorsum with festoons, 

occ.upying 

median and posterolateral grooves and renter with anal, median 

lateral, 

and genital grooves resembling the same in the adults. Engorged 

postanal 

may reach a length of 0.325. 

specimens 

Lengthl tips of palpi to posterior corners, from 0.26 to 

Capitulum. 

width of basis (at the points), from 0.268 to 0.278. Basis hexagonal, 

0.278; 

posterior margin concave, salient. Cornua absent. Surface flat-. 

impunctate, hairs absent. Palpi as in the adults on both surfaces 

tened, 

with a 

fringe of flat hairs on the inner edge of article 2. Ventral 


absent. 

cornua 

l-Iypostome. 

equal in size and with seven or eight in each file. Length, about 

about 

0.135. 

Length, 0.54; width, 0.54. Nearly circular, wider in front. 

Seutum. 

grooves distinct, moderathly deep, long. Surface crazed, im- 

Cervical 

and without hairs. 

punctate, 

TrochanterI with a 

distinct dorsal spur as in the adults. Ventral 

Legs. 

spurs 

absent. 

trochantal 

Essentially as in the female. 

Coxae. 

plate. Suboval with longer axis transverse. Greatest dimension, 

Spiraeular 

0.16. 

LARVA 

Total length, tips of palpi to posterior margin, 0.63; width, 

Body. 

Broad oval. Scutum occupying one-third the length .of the body. 

0.42. 

festoons and dorsal trochantal spur present. 

Faint 

Length, tip of palpi to posterior margin, 0.12; width of 

Capitulum. 

0.16. Capitulum throughout much as in the nymph. 

basis, 

Dentition 2/2, with six or seven denticles in each file. 

Hypostome. 

about 0.072. 

Length, 

40 

Between coxae II. 

Clavate, dentition 2/2, with lateral and median denticles

Length, 0.21; width, 0.33. Cervical grooves distinct, long, 

Seutum. 

parallel. Surface crazed, impunctate hairs absent. 

nearly 

one short, rounded spur. Coxa III with no spurs. 

with 

a 

comparison o.f chordeilis and leporis-palustris, see page 35. 

For 

(1908, p. 34) accepted the name chordeilis Packard for this 

Banks 

found on birds in the United States, after he had ex- 


the specimens labeled as types, which consist of two engorged 

amined 

taken in Massachusetts. 

females 

writer has had the opportunity to examine the two types in the 


of Comparative Zoology in Harvard University, mentioned by 

Museum 

writers, and it is evident that they represent the common tick 

previous 

birds that has been called both chordeilis and cinnaba.rina in this 

oh 

However, Packard, in describing the species in 1869, mentions 

country. 

one. He .says, "From the nighthawk (Chordeilis popetue), Mass. 

only 

F. G. Sanborn)." The "types" are in two vials, and one contains 

(Coll. 

labels reading, "Ixodes chordeilis Pack." (probably in Packard's 

two 

and "from Chordeilis popetue, F.G.S., Mass." The second 

handwriting), 

contains a label in different handwriting reading, "Ixodes chordeilis 

vial 

E. A. Samuels, Milton, Mass." Note that"E. A. Samuels is not 

Pack. 

G. Sanborn" mentioned in describing the species. Thus, there is only 

"F. 

true type, and it came from Massachusetts and from the nighthawk. 

one 

"Milton, Mass. ' should n,o.t be considered to be the exact type 

locality. 

and Warburton (1915, pp. 372 and 378), without seeing the 

Nuttall 

and made drawings in Berlin of Koch's u.nique type of cinnabarina 

studied 

which came from Brazil (no host given). The authors state, "*** 

after consultation with the late Professor D6nitz concluded that it was 


allied if not identical with H. punctata Canestrini and Fanzago. 

closely 

as H. chordeilis (Packard) which therefore falls into synonymy." 

known 

authors had for study some North American specimens of this 


as is shown by their listings, but the evidence is not Haemaphysalis convincing 

that the North American form is identical with Koch's cinna- 

from Brazil. 

barina 

the time cinnabarina was published by Koch in 

Since 

1844, this name 

not appeared in listings of ticks from South America and Central 

has 

See Banks (1908), Dunn (1923), Bequaert (1938),Osorno- 

America. 

Mesa (1941), and Fairchild (1943). Arago (1911, p. 

as a species occurring in Brazil, but this probably referred 

cinnabarina 

to the Koch type. This Laboratory has in the past received for 

only 

41 

Coxae. 

Coxa I with an internal lobe in place of a definite spur. Coxa II 

type of chordeilis, adopted.cinnabarina as the name for this tick. 

Nuttall 

We have since been able, however, to identify it 

with the American form 

157), does include 

identificati,on many ticks from northern South America, Panama, and

America, and the author has studied the collections of many. of 

Central 

various instituti0ns of the United States but has never seen speci- 

the 

mens of either cinnabarina or 

chordeilis 

from these areas. 

being used for the common 

are present in the United States. The present writer is assuming 

forms 

only one, chordeilis, is found in this country. 

that 

described chordeilis from a nighthawk taken in Massachusetts, 

Packard 

the type, 1 fed female, is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 


University, Cambridge, Mass. 

Harvard 

(1908, p. 34) records a female from turkey, Taflsville, Vt., 

Banks 

a nymph which might be th,is species from killdeer, Fort Collins, 


Colo. 

writers have reported this tick in various States Miscellaneous as 

Hadley (1909, p. 306) from Norwich, Vt. Hooker et al. (19.12, 

follows: 

98) from Victoria, Refugio, and Medina counties, Tex. and larvae 

p. 

nymphs thought to be of this species from Grand Cave, La., and from 


and (uincy, Fla. Hooker (1908, p. 403) stated that the 

Hawthorne 

occurs in the State of New York, and Nuttall and Warburton (1915, 

tick 

377) reported the species (as "'cinnabarina") from the Catskill Mountains 

p. 

in the State of New York. 

and Trfimbley (1945, p, 25) state that the species Bishopp in 

occurs 

and southern United States and eastern Canada. The States speci- 

eastern 

are" New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, tennsylvania, South 

fied 

Georgia, Florida.,-Texas, and Michigan. They state further, 

Carolina, 

et al. (1915) regard Haernaphysalis chordeilis Packard as 

Nuttall a 

of H. cinnabarina Koch. We are inclined to think these forms 

synonym 

and the records presented herein are based on the restricted 

distinct 

of the name***. If the broader interpretation of the species 

applicat,ion 

mentioned above is applied, the western states and western' Canada 

as 

also be included. 

would 

(as H. cinncbarina) at Winni- 

and Awame, Manitoba, on Pediaecetes phasianellus campestris, and 

peg 

rabbit at Kleena Kleena, Tatla Lake, British Columbia. 

on 

from Mani- 

Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. 

toba, 

Rocky Mountain Laboratory has The.. record from Wisconsin 

one 

on greater prairie chicken 

The preferred hosts of H. chordeilis are various ground birds, but a 

42 

For these reasons the name chordeiIis is 

on birds in North America. 


and Trembley (. 1945, p. 25) indicate that because of the exist- 

Bishopp 

confusion regarding cinnabarina and chordeilis, it is possible that two 

ing 

HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION 

Hewitt (1915, p. 229) reports this tick 

Hearle (1938, p. 99) records this tick (.as H. cinnabarina) 

(Tympamuchus cupido americanus).

phasianallus:, campestris;. Nuttall and Warburton (1915, p. 

Pediaecetes 

cattle, man, meadow lark, jackdaw, red-winged blackbird, marsh 

367), 

quail, ruffed grouse; Bishopp and Trembley (1945, p. 26), cow, 

hawk, 

sheep, Florida grasshopper sparrow, Savannah sparrow, Wakulla 

horse, 

sparrow, towhee, Florida wren. 

seaside 

(1941, p. 466) reports .this tick on the southern meadow lark 

Travis 

Rocky Mountain Laboratory has records from Montana on sage 


( Centrocercus urophasianus), ruffled grouse (Bondsa um.bllus) 

hen 

43 

mammals including man have been reported. Hosts have been 

few 

as follows" Banks (1908, p. 34), turkey; Hewitt (1915, p. 229), 

recorded 

matTna argutula) and white-eyed towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus 

(Sturnella 

alleni) 

pocket gopher (Thom.omys sp.). 


tick has been reported .as killing turkeys in various places in the 

This 

United States.

Haemaphysalis kochiArago, p. 3-6 (reprint). 

1908. 

Haemaphysalis kochi Arago, pp. 178-181. 

1911. 

Total length in cd specimens 0 tips of palpi to potcio 

groves distinct extending from near the scutum to .the third festoon. 

ginal 

Festoons about as wide as long. Engorged females about as broad 

long and may be as large as 6.0 by 6.0 

as 

Length from tips of palpi to tips of cornua, 0.72 to 0.80; 

Capitulum. 

nearly straight, salient. Lateral submarginal areas with longitudinal 

margin 

elevations2 Cornua distinct, rounded or pointed,, about as broad as 

Porose areas mildly depressed, oval, placed close against the lateral 

long. 

Surface smooth, shining, impunctate, and without hairs. Palpi 

elevations. 

ventral view, basis with faint posterolateral salient corners; surface 

In 

faintly crazed. Palpal article 2 with five to six simple parallel hairs, 

file, and 10 denticles in each file. Length, about 0.39. 

median 

Length, from 1.08 to 1.26; width, 1.23 to 1.44. Slightly 

Scutum. 

posteriorly. Scapulae, short, bluntly rounded. Cervical grooves, 

pointed 

deep, long. Surface smooth, shining, faintly crazed; puncta- 

moderately 

fine, evenly distributed;hairs few, very fine, often visible only with 

tions 

light, sometimes absent. 

reflected 

A large dorsal trochantal spur on I; absent on 

III, and IV. Small, rounded ventral trochantal spurs on I to IV. 

II, 

terminal spurs on tarsi absent. Hairs numerous, fine, and long; 

Ventral 

on the inner side of femur IV long, parallel and directed toward 

those 

spiracular plate. Length of tarsus I, 0.66; metatarsus, 0.36. Length 

the 

HAEMAPHYSALIS KOCHI ARAGO, 1908 

Fmuw 12 

1915. Haemaphysa,lis kochi Arago" Nuttall and Warburton, 413"415. 

FEMALE 

Body. 

2.0 to 2.88; width, 1.0S to 2.04. Oval, widest at about the 

argin, 

utum occupying about two-fifths the.length of,the body. 

iddle 

of from base of palpi to tips of cornua, 0.27 to 0.33; width 

length basis 

0.57 to 0.60. Lateral profile lines of basis posterior 

convex, basis, of 

longer than the basis, 

smooth, and with few hairs. 

toward the hypostome. Article 3 with a conspicuous, long, retrograde 

directed 

horn, and on its inner side three simple hairs directed toward the 

hypostome. 

Clavate and with a distinct corona. Dentition 5/5, den- 

Hypostome. 

ticles progressively smaller in the successive files 

from the laterals to the 

Legs. Long and sl,im. 

of tarsus IV, 0.60 metatarsus, 0.45.

Haomaphysalis kochi Arago. A. Female capitulum and scutum, dot- 

B. Female capitulum and coxae, venter, and side view of palpus, and palpal 

sum. 

enlarged. C. Female hypostome. D. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg I. 

hair 

Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. F. Engorged female. G. Male capitulum 

E. 

scutum, dorsum. H. Male capitulum and coxae, venter. I. Male hypostome. 


45 

FGUR 12.

Coxa I with a short, rounded, internal spur; II,-III, and IV 

Coxae. 

with a short, very broad, rounded, middle spur. Coxae hairs 1.ong, 

each 

fine.. 

plate. Blunt, comma-shaped; greatest dimension, 0.36. 

Spiraeular 

width, 1.56 0val, widest a little back of the middle. Fed males 

2.80; 

Venezuela are much distended, have the ventral festoons distinctly 

from 

on the dorsum, and show the body extended beyond the scutum 

showing 

the sides. 

at 

basis, 0.33. Lateral profile lines of basis convex; posterior margin 

of 

salient. Cornua very large,, long, pointed. Surface smooth, .shin- 

concave, 

lateral submar..ginal areas elevated; punctations few, fine. 

ing, 

ventral vieWi basis wider than long, convex, and salient behind. 

In 

article 2 with three or". four simple hairs on the inner edge, 

Palpal 

toward the hypostome. Article 3 with a conspicuous, long, retro- 

directed 

ventrai spur. 

grade, 

Clavate, with the distinct corona long. Dentition 5/5 

tIypostorne, 

smaller to the middle. Length, about 0.42. 

progressively 

Length, from 2.25 to 2.31 width, from 1.38 to 1.44. Convex 

Seutum. 

increasingly declivitous in peripheral areas. Cervical grooves short, 


deep. Lateral grooves as short, broad depressions beginning 

moderately 

opposite leg IV, tlsually passing one festoon. Median festoons about 

about 

times as long as wide; laterals progressively shorter. Surface 

thr.ee 

shinning, faintly crazed. Punctations numerous, fine, present 

smooth, 

on 

fest3ons. A few short, fine hairs present on the festoons. 

al.so 

Much as in the female but heavier. 

Legs. 

Coxa I. much as in the female but with the internal spur 

Coxae. 

I.I, III, and IV with distinct, small, short internal spurs. 

longer; 

plate. As in the female; greatest dimension, 0.30. 

Spiraeular 

aperture. Between coxae II. 

Genital 

and larva unknown. 

Nymph 

kochi, the dentition is 5/5 while in iuxtakochi, it is 4/4. Coxae II, 

In 

IV of the females of kochi have very large,-broad, rounded, middle 

III, 

while II and III of uxtakochi have middle spurs similar to 

spurs, coxae 

kochi but-more pointed, and IV has small,r0unded, a inner spur. 

on those 


HOSTS 

kochi was originally described from 1 male and 2 females taken 

[t. 


Between coxae iII. 

Body: Length from tips 

of palpi to posterior margin, from 2.70 to 

Capitulum. 

Length from tips of palpi to tips of cornua, 0.60; width 

eight or nine denticles in each file. Lateral denticles largest, medians 

with

e(zently sent us 2 females and 1 male taken from Maama sp., 1929, 

has 

Brazili Fk0 Di2. harlds t't. :Ballot, Estcion Experimental 

Pernambuco, 

47 

Cervus campestris, Bauru, State of So Paulo, and 1 male 

from 

from Cervus rufus, Jacutinga, State of SoPaulo. Dr. Arago 

taken 

Agricultura, E1 Valle, D. F., Venezuela, we 

received 9, females and 7 

de 

taken from tapir, February 14, 1938; Selva, Gran Sabana, Vene- 

males 

zuela.

JUXTAKOCHI, N, SP. 

HAEAPHYSALIS 

13 

FI6URE 

FEMALE 

Length (unengorged) from tips of palpi to posterior margin, 

Body. 

to 2.58; width, 1.41 to 1.45. Oval, widest at about the middle. 

2.30 

occupying half the length of the body. Marginal grooves distinct, 

Scutum 

fed females may be as large as 7.00 by 5.75 and are short-oval, 

Fully 

posteriorly, and about equally thick at both ends. 

wider 

Length from tips of palpi to the tips of the cornua, 0.54 

Capitulum. 

0.63; length of basis from base of palpi to tips of cornua, 0.20 to 0.25 

to 

of basis, 0.48 to 0.51. Lateral profile lines convex, posterior margin 

width 

straight, salient. Cornua as long as wide, rounded or pointed. 

nearly, 

submarginal areas with longitudinal elevations. Porose areas faint, 

Lateral 

crowded against the submarginal elevations but sometimes a 

superficial, 

depressed and in an oval pattern. Surface smooth, shining, impunctate; 

little 

hairs absent. Palpi smooth, shining;hairs few. 

ventral view, basis broadly rounded behind, convex, impunctate, 

In 

without hairs. Palpal article 2 with four or five simple hairs on the 


edge directed toward the hypostome. Article 3 with a conspicuous, 

inner 

retrograde horn, and on its inner edge three hairs. 

long, 

Clavate, with a large corona. Denticles 4/4, With 9 or 

Hypostome. 

in each file. Denticles decreasing in size from laterals to the medians. 

10 

about 0.33. 

Length, 

Length, 0.96 to 1.02; width, 0.96 to i.08. Nearly circular, 

Seutum. 

often with mild posterolateral and posterior corners. 

separated with the interval moderately deep. Cervical grooves distinct, 

much 

long. Punctations fine, numerous, evenly distributed. Hairs absent. 

Long, moderately heavy, I somewhat the heaviest. Trochanter 

Legs. 

with a distinct dorsal trochantal spur; absent on II, III, and IV. Very 

I 

II, and III. Ventral spurs on 

0.66; metatarsus, 0.36. Length of tarsus 

0.54; metatarsus, 0.36. 

IV, 

Coxa I with short, rounded internal spur; II and III with 

Coxaeo 

salient middle spurs which are bluntly pointed (more pointed than 

broad, 

kochi); IV with a faint internal spur. 

in 

extending from the edge of the scutum posteriorly to the third 

festoon. 

Scapulae rounded, 

mild ventral trochantal spurs present on I, 

tarsi absent. Length of tarsus I, 


Situated just posterior to the level of the intervals 

between coxae II and III.

13. I4aemaphysalis juxtakochi, n. sp. A. Female capitulum and scutum, 

FIGURE 

B. Female capitulum and coxae, venter. C. Female hypostome. D. Male 

dorsum. 

and scutum, dorsum. E. Male capitulum and coxae, renter, and side 

capitulum 

of palpus. F. Male hypostome. G. Male metatarsus and tarsus, leg I. H. Male 

view 

metatarsus and tarsus, 

49 

leg IV.

MALE 

Length from tipsof palpi to posterior margin, 1.90 to 2.16; 

Body. 

1.12 to 1.20. Oval, widest near the middle. 

width, 

Length from tips of palpi to tip of cornua, 0.48 to 0.51; 

Capitulum. 

of basis, 0.24 to 0.28; width of basis, 0.33 to 0.39. Lateral profile 

length 

convex; posterior margin convex, salient between the long, strong, 

line 

with three to four simple hairs extending over the base of the hypostome. 

2 

Clavate, with a distinct corona. Dentition 4/4, with seven 

Hypostome. 

in each file; denticles decreasing in size from laterals to the 

denticles 

shallow depressions. Punctations numerous, fine, faint, and present 

as 

on festoons. Hairs very few, fine. 

also 

Long, slim. Dorsal trochantal spur present on trochanter I; 

Legs. 

on II, III, and IV. Faint ventral trochantal spurs present on all 

absent 

Ventral spurs on tarsi absent. Length of tarsus I, 0.48; 

trochanters. 

0.27. Length of tarsus IV, 0.45; metatarsus, 0.30. 

metatarsus, 

Internal spurs present on all coxae, moderately long on I and 

Coxae. 

smaller on II to IV. Coxal hairs long, and contrasting 

progressively 

with the smaller hairs on the venter of the body. 

strongly 

plate. Blunt, comma-shaped;greatest dimension, 0.21. 

Spiraeular 

aperture. Between coxae II. 

Genital 

and larva unknown. 

Nymph 

quick separation of. kochi and/uxtakochi, see page 46. 

For 

the publication of H. koc.hi Arago 1908, various writers have 

Since 

it as occurring in Central America. The writer, having seen 

reported 

specimens of kochi from the author of the species and also 

authentic 

specimens from Central America, now realizes that two separate 

numerous 

species are concerned. However, both Arago in his description and 

(1915, p. 414), state that kochi has dentition 4/4 on the hypostome. 

Nuttall 

The true pattern of the dentition of these ticks is obscure when 

hypostome is viewed in situ, but very clear in specimens mounted 

the 

balsam, and I believe that the types of kochi would show a 5/5 pattern 

in 

the hypostome. In all specimens of both sexes of H. kochi and H. 

on 

that have been examined there are sexreral other definite 

uxtakochi 

50 

cornua. Basis with punctations few, faint; hairs absent. Palpi 

pointed 

broad, little tapering; palpal hairs few. 

heavy, 

ventral view, basis convex, salient behind; punctations and hairs 

In 

Palpal article 3 with a long conspicuous retrograde horn. Article 

absent. 

Length, about 0.22. 

medians. 

Length, 1.56 to 1.62; width, 1.12 to 1.14. Convex and in- 

8eumm. 

declivitous in theperipheral areas. Lateral groove very short 

creasingly 

continuing across one festoon. Festoons long. Cervical grooves faint, 

and

characters which justify two species as pointed out in the 

correlating 

descriptions. 

March 3, 1943, Corozal, Canal. Zone; 21574, 1 female, from 

vegetation, 

July 1942, Guayabalito, Panama; 21571, 1 female, 2 males, 

Odocoileus, 

Odocoileus, August 1942,. Juan Mind, Canal Zone.. 

from 

female from 21585. 

Holotype" 

male from 21585. 

Allotype" 

females andmales from 21585, 21574, 21572, 21571,.and 

Paratypes" 

19855. 

are deposited as follows" Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in 

Types 

Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont. 1 paratype female, 2 

the 

males (21571"), United States National Museum., Washingto n, 

paratype 

C. 1 paratype female (21574), 1 paratype male (2i572), Museum 

D. 

Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; 1 

of 

(1923) states that kochi is common on deer in Panam a.nd 

Dunn 

three lots of specimens of 37, 3 and 2, respectively, all f.om 

records 

(TapireIla beardi). Fairchild (1943.) reports kocli from deer. in 

tapir 

and from "brush" near Corozal, Canal Zone. All the specimens 

Panama, 

I have seen from Panama are 

]uxtakoctd,. In his paper, Osorno- 

which 

(1941, p. 428) seems to imply that kochi is present in Colombia 

.Mesa 

gives no definite records. If such but Haemaphysalis is present in 

a 

it is probable .that it. is kochi. 

Colombia, 

H. de t3. 1908 Algumas novas especies de carrapatos brazileiros. Inst. d. 

ARAGO, 

Rio de Janeiro, reprint 19 pp. 

Manguinhos, 

Notas sobre ixddidas brazileiros. Notes sur les ixodidds du Br6sil. 

1911 

Inst. Oswaldo Cruz,$" 145-195, Pls.-ll and 12. 

Mere. 

Contribukjo pard 19i2 sistematica e bioldgia dos ixddidas. Beitrag zur 

a 

und Biologic der "Ixodidae." Mere. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 4: 96-119, 

Systematik 

II, III, 6 Text-figs. 

Pls. 

Nota sobre os Ixodideos da Republica Argentina. Mere. Inst. Oswaldo 

1938 

" 319-327. 

Cruz, 

N. 1908 A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States, U. S. 

BAKS, 

Agric. Bureau of Entomol., Tech. series No. 15. 60 pp., 10 Plates. Washington, 

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D. C. 

J. C. 1938 Notes on the Arthropoda of medical importance in Guatemala. 

BEQUAERT, 

Carnegie Inst.- Pub. No. 499, pp. 223-228. 

A. 1889 Acari africani tres illustrati. Atti Soc2 Veneto Trentina di sci. 

tERLESE, 

10" 289-300, Pl. VII, Figs, 2-4. 

nat, 

51 

descriptions and figures of Haemaphysalis juxtckochi were made 


the following" 19855, 3 males from deer, April 6, 1942, Alajuela, 

from 

Panama; 21585, 4 females, 11 males, Panama; 21572, 1 male, 1 

female, 

female, 1 paratype male (21585), Department"of Entomology, 

paratype 

Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 

University 

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