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development or increased positive stimuli provided by the rewarding aspects of sexual behavior. Literature Cited Andersen, M.L. and S. Tufik. 2006. Does male sexual behavior require progesterone Brain Res. Rev. 51:136-143. Blaustein, J.D. and M.S. Erskine. 2002. Feminine sexual behavior: cellular integration of hormonal and afferent information in the rodent forebrain. Pages 139-214 in: D.W. Pfaff, A.P. Arnold, A.M. Etgen, S.E. Fahrbach, R.T. Rubin (Eds.) Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Academic Press, New York. Hewitt, S.C., Korach, K.S., 2003. Oestrogen receptor knockout mice: roles for oestrogen 250 receptors and in reproductive tissues. Reprod. 125, 143-149. Kudwa, A. E., Bodo, C., Gustafsson, J. A., Rissman, E. F. 2005. A previously uncharacterized role for estrogen receptor beta: defeminization of male brain and behavior. Poc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:4608-4612. Ogawa, S., Chan, J., Chester, A. E., Gustafsson, J. A., Korach, K. S., Pfaff, D. W., 1999. Survival of reproductive behavior in estrogen receptor beta gene-deficient male and female mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S A. 96:12887-12892. Orgeur, P. and J.P. Signoret. 1984. Sexual play and its functional significance in the domestic sheep (ovis aries L.). Physiol. Behav. 57:185-187. Perkins, A., Fitzgerald, A. J., Price, O. E. 1992. Sexual performance of rams in serving capacity tests predicts success in pen breeding. J. Anim. Sci. 70:2722-2725. Fitzgerald, A. J., Perkins, A. 1993. Sexual behavior of rams: Biological perspective to flock management. Sheep Res. J. 9:51-58. Phelps, S.M., J.P. Lydon, B.W. O’Malley, and D. Crews. 1998. Regulation of male sexual behavior by progesterone receptor, sexual experience, and androgen. Horm. Behav. 34 :294-302. Price, E.O. 1987. Male sexual behavior. In: E.O. Price (Ed.) Vet. Clin. North Amer.: Food Anim. Pract. 3:405-422. Roselli, C.E., J.A. Resko, F. Stormshak. 2003. Estrogen synthesis in fetal sheep brain: Effect of maternal treatment with an aromatase inhibitor. Biol. Reprod. 68:370-374. Roselli, C.E., J.A. Resko, F. Stormshak. 2006. Expression of steroid hormone receptors in the fetal sheep brain during the critical period for sexual differentiation. Brain Res. 1110:76-80. rewarding aspects of sexual behavior. Short, R. V. 1974. In: Intewrnational symposium on sexual endocrinology of the perinatal period. Forest, M. G. and Bertrand, J. (eds.). Colloque International INSERM: Paris. Shughrue, P. J., Lane, M. V., Merchenthler, I. 1997. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptoralpha and –beta mRNA in the rat central system. J. Comp. NeUROL. 388:507-525.
Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science Vol. 60, 2009 THE SELECTION VALUE OF PATERNITY INFORMATION ON CALVES DERIVED FROM MULTISIRE BREEDING PASTURES ON COMMERCIAL COW-CALF RANCHES A.L. Van Eenennaam†*, K.L. Weber, K.L. Cooprider, L.J. Butler, D.J. Drake †University of California, Davis, CA ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the costs and benefits associated with deriving on-ranch weaning weight (WW) expected progeny differences (rEPD) using first calf crop performance data and DNA-based paternity designations. Paternity assignments for two consecutive calf crops were made for bulls present in multisire breeding pastures using a 99 SNP panel. The number of calves per sire varied from 0% to 96% of the calves in a pasture. Prolificacy in one year was not always predictive of prolificacy in the second year, even when sire groups remained unchanged. Calf WW data was used to calculate rEPD for 30 AI and ranch Angus sires. Because some bulls sired only a few offspring (range 0-26), the accuracy of their rEPD was correspondingly low. The American Angus Association (AAA) WW EPDs of the young herd bulls on this study averaged 17.6 kg (±2.1) and ranged in BIF accuracy from 0.05 to 0.25. The WW rEPD ranged from -11.0 to 10.0 kg (SD ±3.7) and BIF accuracies ranged from 0.03 to 0.42. The correlation between the AAA EPDs of well-proven AI sires and rEPDs was high (R 2 = 0.65), whereas the correlation between the low accuracy AAA EPD and rEPD for unproven ranch bulls was low (R 2 = 0.06). A simple economic analysis was performed by simulating the costs and benefits associated with the sale of a low WW rEPD terminal sire, based on his first calf crop progeny test by which time he would have sired a second calf crop as WW data are not available until after the breeding season, and his replacement with an average young sire for the remaining three breeding seasons. Assumptions included a) Bull: cost $2,500, 25 offspring per year, present for 5 breeding seasons, salvage value $900; and b) Calves: weaning sale weight 272 kg± bull′s on-ranch EPD at $2.27/kg, and genotyping cost of $20 per calf for the first year′s calf crop. It was estimated that culling the low rEPD bull at the completion of the progeny test would have a positive cost:benefit ratio if the WW rEPD was ≤ -16.7 kg. Selection based on WW rEPD would not have had a positive cost:benefit ratio for any of the 30 bulls on this study. Key Words: on-ranch EPD, paternity testing, economic analysis Introduction Commercial herd bulls are a dead end from the standpoint of genetic evaluation. Although considerable variation exists in the genetic merit of young bulls with low accuracy expected progeny differences (EPDs), there is typically no way to improve this accuracy as breeding takes place in multisire breeding pastures to eliminate open cows due to sire failure. This precludes any evaluation of on-ranch progeny performance. DNA markers provide an approach to resolve the paternity of offspring produced in multisire breeding pastures, and this can be used to determine the genetic worth of herd bulls through on-ranch progeny testing (Van Eenennaam et al., 2007; Pollak, 2005). A typical breed association EPD on young animals has a Beef Improvement Federation (BIF) accuracy of 0.05, although this is dependent upon the trait and whether an animal’s own record is available. Paternity testing offers an approach to improve the accuracy of EPDs for any trait for which measurements are available through the development of on-ranch EPDs (rEPD), and possibly development of genetic estimates for traits which are not routinely measured by the seedstock sector. This approach has seen wide adoption in New Zealand where 20% of the ram breeding industry and 30% of the deer industry are now developing rEPDs based on DNA-based progeny assignments (McEwan, 2007). Perhaps most importantly, rEPDs offer an approach to identify which bulls are producing offspring that are best suited to the physical environment and commercial management conditions that are uniquely associated with each ranch operation. There are data collection, animal identification, and genotyping costs associated with progeny testing and the development of rEPDs (Pollak, 2005). Provided selection decisions are not delayed to obtain progeny test results, genetic gain will be increased if the improvement in accuracy resulting from rEPDs enables better selection decisions. However, any change in management needs to be assessed from an economic perspective. Three studies have examined the economics of progeny testing on commercial cattle ranches. DeNise (1999) reported that the development of rEPDs from progeny testing was not profitable when considering post-weaning gain, whereas a simulation study found developing rEPDs for sale weight resulted in a positive return on investment under certain circumstances, such as the use of the same bulls in both a fall and a spring cow herd (Weaber, 2005). Likewise, it was concluded that there was a positive benefit-cost ratio when paternity information was used to cull 20% or more of the unproductive bulls (Gomez-Raya et al., 2008). These three papers used very different approaches and assumptions in their economic analyses. Cow-calf producers cannot easily quantify the likely difference in future profit from using alternative bulls. A bull “selection by simulation” decision support tool (http://dss.ansci.iastate.edu; accessed 3/31/09) has been developed which predicts the expected phenotypic performance of offspring for a small portfolio of userselected bulls (Garrick and Golden, 2008; Garrick, 2005). Phenotypes are then used to predict revenues and costs, including feed requirements, and present the user with an
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Page 3 and 4: Associations of Prolactin Receptor
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determined via transrectal ultrason
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Table 1. Effect of winter system on
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Proceedings, Western Section, Ameri
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increased HCW of steers born earlie
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Proceeding, Western Section, Americ
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degrees of freedom method was used
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Table 2. Supplement × physiologica
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to water and a loose macro- and mic
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Table 2. Effects of calving body co
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ased on average quality and availab
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1 See figure legends for descriptio
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the most important criterions in ra
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Results Perceptions of profitabilit
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input cost into the system. Sand an
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Physiological state has also been h
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Table 3 Percent crude protein (CP),
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conducted for 90 d from Dec 1, 2007
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In f o Proceedings, Western Section
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identified in the commercially avai
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The absence of shade in pen decreas
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T e m Figure 2. Impact of three pre
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weaning date can have a positive im
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Table 1. Systems Backgrounding Perf
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Results and Discussion Maximum and
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Figure 2. Oxygen levels of two comp
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contemporary groups where two intac
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Sund, J. M. and M. J. Wright. 1956.
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thiamin), or 4) HIGH (150 mg·hd -1
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Literature Cited Buckner, C. D., T.
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Serum estradiol concentrations were
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Literature Cited AOAC. 1999. Offici
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Results The BFTH contained four and
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The genetic correlation between MS
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Acknowledgements Red Angus Associat
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absorbed from the small intestine (
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ather than May (P < 0.10). Differen
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May July Low Mod High SE Table 3. R
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Aubrey, TX) to achieve a concentrat
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hormone concentrations in stallions
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* * Figure 3. Mean cortisol concent
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in psyllium-supplemented horses but
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References AOAC. 1990. Official Met
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Implications If available and cost
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Slaughter Characteristic of Ram and
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2003). Study 2 included trials in J
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are more accurate than external mar
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than animals fed 24% CP-diet during
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Over complete 28 days fattening exp
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uminally undegradable protein presu
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Todd, A. L., L. M. M. Surber, S. D.
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2006. Effects of supplementing drie
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warm-season annual legumes were use
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parturition was similar for all cow
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Table 3. Average spring 2009 percen
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evaluated based on significant effe
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Table 1. Effect of supplemental cor
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ated by two ultrasound examinations
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Table 1. Percentages of heifers tha
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Treatment 2 was the 12 h interval o
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treated with a CIDR for 14 d exhibi
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≤ ≥ Table 1. Description of cow
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andomly assigned to CO-Synch+CIDR (
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Johnson, S. K., and R. D. Jones. 20
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ultrasound examinations of each ova
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Fernandez, D. L., J. G. Berardinell
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Statistical analysis Data were anal
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physical stress on the body and, th
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hypercortisolism is a characteristi
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FIG. 3. Mean circulating plasma con
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synthesise cDNA. The thermocycler p
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Proportion of cows that were estrua
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January, and homogenized samples fr
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exhibit the presence of a corpus lu
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Even though, mean leptin concentrat
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2004). The swine catheter was used
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Table 2. Breed effect on ewe longev
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the cannula to moderately inflate t
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PGE1, 8-epi-PGF2 alpha, trichosanth
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Experiment 2. Forty-two multiparous
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Table 1. Components of d 7 post-mat
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Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Los
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LITERATURE CITED Camacho, L. E., J.
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lood vessels occur in a physiologic
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after removal of the P4. This possi
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Results of this experiment indicate
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evaporation). The 2 nd component
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15 ng / mL de Progesterone 12 9 6 3
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collections were performed and tota
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Table 2. Effects of corn condensed
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characteristics of the maize grain
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Proceedings, Western Sections, Amer
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lovegrass straw supplemented with d
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Table 1. Dietary treatments Alfalfa
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dairy cows experienced a post-partu
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etention time and the extent of DMD
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Acknowledgement: Research supported
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BW was affected by supplementation
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(NOAA, 2007, 2008; data not shown).
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particles in the diet (Leonardi and
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indicative of larger villi that wou
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treatment, day, and all possible in
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Table 1. Ingredient composition of
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dried distiller’s grains (DDGS; D
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cattle tend to cost 39% more (Ferna
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and those where WDGS and DDGS were
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of preconditioning. This outcome is
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period prior to harvest. Although L
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Plain, R. 2006. Feeding distiller
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were maintained on a single, dorman
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Table 1. Botanical composition of d
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Leu, L-Val, L-Met, L-His, L-Lys, L-
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Table 2. Effects of abomasal Trp in
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Table 1. Experimental supplements c
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Chen, P. S, T. Y. Toribara and H. W
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stimulate ad libitum intake and ort
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concentrate on the nutritive value
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Results and Discussion Dry matter i
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Crouse J.D., J. R. Busboom, R. A. F
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Table 2. Performance of weaned calv
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important role in enteric methane p
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Figure 1. Dynamics of rumen oxidati
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Table 1. Diet composition Item DM b
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120 +LPS -LPS 10.0 8.0 +LPS -LPS To
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(EE), respectively. Sunflower oil (
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Table 4: Fatty acid concentrations
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Kennely, J.J. 1996. The fatty acid
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Davis, K. C., 248 Davis, N. E., 372
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Orosco, G., 409 Ortega, J., 414, 42
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