STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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~ 296 General Engineering and Science Table 2-37 Wire Table for Copper AWG Dinmeter, inches Area, circular mils Resistance at 20.C (68' F), o h per Iwo feet of lmgrh 0000 0.4600 211.600. 0.04901 000 .4G96 167,800. .06180 00 .3648 133,100. ,07793 0 .3249 105,500. .09827 1 ,2893 83,690. .1239 2 ,2576 66,370. ,1563 3 ,2294 52,640. .1970 4 .2043 41,740. .2485 5 ,1819 33,100. .3133 6 ,1620 26,250. ,3951 7 ,1443 20,820. .4982 8 ,1285 16,510. ,6282 9 ,1144 13,090. ,7921 10 ,1019 10,380. ,9989 11 .09074 8,234. 1.260 12 ,08081 6,530. 1.588 13 .07196 5,178. 2.003 14 .ow08 4,107. 2.525 15 ,05707 3,257. 3.184 16 ,05082 2,583. 4.016 17 ,04526 2,048. 5.064 18 ,04090 1,624. 6.385 19 ,03589 1,288. 8.051 20 ,03196 1,022. 10.15 21 ,02846 810.1 12.80 22 .a2535 642.4 16.14 23 ,02257 509.5 20.36 24 .02010 404.0 25.67 25 ,01790 320.4 32.37 26 ,01594 254.1 40.81 27 ,01420 201.5 51.47 28 .01264 159.8 64.90 29 ,01126 126.7 81.83 30 .01003 100.5 103.2 31 ,008928 79.70 130.1 32 ,007950 63.21 164.1 33 .007080 50.13 206.9 34 ,006305 39.75 260.9 35 ,005615 31.32 329.0 36 .005000 25.00 414.8 37 ,004453 19.83 523.1 38 ,003965 15.72 659.6 39 ,003531 12.47 831.8 40 .003145 9.888 1,049. 41 .002800 7.840 1.323. 42 ,002494 6.200 1.673. 43 ,002221 4.928 2.104. 44 .001978 3.881 2.672. 45 ,001760 3.098 3.348.
Chemistry 297 Interior wiring design and installation for most commercial and industrial uses should follow the National Electrical Code (NEC) which has been a national standard since 1970 with the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Some localities, however, may not accept the NEC and require that their own (more stringent) standards be followed. For further information on this subject, refer to References 1 and 41 through 45. CHEMISTRY Introduction The material in this section is divided into three parts. The first subsection deals with the general characteristics of chemical substances. The second subsection is concerned with the chemistry of petroleum; it contains a brief review of the nature, composition, and chemical constituents of crude oil and natural gases. The final subsection touches upon selected topics in physical chemistry, including ideal gas behavior, the phase rule and its applications, physical properties of pure substances, ideal solution behavior in binary and multicomponent systems, standard heats of reaction, and combustion of fuels. Examples are provided to illustrate fundamental ideas and principles. Nevertheless, the reader is urged to refer to the recommended bibliography [47-521 or other standard textbooks to obtain a clearer understanding of the subject material. Topics not covered here owing to limitations of space may be readily found in appropriate technical literature. Characteristics of Chemical Compounds The general nature of chemical compounds and their physical behavior are briefly reviewed in the following subsection. Chemical Bonds Two types of chemical bonds, ionic and covalent, are found in chemical compounds. An ionic bond results from the transfer of valence electrons from the atom of an electropositive element (M) to the atom(s) of an electronegative element (X). It is due to coulombic (electrostatic) attraction between the oppositely charged ions, M(cation) and X-(anion). Such ionic bonds are typical of the stable salts formed by combination of the metallic elements (Na, K, Li, Mg, etc.) with the nonmetallic elements (F, C1, Br, etc.). As an example, the formation of the magnesium chloride molecule from its elemental atoms is shown by the following sequence: Mg + Mg2+ + 2e 2C1+ 2e + 2C1- Mg2+ + 2C1- tj Cl-Mg2'Cl- or MgCl, where e represents an electron. The ionic charges resulting from the gain or loss of electrons are called electrovalences. Thus, the electrovalence of magnesium is +2 and of chlorine -1. Ionic compounds are mostly inorganic substances. A nonionic compound is made up of covalent bonds only. A covalent bond results from shared electron pairs between two atoms. It consists of electrostatic attraction between each electron and both nuclei, e.g.,
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STANDARD Y S F- MEB X D 21 WILLIAM
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STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering
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STANDARD HANDBOOK OF ROLEUM L GAS E
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3-Auxiliary Equipment .............
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Murty Kuntamukkla, Ph.D. Westinghou
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Petroleum Institute and the Society
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Patricia Duettra Consultant Applied
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4 Mathematics triangle has no congr
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6 Mathematics rectangular parallelp
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+ (XZYS + (XSYI 8 Mathematics Any t
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10 Mathematics Annulus (Figure 1-9)
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12 Mathematics In any hyperbola, sh
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14 Mathematics . Any prism or cylin
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16 Mathematics 9 Hollow sphere, or
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18 Mathematics Spheroid (or ellipso
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20 Mathematics Rules of Multiplicat
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22 Mathematics log(a/b) = log a - l
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24 Mathematics If the kth differenc
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26 Mathematics First-degree equatio
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28 Mathematics -4 A directe angle m
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30 Mathematics Table 1-1 Angle Redu
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32 Mathematics (text continued from
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34 Mathematics Polar Coordinate Sys
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36 Mathematics Table 1-6 Table of D
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38 Mathematics and xl, xp, x3, and
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40 Mathematics In polar coordinates
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42 Mathematics 1. 1 df(x) = f(x) +
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44 Mathematics (text continued from
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46 Mathematics equation involves an
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48 Mathematics the general solution
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+ F(s) 50 Mathematics The transform
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52 Mathematics then the equation of
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54 Mathematics Origin at vertex y2
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56 Mathematics Equation of the tang
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58 Mathematics Equations (standard
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60 Mathematics NUMERICAL METHODS Se
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62 Mathematics I I fi-4 I f t a I f
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64 Mathematics Interpolation A forw
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66 Mathematics Table 1-13 Central D
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68 Mathematics as long as there are
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70 Mathematics Because of round off
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72 Mathematics and The transpose of
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74 Mathematics then, by replacement
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76 Mathematics Relaxation methods m
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78 Mathematics Table 1-14 Chebyshev
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80 Mathematics and the next higher
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82 Mathematics a semi-open formula
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AY., 84 Mathematics 2. Boundary val
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~ ~ 86 Mathematics Ei+l - Yi+l - Yi
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88 Mathematics 3. Corrector 1 3 y p
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90 Mathematics with boundary condit
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92 Mathematics The three primary ad
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94 Mathematics Moment Ratios The mo
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96 Mathematics Table 1-19 Critical
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Table 1-20 Critical Values for the
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Table 1-21 Critical Values for the
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102 Mathematics (text continued fro
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104 Mathematics where K,,, = estima
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106 Mathematics A second definition
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108 Mathematics The confidence inte
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110 Mathematics addition of control
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112 Mathematics their subscripts, t
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114 Mathematics With little extra e
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116 Mathematics Dimension statement
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118 Mathematics A D E F G H I L P S
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120 Mathematics Conditional stateme
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122 Mathematics Table 1-27 FORTRAN
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124 Mathematics Pascal Language Pas
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126 Mathematics Constant declaratio
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128 Mathematics READ(variab1e list)
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130 Mathematics Iterative statement
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132 Mathematics System Hardware Sys
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134 Mathematics 21. Strang, G., and
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2 General Engineering and Science B
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Basic Mechanics (Statics and Dynami
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Dynamics 149 One of the simplest st
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Dynamics 151 P// ' I 1 Figure 2-8.
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Dynamics 153 x Component: The initi
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Dynamics 155 z A '\ 4t x = R, COS e
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Dynamics 157 d aH = --(vH) = -LO; c
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Dynamics 159 point on a line throug
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Table 2-6 Moments of Inertia of Com
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Dynamics 163 If 0 is a fixed axis o
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Dynamics 165 Note that e is defined
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Dynamics 167 The constant k, called
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Fluid Mechanics 169 The governing e
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Fluid Mechanics 171 Rrrnoulli 'F eq
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Fluid Mechanics 173 (2-57) (2-58) =
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Fluid Mechanics 175 0.051 0.041 0.0
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Fluid Mechanics 177 At 104°F Becau
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Fluid Mechanics 179 4 Figure 2-22.
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Fluid Mechanics 181 Example 2-1 6 A
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Fluid Mechanics 183 If the pressure
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Strength of Materials 185 A = n( =
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Strength of Materials 187 stress is
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Strength of Materials 189 Figure 2-
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Strength of Materials 191 (2-92) wh
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Strength of Materials 193 Example 2
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Table 2-15 Mechanical Properties of
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I9 0 2 1 22 23 24 2.5 Material CAST
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- Typical mechanical properties No.
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Typical mechanical properties Mater
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P- I 6 % " G el. = -
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cc - c
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Strength of Materials 207 Table 2-1
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Thermodynamics 209 Figure 2-30. Dia
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z;, Thermodynamics 2 1 1 Q = A(U +
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Thermodynamics 2 13 Example 2-23. H
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( Thermodynamics 2 15 For the gener
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Thermodynamics 217 The second law y
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Thermodynamics 219 (2-137) Combinin
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Thermodynamics 221 Figure 2-34. The
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Summary of Thermodynamic Equations
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a 9 + % I- ll I U % a I k v) I a U
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Thermodynamics 227 Entropy BtuAb f
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~ Thermodynamics 229 Table 2-20 Pro
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Thermodynamics 231 Table 2-20 (cont
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Thermodynamics 233 Table 2-20 (cont
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Thermodynamics 235 1.2154 1272.0 1.
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Thermodynamics 237 Table 2-23 Prope
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Thermodynamics 239 - k. M 8 B ; -40
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Geological Engineering 241 pressure
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Geological Engineering 243 Table 2-
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Page 263 and 264: Geological Engineering 247 likely c
Page 265 and 266: Geological Engineering 249 Hinge po
Page 267 and 268: Geological Engineering 25 1 Disharm
Page 269 and 270: Geological Engineering 253 Figure 2
Page 271 and 272: Geological Engineering 255 ssw LOW
Page 273 and 274: Geological Engineering 257 SH ss LM
Page 275 and 276: Geological Engineering 259 Consider
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Page 279 and 280: Geological Engineering 263 Equation
Page 281 and 282: Geological Engineering 265 Subsurfa
Page 283 and 284: Geological Engineering 267 0.7 0.75
Page 285 and 286: Geological Engineering 269 Plastici
Page 287 and 288: Geological Engineering 271 Degree o
Page 289 and 290: Geological Engineering 273 Silt, or
Page 291 and 292: Geological Engineering 275 Specific
Page 293 and 294: Geological Engineering 277 Table 2-
Page 295 and 296: Electricity 279 Table 2-32 Electric
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Page 301 and 302: Electricity 285 the potential by 90
Page 303 and 304: Electricity 287 Quantity Magnetomot
Page 305 and 306: Electricity 289 Figure 2-68. Basic
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Page 309 and 310: Electricity 293 coil of the element
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Page 315 and 316: Chemistry 299 Hydrogen fluoride Wat
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Page 323 and 324: Chemistry 307 Alkenes also form a h
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Page 331 and 332: Chemistry 315 organic compounds con
Page 333 and 334: Chemistry 317 COOH COOH COOH I HO-C
Page 335 and 336: Chemistry 319 Table 2-43 (continued
Page 337 and 338: Chemistry 321 Table 2-44 (continued
Page 339 and 340: Chemistry 323 -675°C (-1250°F) un
Page 341 and 342: Chemistry 325 The aniline cloud poi
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Page 345 and 346: Chemistry 329 Compositions of Liqui
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Page 353 and 354: Chemistry 337 The values in parenth
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Chemistry 347 Solution Two estimate
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Chemistry 349 Solution MW of solute
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Chemistry 351 (w~,Jw~,~) = Ki = 0.3
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Chemistry 353 AH:(25"C,1 atm) = Euj
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Chemistry 355 Check: Using heats of
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Chemistry 357 In a more compact not
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Chemistry 359 where d/aP denotes pa
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Chemistry 361 - An alternative repr
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Chemistry 363 Gas a b x lo2 c x lo5
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Engineering Design 365 Because the
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Engineering Design 367 Table 2-48 C
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~~ Engineering Design 369 Table 2-5
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Engineering Design 371 is always th
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Engineering Design 373 Table 2-52 (
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Engineering Design 375 and 114 is n
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Engineering Design 377 1 10 Figure
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Engineering Design 379 3. Engineers
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Engineering Design 381 NSPE Code of
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Engineering Design 383 The term tra
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Engineering Design 385 mark used in
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References 387 20. Fellinger, R. C.
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References 389 70. Langhaar, H. L.,
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Chapter 3 Auxiliary Equipment This
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Prime Movers 395 The four-stroke en
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Prime Movers 397 RECOMMENDED SPEEDS
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~~~ ~~~~ ~ Prime Movers 399 Table 3
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Prime Movers 401 Generator Starting
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Prime Movers 403 Alternating-Curren
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Prime Movers 405 Repulsion Motor. A
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Prime Movers 407 breakdown torque,
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Prime Movers 409 X, = Stator leakag
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Prime Movers 41 1 ZIP Synchronous s
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Prime Movers 413 100 90 80 al 0. cn
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Prime Movers 415 The relative stren
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Prime Movers 417 Natural Gas Pipeli
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Prime Movers 419 for the losses in
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Power Transmission 421 3. Ribbed, o
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Power Transmission 423 Sel Keyed 10
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426 Auxiliary Equipment Figure 3-23
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5000 4000 3450 3000 2500 2000 1750
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Table 3-9 Horsepower Ratings for A
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Table 3-1 0 Horsepower Ratings for
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RRI Table 3-12 Horsepower Ratings f
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Table 3-1 4 Horsepower Ratings for
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Table 3-16 Horsepower Ratings for 8
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440 Auxiliary Equipment Varies with
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442 Auxiliary Equipment under load
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444 Auxiliary Equipment Llnk. ‘Sp
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446 Auxiliary Equipment This chain
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448 Auxiliary Equipment 14 13 12 11
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450 Auxiliary Equipment The method
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452 Auxiliary Equipment Calculation
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454 Auxiliary Equipment Roller Chai
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456 Auxiliary EqGpment Teeth 12 15
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458 Auxiliary Equipment No. of teet
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460 Auxiliary Equipment I Ir STEAM
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462 Auxiliary Equipment I Q I 1 P F
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464 Auxiliary Equipment The single-
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468 Auxiliary Equipment r C+D Figur
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472 Auxiliary Equipment Calculation
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474 Auxiliary Equipment POINT OF EN
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476 Auxiliary Equipment & L d Y 1 5
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478 Auxiliary Equipment E Canter of
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480 Auxiliary Equipment FLOW RATE (
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482 Auxiliary Equipment S =rVn I (3
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484 Auxiliary Equipment P = n, (3-7
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