STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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STANDARD HANDBOOK OF ROLEUM L GAS Engineering Copyright 0 1996 by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Volume 2 Contents Chapter 5 - Reservoir Engineering Chapter 6 - Production Engineering Chapter 7 - Petroleum Economics Gulf Publishing Company Book Division P.O. Box 2608OHouston, Texas 77252-2608 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering / [edited by William Lyons]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88415-642-7 (Vol. l), ISBN 0-88415-643-5 (Vol. 2) 1. Petroleum engineering. 2. Natural gas. I. Lyons, William (William C.) TN870.S6233 1996 665.5-dc20 96-13965 CIP Printed on Acid-Free Paper (-) iu
Contributing Authors ................................................. Preface ........................................................................... 1 -Mathematics ............................................................. 1 Geometry, 3 Algebra, 18 Trigonometry, 27 Differential and Integral Calculus, 35 Analytic Geometry, 50 Numerical Methods, 60 Applied Statistics, 92 Computer Applications, 108 References, 133 2-General Engineering and Science ................... 135 Basic Mechanics (Statics and Dynamics), 137 Fluid Mechanics, 168 Strength of Materials, 185 Thermodynamics, 209 Geological Engineering, 240 Electricity, 278 Chemistry, 297 Engineering Design, 365 References, 386 vii ix V
Page 1 and 2: STANDARD Y S F- MEB X D 21 WILLIAM
Page 5: STANDARD HANDBOOK OF Engineering
Page 10 and 11: 3-Auxiliary Equipment .............
Page 12 and 13: Murty Kuntamukkla, Ph.D. Westinghou
Page 14 and 15: Petroleum Institute and the Society
Page 17: Patricia Duettra Consultant Applied
Page 20 and 21: 4 Mathematics triangle has no congr
Page 22 and 23: 6 Mathematics rectangular parallelp
Page 24 and 25: + (XZYS + (XSYI 8 Mathematics Any t
Page 26 and 27: 10 Mathematics Annulus (Figure 1-9)
Page 28 and 29: 12 Mathematics In any hyperbola, sh
Page 30 and 31: 14 Mathematics . Any prism or cylin
Page 32 and 33: 16 Mathematics 9 Hollow sphere, or
Page 34 and 35: 18 Mathematics Spheroid (or ellipso
Page 36 and 37: 20 Mathematics Rules of Multiplicat
Page 38 and 39: 22 Mathematics log(a/b) = log a - l
Page 40 and 41: 24 Mathematics If the kth differenc
Page 42 and 43: 26 Mathematics First-degree equatio
Page 44 and 45: 28 Mathematics -4 A directe angle m
Page 46 and 47: 30 Mathematics Table 1-1 Angle Redu
Page 48 and 49: 32 Mathematics (text continued from
Page 50 and 51: 34 Mathematics Polar Coordinate Sys
Page 52 and 53: 36 Mathematics Table 1-6 Table of D
Page 54 and 55: 38 Mathematics and xl, xp, x3, and
Page 56 and 57: 40 Mathematics In polar coordinates
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42 Mathematics 1. 1 df(x) = f(x) +
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44 Mathematics (text continued from
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46 Mathematics equation involves an
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48 Mathematics the general solution
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+ F(s) 50 Mathematics The transform
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52 Mathematics then the equation of
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54 Mathematics Origin at vertex y2
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56 Mathematics Equation of the tang
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58 Mathematics Equations (standard
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60 Mathematics NUMERICAL METHODS Se
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62 Mathematics I I fi-4 I f t a I f
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64 Mathematics Interpolation A forw
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66 Mathematics Table 1-13 Central D
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68 Mathematics as long as there are
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70 Mathematics Because of round off
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72 Mathematics and The transpose of
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74 Mathematics then, by replacement
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76 Mathematics Relaxation methods m
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78 Mathematics Table 1-14 Chebyshev
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80 Mathematics and the next higher
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82 Mathematics a semi-open formula
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AY., 84 Mathematics 2. Boundary val
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~ ~ 86 Mathematics Ei+l - Yi+l - Yi
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88 Mathematics 3. Corrector 1 3 y p
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90 Mathematics with boundary condit
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92 Mathematics The three primary ad
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94 Mathematics Moment Ratios The mo
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96 Mathematics Table 1-19 Critical
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Table 1-20 Critical Values for the
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Table 1-21 Critical Values for the
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102 Mathematics (text continued fro
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104 Mathematics where K,,, = estima
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106 Mathematics A second definition
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108 Mathematics The confidence inte
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110 Mathematics addition of control
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112 Mathematics their subscripts, t
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114 Mathematics With little extra e
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116 Mathematics Dimension statement
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118 Mathematics A D E F G H I L P S
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120 Mathematics Conditional stateme
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122 Mathematics Table 1-27 FORTRAN
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124 Mathematics Pascal Language Pas
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126 Mathematics Constant declaratio
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128 Mathematics READ(variab1e list)
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130 Mathematics Iterative statement
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132 Mathematics System Hardware Sys
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134 Mathematics 21. Strang, G., and
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2 General Engineering and Science B
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Basic Mechanics (Statics and Dynami
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Dynamics 149 One of the simplest st
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Dynamics 151 P// ' I 1 Figure 2-8.
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Dynamics 153 x Component: The initi
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Dynamics 155 z A '\ 4t x = R, COS e
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Dynamics 157 d aH = --(vH) = -LO; c
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Dynamics 159 point on a line throug
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Table 2-6 Moments of Inertia of Com
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Dynamics 163 If 0 is a fixed axis o
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Dynamics 165 Note that e is defined
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Dynamics 167 The constant k, called
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Fluid Mechanics 169 The governing e
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Fluid Mechanics 171 Rrrnoulli 'F eq
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Fluid Mechanics 173 (2-57) (2-58) =
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Fluid Mechanics 175 0.051 0.041 0.0
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Fluid Mechanics 177 At 104°F Becau
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Fluid Mechanics 179 4 Figure 2-22.
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Fluid Mechanics 181 Example 2-1 6 A
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Fluid Mechanics 183 If the pressure
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Strength of Materials 185 A = n( =
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Strength of Materials 187 stress is
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Strength of Materials 189 Figure 2-
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Strength of Materials 191 (2-92) wh
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Strength of Materials 193 Example 2
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Table 2-15 Mechanical Properties of
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I9 0 2 1 22 23 24 2.5 Material CAST
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- Typical mechanical properties No.
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Typical mechanical properties Mater
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P- I 6 % " G el. = -
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cc - c
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Strength of Materials 207 Table 2-1
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Thermodynamics 209 Figure 2-30. Dia
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z;, Thermodynamics 2 1 1 Q = A(U +
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Thermodynamics 2 13 Example 2-23. H
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( Thermodynamics 2 15 For the gener
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Thermodynamics 217 The second law y
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Thermodynamics 219 (2-137) Combinin
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Thermodynamics 221 Figure 2-34. The
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Summary of Thermodynamic Equations
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a 9 + % I- ll I U % a I k v) I a U
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Thermodynamics 227 Entropy BtuAb f
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~ Thermodynamics 229 Table 2-20 Pro
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Thermodynamics 231 Table 2-20 (cont
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Thermodynamics 233 Table 2-20 (cont
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Thermodynamics 235 1.2154 1272.0 1.
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Thermodynamics 237 Table 2-23 Prope
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Thermodynamics 239 - k. M 8 B ; -40
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Geological Engineering 241 pressure
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Geological Engineering 243 Table 2-
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Geological Engineering 247 likely c
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Geological Engineering 249 Hinge po
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Geological Engineering 25 1 Disharm
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Geological Engineering 253 Figure 2
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Geological Engineering 255 ssw LOW
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Geological Engineering 257 SH ss LM
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Geological Engineering 259 Consider
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Geological Engineering 261 of drill
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Geological Engineering 263 Equation
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Geological Engineering 265 Subsurfa
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Geological Engineering 267 0.7 0.75
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Geological Engineering 269 Plastici
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Geological Engineering 271 Degree o
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Geological Engineering 273 Silt, or
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Geological Engineering 275 Specific
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Electricity 279 Table 2-32 Electric
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Electricity 281 where A is cross-se
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~~ ~~ Electricity 283 (a) SHORT CIR
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Electricity 285 the potential by 90
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Electricity 287 Quantity Magnetomot
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Electricity 289 Figure 2-68. Basic
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Electricity 291 where k' is constan
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Electricity 293 coil of the element
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Electricity 295 quite involved, and
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Chemistry 297 Interior wiring desig
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Chemistry 299 Hydrogen fluoride Wat
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Chemistry 301 Table 239 Typical Cru
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HY DROCARBONS ALIP~ATIC (ACYCLIC 1
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Chemistry 305 [ nC,H,, (n-pentane)]
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Chemistry 307 Alkenes also form a h
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Chemistry 309 b"" ( 1,2-dirnethylcy
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Chemistry 311 If several groups are
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Chemistry 313 Table 2-42 Selected F
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Chemistry 315 organic compounds con
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Chemistry 317 COOH COOH COOH I HO-C
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Chemistry 319 Table 2-43 (continued
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Chemistry 321 Table 2-44 (continued
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Chemistry 323 -675°C (-1250°F) un
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Chemistry 325 The aniline cloud poi
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Chemistry 327 mass (m) of a mixture
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Chemistry 329 Compositions of Liqui
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Chemistry 331 g-moles of solute (v)
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[ inflow the:Ilem entering or symbo
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Chemistry 335 circumstances, the re
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Chemistry 337 The values in parenth
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Chemistry 339 Mass density of the v
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Chemistry 341 Component i MI (IWlb-
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I J SOLID - LIQUID I I I TEMPEWITUR
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Chemistry 345 - e n v Lu U 3 u3 w a
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Chemistry 347 Solution Two estimate
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Chemistry 349 Solution MW of solute
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Chemistry 351 (w~,Jw~,~) = Ki = 0.3
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Chemistry 353 AH:(25"C,1 atm) = Euj
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Chemistry 355 Check: Using heats of
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Chemistry 357 In a more compact not
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Chemistry 359 where d/aP denotes pa
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Chemistry 361 - An alternative repr
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Chemistry 363 Gas a b x lo2 c x lo5
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Engineering Design 365 Because the
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Engineering Design 367 Table 2-48 C
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~~ Engineering Design 369 Table 2-5
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Engineering Design 371 is always th
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Engineering Design 373 Table 2-52 (
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Engineering Design 375 and 114 is n
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Engineering Design 377 1 10 Figure
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Engineering Design 379 3. Engineers
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Engineering Design 381 NSPE Code of
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Engineering Design 383 The term tra
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Engineering Design 385 mark used in
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References 387 20. Fellinger, R. C.
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References 389 70. Langhaar, H. L.,
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Chapter 3 Auxiliary Equipment This
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Prime Movers 395 The four-stroke en
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Prime Movers 397 RECOMMENDED SPEEDS
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~~~ ~~~~ ~ Prime Movers 399 Table 3
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Prime Movers 401 Generator Starting
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Prime Movers 403 Alternating-Curren
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Prime Movers 405 Repulsion Motor. A
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Prime Movers 407 breakdown torque,
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Prime Movers 409 X, = Stator leakag
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Prime Movers 41 1 ZIP Synchronous s
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Prime Movers 413 100 90 80 al 0. cn
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Prime Movers 415 The relative stren
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Prime Movers 417 Natural Gas Pipeli
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Prime Movers 419 for the losses in
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Power Transmission 421 3. Ribbed, o
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Power Transmission 423 Sel Keyed 10
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426 Auxiliary Equipment Figure 3-23
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5000 4000 3450 3000 2500 2000 1750
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Table 3-9 Horsepower Ratings for A
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Table 3-1 0 Horsepower Ratings for
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RRI Table 3-12 Horsepower Ratings f
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Table 3-1 4 Horsepower Ratings for
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Table 3-16 Horsepower Ratings for 8
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440 Auxiliary Equipment Varies with
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442 Auxiliary Equipment under load
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444 Auxiliary Equipment Llnk. ‘Sp
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446 Auxiliary Equipment This chain
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448 Auxiliary Equipment 14 13 12 11
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450 Auxiliary Equipment The method
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452 Auxiliary Equipment Calculation
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454 Auxiliary Equipment Roller Chai
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456 Auxiliary EqGpment Teeth 12 15
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458 Auxiliary Equipment No. of teet
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460 Auxiliary Equipment I Ir STEAM
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462 Auxiliary Equipment I Q I 1 P F
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464 Auxiliary Equipment The single-
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468 Auxiliary Equipment r C+D Figur
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472 Auxiliary Equipment Calculation
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474 Auxiliary Equipment POINT OF EN
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476 Auxiliary Equipment & L d Y 1 5
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478 Auxiliary Equipment E Canter of
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480 Auxiliary Equipment FLOW RATE (
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482 Auxiliary Equipment S =rVn I (3
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484 Auxiliary Equipment P = n, (3-7
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