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National Workshop on Human Wildlife Conflict Management 2005 8 Can be dangerous due to the proximity of elephants; 8 Must be applied by trained personnel. 3. Killing problem elephants 8 Killing of individual problem animals by management authorities; 8 Commercial trophy hunts targeting problem animals; 8 Depopulation of elephants (culling or eliminating the entire elephant sub-population). Lessons learned 8 A relatively cheap and quick control method but skill dependent; 8 Can provide value (meat, skins, ivory) to local populations; 8 May be difficult to identify culprit animals with certainty or predict their movements – but SMS technology may hold promise; 8 Long-term effectiveness questioned (‘problem component’ theory); 8 Often involves sensitive political decisions at national level; 8 Influenced by external pressure at national and international levels. 4. Translocation 8 Removing individual problem elephants; 8 Removing the entire sub-population. Lessons learned 8 May not work if only individual elephants are moved (problem component theory and difficulties with identifying culprits); 8 Expensive, dangerous and complicated – needs expert staff and specialized equipment; 8 Potentially highly disruptive to elephant social dynamics; 8 Has to be carefully planned in national context as it can transfer problem elsewhere. 5. Physical Barriers 8 Cables and ad hoc fencing 8 Conventional fencing 8 Electric fencing 8 Stone walls 8 Moats 8 Buffer crops Lessons learned 8 Ropes smeared with Chilli/tobacco and grease have shown promising results in a number of sites (Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania) but long-term effectiveness not yet demonstrated; 8 Maintenance by affected communities is the key to effectiveness; 8 Lack of local community support can exacerbate HEC (fencing often used as snares); 8 Can be resource and/or labour intensive; 8 Often fail because of poor design, layout or maintenance. 6. Experimental Repellents and Alarm Calls 8 Olfactory repellents: • Capsicum; • Smoke from burning chilli seeds; • Rubber; • Dung; 48
National Workshop on Human Wildlife Conflict Management 2005 8 Broadcasting elephant alarm calls. Lessons learned 8 Difficulties with finding practical delivery mechanisms for chilli sprays and smoke; 8 Broadcasting elephant alarm calls requires expensive technology and may lead to habituation. 7. Compensation and Insurance 8 Monetary - payments linked to elephant damage; 8 Non-monetary (e.g. food relief linked to elephant damage); 8 Insurance schemes with contributions and claims. Lessons learned 8 Village-based, self-insurance schemes can have potential if damage levels are fairly low and damage is randomly distributed; 8 Monetary self-insurance may be an option in wealthy private landholdings; 8 National-level monetary compensation is costly and generally open to abuse and mismanagement; 8 Food relief is often not sustainable and is reliant on government and/or external support. 8. Wildlife utilisation: returning benefits to local people 8 Non-consumptive use of elephants: 0 International tourism; 0 Sale of live elephants; 0 Domestic tourism. 8 Consumptive use of elephants: 0 Trophy hunting safaris; 0 Sale of elephant products (ivory, meat and hides). 8 Management of problem animals: 0 Meat from elephants shot on problem animal control. Lessons learned 8 Can help increase tolerance of problem elephants in the long-term; 8 Can encourage positive changes in land use. However: 8 Requires complex, long-term partnerships between wildlife authorities, local authorities, the private sector and local citizens; 8 Benefits accrued must go to those directly affected – often difficult to achieve; 8 Requires clear user/tenure rights and policies formulated at national level; 8 May be restricted by international pressure or agreements (e.g. CITES). 9. Policy and Land-use planning 8 Policy reform at all levels; 8 Modification of human settlement patterns and activities; 8 Modification of cropping regimes; 8 Modification of existing protected areas and creation of new protected areas; 49
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HWCM - Ministry of Environment and Tourism

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