Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...
Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...
Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...
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Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Applied Sciences 2(3), 2009<br />
Said-Al Ahl (2005); Mauyo et al. (2008). The results in Table (1) show that plant growth is a functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
nutrients supply providing, there were clear significantly positive trend in increasing <strong>herb</strong> fresh yield by<br />
spraying <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Similar results were reported by Zaghloul et al. (2009) they indicated that<br />
spraying Thuja orientalis plants with humic acid increased growth compared with c<strong>on</strong>trol plants due to the<br />
direct effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> humic acid <strong>on</strong> solubilizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> transport <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nutrients. These results are in accordance with<br />
those obtained by Norman et al (2004) <strong>on</strong> marigolds <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> peppers <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fruits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> strawberries.<br />
Chen <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Avaid (1990) added that humic substances have a very pr<strong>on</strong>ounced influence <strong>on</strong> the growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
plant roots <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> enhance root initiati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased root growth which known root stimulator. Humic acid<br />
improve growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant foliage <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> roots. Vaughan (1974) proposed that humic acids may primarily<br />
increase root growth by increasing cell el<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> or root cell membrane permeability, therefore increased<br />
water uptake by increased plant roots, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> added that it can produce root systems with increased branching<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fine roots, as a result potentially increase nutrients uptake by increase root surface area<br />
(Rauthan <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Schnitzer, 1981).<br />
The interacti<strong>on</strong> effect was significant in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. The highest values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant fresh weight<br />
were produced from the treatment irrigated every 3 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with 1% <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>, followed<br />
by the treatment irrigated every 3 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with 1% <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N<br />
pot -1 at the two cuts in both seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Essential oil producti<strong>on</strong>:<br />
In both cuts in both seas<strong>on</strong>s, irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> their<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong> affected the percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils in oregano (Table 1). The mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils<br />
due to irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals treatments showed that increasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 7 to 5 days<br />
increased essential the percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oils. Increasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 3 to 5 days increased<br />
percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils. In other words, the irrigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oregano plants every 5 days accelerated the<br />
producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils, while the severe stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s due to irrigated every 7 days decreased the<br />
biosynthesis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the essential oils. Similar results were recorded by Singh et al. (1997) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fatima et al.<br />
(2000). The mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> at 0.6 g N pot -1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1.2 g N pot -1<br />
increased in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Nitrogen fertilizati<strong>on</strong> might enhance the essential oil biosynthesis<br />
processes through its direct or indirect role in plant metabolism resulting in more plant metabolites. These<br />
finding are in agreement with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer (1998) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer et al. (2008), who said that <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>fertilizer</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
was effective in increasing essential oil <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Origanum syriacum <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ocimum americanum, respectively.<br />
Essential oil percent in oregano fresh <strong>herb</strong> were significantly affected as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> foliar applicati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> (Table 1). Zaghloul et al. (2009) reported that <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> lead to increase oil c<strong>on</strong>tent in<br />
Thuja orientalis. From the above menti<strong>on</strong>ed results, it could be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that foliar applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> K-<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoted growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> possessed the best oil percentage in oregano plant. Generally, the maximum<br />
essential oil c<strong>on</strong>tent was observed in the fresh <strong>herb</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plants that irrigated every 5 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with<br />
1% K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N pot -1 in the two cuts.<br />
The oil yield <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oregano (ml plant -1 ) was affected by irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>/or <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
fertilizati<strong>on</strong> in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Decreasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 7 to 5 days increased oil<br />
yield in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Increasing irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals from 3 to 5 days increased oil yield in both<br />
cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Moisture stress also decreased fresh <strong>herb</strong> yield, so there was a decrease in oil yield<br />
with an increase in moisture stress. These findings agree with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Singh <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ramesh (2000) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Zehtab- Salmasi et al. (2001). They found that water deficit decreased the oil yield <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rosemary<br />
(Rosmarinus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficinalis L.) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), respectively. Increasing <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> doses<br />
resulted in gradual <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> significant increase in essential oil yield in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. The higher the<br />
amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g>, the higher was the oil yield. The resp<strong>on</strong>se <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> volatile oil c<strong>on</strong>tent to <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
fertilizati<strong>on</strong> might be attributed to de novo meristemic cell metabolism in building dry matter with essential<br />
oil producti<strong>on</strong>. These results agree with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer (1998) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer et al. (2008), who found a positive<br />
correlati<strong>on</strong> between <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>fertilizer</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oil c<strong>on</strong>tent in <strong>herb</strong>age <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Origanum syriacum <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Ocimum americanum, respectively in all cuttings. In additi<strong>on</strong>, spraying oregano plants with K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
caused an increase in the essential oil yield (Table 1). Generally, the highest essential oil yield (ml plant -1 )<br />
was obtained from plants irrigated every 5 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N pot -1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed at 1% K-<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
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