29.01.2015 Views

Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...

Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...

Effect of potassium humate and nitrogen fertilizer on herb - Ozean ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Applied Sciences 2(3), 2009<br />

Said-Al Ahl (2005); Mauyo et al. (2008). The results in Table (1) show that plant growth is a functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

nutrients supply providing, there were clear significantly positive trend in increasing <strong>herb</strong> fresh yield by<br />

spraying <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Similar results were reported by Zaghloul et al. (2009) they indicated that<br />

spraying Thuja orientalis plants with humic acid increased growth compared with c<strong>on</strong>trol plants due to the<br />

direct effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> humic acid <strong>on</strong> solubilizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> transport <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nutrients. These results are in accordance with<br />

those obtained by Norman et al (2004) <strong>on</strong> marigolds <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> peppers <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fruits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> strawberries.<br />

Chen <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Avaid (1990) added that humic substances have a very pr<strong>on</strong>ounced influence <strong>on</strong> the growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

plant roots <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> enhance root initiati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased root growth which known root stimulator. Humic acid<br />

improve growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant foliage <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> roots. Vaughan (1974) proposed that humic acids may primarily<br />

increase root growth by increasing cell el<strong>on</strong>gati<strong>on</strong> or root cell membrane permeability, therefore increased<br />

water uptake by increased plant roots, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> added that it can produce root systems with increased branching<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fine roots, as a result potentially increase nutrients uptake by increase root surface area<br />

(Rauthan <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Schnitzer, 1981).<br />

The interacti<strong>on</strong> effect was significant in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. The highest values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant fresh weight<br />

were produced from the treatment irrigated every 3 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with 1% <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>, followed<br />

by the treatment irrigated every 3 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with 1% <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N<br />

pot -1 at the two cuts in both seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />

Essential oil producti<strong>on</strong>:<br />

In both cuts in both seas<strong>on</strong>s, irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> their<br />

interacti<strong>on</strong> affected the percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils in oregano (Table 1). The mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils<br />

due to irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals treatments showed that increasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 7 to 5 days<br />

increased essential the percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oils. Increasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 3 to 5 days increased<br />

percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils. In other words, the irrigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oregano plants every 5 days accelerated the<br />

producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils, while the severe stress c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s due to irrigated every 7 days decreased the<br />

biosynthesis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the essential oils. Similar results were recorded by Singh et al. (1997) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fatima et al.<br />

(2000). The mean values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oils due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> at 0.6 g N pot -1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1.2 g N pot -1<br />

increased in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Nitrogen fertilizati<strong>on</strong> might enhance the essential oil biosynthesis<br />

processes through its direct or indirect role in plant metabolism resulting in more plant metabolites. These<br />

finding are in agreement with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer (1998) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer et al. (2008), who said that <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>fertilizer</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

was effective in increasing essential oil <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Origanum syriacum <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ocimum americanum, respectively.<br />

Essential oil percent in oregano fresh <strong>herb</strong> were significantly affected as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> foliar applicati<strong>on</strong> with<br />

K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> (Table 1). Zaghloul et al. (2009) reported that <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> lead to increase oil c<strong>on</strong>tent in<br />

Thuja orientalis. From the above menti<strong>on</strong>ed results, it could be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that foliar applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> K-<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoted growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> possessed the best oil percentage in oregano plant. Generally, the maximum<br />

essential oil c<strong>on</strong>tent was observed in the fresh <strong>herb</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plants that irrigated every 5 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed with<br />

1% K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N pot -1 in the two cuts.<br />

The oil yield <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oregano (ml plant -1 ) was affected by irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>potassium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>/or <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

fertilizati<strong>on</strong> in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Decreasing the period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> from 7 to 5 days increased oil<br />

yield in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Increasing irrigati<strong>on</strong> intervals from 3 to 5 days increased oil yield in both<br />

cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. Moisture stress also decreased fresh <strong>herb</strong> yield, so there was a decrease in oil yield<br />

with an increase in moisture stress. These findings agree with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Singh <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ramesh (2000) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Zehtab- Salmasi et al. (2001). They found that water deficit decreased the oil yield <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rosemary<br />

(Rosmarinus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficinalis L.) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), respectively. Increasing <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> doses<br />

resulted in gradual <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> significant increase in essential oil yield in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s. The higher the<br />

amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g>, the higher was the oil yield. The resp<strong>on</strong>se <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> volatile oil c<strong>on</strong>tent to <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

fertilizati<strong>on</strong> might be attributed to de novo meristemic cell metabolism in building dry matter with essential<br />

oil producti<strong>on</strong>. These results agree with those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer (1998) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omer et al. (2008), who found a positive<br />

correlati<strong>on</strong> between <str<strong>on</strong>g>nitrogen</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>fertilizer</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> essential oil c<strong>on</strong>tent in <strong>herb</strong>age <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Origanum syriacum <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Ocimum americanum, respectively in all cuttings. In additi<strong>on</strong>, spraying oregano plants with K-<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

caused an increase in the essential oil yield (Table 1). Generally, the highest essential oil yield (ml plant -1 )<br />

was obtained from plants irrigated every 5 days <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertilized with 1.2 g N pot -1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> sprayed at 1% K-<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>humate</str<strong>on</strong>g> in both cuts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />

322

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!