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ISC-31 2005-2006 Cirilo Rojas Tupac Amaru 60 0 0 44 0 ISC-32 2005-2006 Communal Group Huayta Corral 73 0 0 46 0 ISC-33 2005-2006 Dionisio Huamán Méndez Tupac Amaru 28 0 0 25 0 ISC-34 2005-2006 Francisco Pérez Tupac Amaru 52 0 0 42 0 ISC-35 2005-2006 Freddy Huatarunco Rojas Tupac Amaru 95 0 0 79 0 ISC-36 2005-2006 José Cahuana Escobar Dos de Mayo 107 0 0 100 0 ISC-37 2005-2006 Leoncio Quinto Escobar Dos de Mayo 120 0 0 94 0 ISC-38 2005-2006 Ubaldo Cano Cahuana Huayta Corral 41 0 0 27 0 ª = accessions morphologically characterized with > 12.5% of missing data are not considered 40 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes
(DIST), Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchal Nested (SAHN) cluster analysis, and Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) clustering method, using the total set of descriptors, was carried out for farmer family (38), community (8) and overall regional (sub)populations (1) using NTSYS-pc 2.1 software. Only accessions with less than 12.5% of missing data were included in the analysis using the total set of descriptors. Additionally, combined community and overall regional (sub)population datasets were submitted to the same analysis using only environmentally stable descriptors. Ploidy data was used in the analysis when available. 2.2.4 Molecular characterization An initial population consisting of 1007 accessions, belonging to 8 farmer families, was molecularly characterized using Single Sequence Repeat (SSR; microsatellite) markers (tables 2.2 and 2.3). Standard procedures as practiced at CIP were applied, including DNA extraction with DNeasy 96 plant kits, high throughput genotyping with a LI-COR 4300 DNA Analysis System, and SSR allele scoring with SAGA Generation 2 software (LI-COR). 18 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (SSR) were used for genetic fingerprinting (Feingold et al., 2005; Ghislain et al., 2004; Milbourne et al., 1998; Núñez et al., 2005). These were chosen to cover the whole genome with a range of 6 to 17 alleles per SSR loci (average 10) and a PIC (Polymorphism Index Content 2 ) in the range of 0.585 to 0.832 (average 0.724). A total of 989 accessions had good quality data (< 0.3% of missing data) and were used for further data analysis. Standardized dissimilarity analysis for farmer family (8), geographically distanced (2) and overall regional (sub)populations (1) were conducted using the Jaccard coefficient and UPGMA clustering method applying NTSYS-pc 2.1 software. Dissimilarity trees (dendrograms) were built with the same data using an Unweighted Neighbor Joining (NJ) clustering method for a dissimilarity matrix calculated with the Jaccard’s coefficient using DARwin 4.0 3 and NTSYS-pc 2.1 software. PIC values were calculated for all (sub)populations and SSR markers. Additionally, relative allele frequencies for the total regional population and the defined subpopulation were calculated. The population genetic structures of the geographically distanced and farmer family subpopulations were compared among and between each other using Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) with Arlequin 3.11 software 4 (Excoffier et al., 1992). 2 The Polymorphism Index Content (PIC) was calculated with Nei’s statistic (Nei, 1973, 1987): PIC=1-∑(pi²), where “pi” is the frequency of the i-th allele detected in all individuals of the population. 3 CIRAD-FLHOR, DARwin for windows version 4.0, Équipe de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliqées, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, 2003. 4 Stefan Schneider, David Roessli, and Laurent Excoffier (2000), Arlequin ver. 3.11: a software for population genetics and data analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 41
Page 1 and 2: Potato Diversity at Height: multipl
Page 3 and 4: Potato diversity at height: Multipl
Page 5 and 6: Potato diversity at height: Multipl
Page 7 and 8: to Andean farmers and their legacy
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents List of Tables 15
Page 11 and 12: 4 Annual spatial management of pota
Page 13 and 14: 8.2.2 Folk descriptors and nomencla
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables Table 1.1: Basic cha
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.16: Means of the cumulative
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Locatio
Page 21 and 22: List of Boxes Box 5.1: The case of
Page 23 and 24: 1. Stef de Haan¹ Introduction ¹ I
Page 25 and 26: agrobiodiversity classification can
Page 27 and 28: 6. What is the role of potato and i
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.8 Ethnobotanical inquiry Folk t
Page 31 and 32: the department of Huancavelica and
Page 33 and 34: infraspecific diversity exist. Betw
Page 35 and 36: 2. Species, morphological and molec
Page 37 and 38: Since Bukasov (1939) first counted
Page 39: Table 2.2: Potato cultivar collecti
Page 43 and 44: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Species diversity
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.1: Fully determined ploidy
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.2: Fully determined specie
Page 49 and 50: Relatively high numbers of morphoty
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.3: Unweighted Neighbor Joi
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.11: Number and percentage o
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.15: A comparisons of morpho
Page 57 and 58: S. goniocalyx and S. stenotomum rep
Page 59 and 60: 3. Indigenous biosystematics of And
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.1 compares and contrasts fo
Page 63 and 64: categories of Quechua cultivators a
Page 65 and 66: seems to be extremely rare 9 . Othe
Page 67 and 68: description was done with the Inter
Page 69 and 70: were shown a regional fixed sample
Page 71: more widely distributed wild specie
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5: UPGMA dendrogram (DIST
Page 76 and 77: elonging to each of the folk specif
Page 78 and 79: 3.3.2 Folk descriptors Informants u
Page 80 and 81: Farmers used a total average repert
Page 82 and 83: 3.3.3 Nomenclature Consistency of c
Page 84 and 85: Figure 3.16: The relative regional
Page 86 and 87: (supplement for chewing coca leafs)
Page 88 and 89: categories) or environmental fit (c
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and indirect primary cultivar names
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4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Agroecosyste
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Table 4.1: The general geographic d
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Table 4.3: Cultivars included in th
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Table 4.4: Potato labor calendar fo
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manage a yearly average of 4.9 (±
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Table 4.9: Number of potato cultiva
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Figure 4.3: Average number of culti
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cultivars except Puqya, Manwa and S
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Table 4.12: Basic soil characterist
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Table 4.14: Additive main effect an
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Table 4.16: Means of the cumulative
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4.4 Discussion and conclusions Annu
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116 Potato diversity at height: Mul
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to maintain viable populations. Via
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Table 5.1: Sample sizes obtained wi
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When mapping the yearly cropping ar
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predominantly dedicate fields exclu
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Table 5.7: Characteristics of the 1
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Box 5.2: The case of the survival o
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A second innovation allows family-a
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6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Farmer seed
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Regular daily and weekly rural mark
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Figure 6.1: Map of the localities w
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Table 6.1: Number of seed lots kept
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Potato Virus Y (PVY) is also transm
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Family members and farmers, as well
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from Junín was appreciable with an
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Table 6.11: Details of individual s
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An average of 21.1% of participants
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High levels of yield reduction toge
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Table 6.15: Relative importance (*)
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Table 6.17: Number and type of cult
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native-floury potato cultivars rath
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Results suggest that in-situ conser
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2001, 74.4% of the total population
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Additionally, the composition of 9
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7.2.3 Cultural connotations Researc
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Table 7.6: Dry matter, gross energy
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these cultivars can not be consider
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7.3.2 Dietary intake The surveyed m
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Table 7.10: Average daily energy, p
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Table 7.12: Coverage of the total f
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soup were commonly associated with
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Food system interventions aimed to
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communities. The bitter cultivated
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8.3 Annual spatial patterns of cons
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more efficient through inclusion of
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8.6.2 Dietary intake and nutrition
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References Alcorn, J.B. 1995. Ethno
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Bourliaud, J., Herve, D., Morlon, P
Page 196 and 197:
D’Altroy, T.N. 2000. Andean land
Page 198 and 199:
Gauch, H.G. 1990. Full and reduced
Page 200 and 201:
Huang, X.Q., Wolf, M., Ganal, M.V.,
Page 202 and 203:
McGuire, S. 2005. Getting Genes: re
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Rojas, I. 1998. Origen y Expansión
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Vargas, C. 1936. El Solanum tuberos
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Abbreviations Adg = Solanum tuberos
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TEK = Traditional Environmental Kno
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Camote sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas
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Palta cultivar group (potato), flat
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Tumbay cultivar group (potato) Tupa
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Appendices Appendix I. Formal morph
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Distribution 0) absent, 1) eyes, 2)
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Appendix III. Vernacular names of w
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Appendix IV. Vernacular names in Qu
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Appendix VI. Basic information of s
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Appendix VIII. Fields affected, dam
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Summary In-situ conservation Two ty
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30-year time-span (1975-2005) of tr
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Resumen Conservación in-situ Se pu
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una consecuencia directa de la adap
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Samenvatting In-situ conservering T
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gesuggereerd dat boeren jaarlijks d
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Acknowledgements Interdisciplinary
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De Haan, S., Bonierbale, M., Ghisla
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