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esults suggest that households in Huancavelica conserve a knowledge system which efficiently allows for the identification of distinct cultivars. Table 2.6: Results of a similarity analysis¹ for in-situ collections (ISC) using the DIST coefficient and UPGMA clustering method applying NTSYS-pc 2.1 software and consequent identification of unique cultivars, morphotypes, and pure duplicates by farmer family subpopulation Farmer Accessions Coeff. Coeff. Mantel Unique Morphotypes Pure family (n) Range limit testª cultivars duplicates population (R) ISC-01 164 0.00-1.20 0.30 0.72 150 14 0 ISC-02 117 0.00-1.17 0.29 0.76 108 9 0 ISC-03 81 0.00-1.17 0.29 0.76 78 3 0 ISC-04 104 0.00-1.05 0.26 0.69 102 2 0 ISC-05 193 0.00-1.17 0.29 0.71 160 33 0 ISC-06 58 0.00-1.03 0.26 0.75 55 3 0 ISC-07 69 0.00-1.03 0.26 0.75 68 1 0 ISC-08 46 0.00-1.00 0.25 0.74 46 0 0 ISC-09 33 0.00-1.20 0.30 0.82 29 4 0 ISC-10 93 0.00-1.17 0.29 0.72 90 3 0 ISC-11 87 0.00-1.14 0.28 0.76 80 7 0 ISC-12 71 0.00-1.19 0.30 0.70 70 1 0 ISC-13 74 0.00-1.09 0.27 0.72 73 1 0 ISC-14 31 0.00-1.10 0.28 0.78 30 1 0 ISC-15 13 0.00-1.12 0.28 0.81 13 0 0 ISC-16 47 0.00-1.05 0.26 0.76 47 0 0 ISC-17 14 0.00-0.97 0.24 0.85 13 1 0 ISC-18 43 0.00-1.03 0.26 0.74 41 2 0 ISC-19 39 0.00-1.02 0.26 0.71 39 0 0 ISC-20 59 0.00-1.02 0.26 0.65 57 2 0 ISC-21 119 0.00-1.16 0.29 0.75 114 5 0 ISC-22 50 0.00-1.09 0.27 0.71 50 0 0 ISC-23 89 0.00-1.13 0.28 0.75 85 4 0 ISC-24 65 0.00-1.00 0.25 0.72 65 0 0 ISC-25 35 0.00-1.00 0.25 0.72 35 0 0 ISC-26 93 0.00-1.02 0.26 0.73 87 6 0 ISC-27 49 0.00-1.14 0.28 0.72 47 2 0 ISC-28 46 0.00-1.04 0.26 0.78 43 3 0 ISC-29 13 0.00-1.08 0.27 0.86 13 0 0 ISC-30 29 0.00-1.10 0.28 0.76 29 0 0 ISC-31 44 0.00-1.19 0.30 0.76 44 0 0 ISC-32 46 0.00-1.18 0.30 0.73 46 0 0 ISC-33 25 0.00-0.96 0.24 0.71 25 0 0 ISC-34 42 0.00-1.29 0.32 0.78 42 0 0 ISC-35 79 0.00-1.16 0.29 0.77 75 4 0 ISC-36 100 0.00-1.01 0.25 0.73 95 5 0 ISC-37 94 0.00-1.07 0.27 0.75 94 0 0 ISC-38 27 0.00-1.07 0.27 0.79 26 1 0 ¹ analysis based on the use of all character states from the descriptor list including ploidy when available; ª Mantel test (matrix correlation R) comparing the similarity and cophenetic values 48 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes
Relatively high numbers of morphotypes were encountered at the level of community subpopulations. The total size of unique cultivar pools differs considerable between the 8 farmer communities (table 2.7). In Villa Hermosa the highest total number of unique cultivars was identified, reaffirming the community’s regional reputation as a potato diversity “hotspot”. A lower level of total morphological diversity was encountered in Huayta Corral. Yet, this community still harbors at least 127 morphologically distinct cultivars. The total size of community cultivar pools is frequently influenced by a few households maintaining large cultivar pools. Table 2.7: Results of a similarity analysis¹ for in-situ collections (ISC) using the DIST coefficient and UPGMA clustering method applying NTSYS-pc 2.1 software and consequent identification of unique cultivars, morphotypes, and pure duplicates by community subpopulation Community Accessions Coeff. Coeff. Mantel Unique Morphotypes Pure population (n) range limit testª (R) cultivars duplicates Huayta Corral 146 0.00-1.13 0.28 0.78 127 19 0 Tupac Amaru 243 0.00-1.12 0.28 0.79 195 48 0 Villa Hermosa 588 0.00-1.15 0.29 0.76 425 163 0 Pucara 322 0.00-1.13 0.28 0.73 258 63 1 Dos de Mayo 404 0.00-1.13 0.28 0.75 320 83 1 Libertadores 154 0.00-1.12 0.28 0.80 128 26 0 Pongos Grande 228 0.00-1.10 0.28 0.81 179 48 1 Allato 396 0.00-1.12 0.28 0.76 272 118 6 ¹ analysis based on the use of environmentally stable character states from the descriptor list including ploidy when available; ª Mantel test (matrix correlation R) comparing the similarity and cophenetic values Depending on the defined coefficient limit, 0.38 or 0.48 at 66.7% and 58.3% similarity respectively (coefficient range 0.00-1.15), the total regional population (n=2,481 accessions) consisted of between 764 and 349 unique potato cultivars. The latter (349) is likely to represent an underestimation of the total size of the regional native cultivar pool while the number of 764 unique cultivars might slightly over-represent the total level of diversity. The intermediate value between the two “extremes” establishes 557 as the estimated total number of morphologically distinct and unique cultivars as regionally maintained among the 8 communities. Cophenetic analysis and the comparison of similarly and cophenetic matrices for the total regional population resulted in a matrix correlation value (R) of 0.76, indicating robustness of the dendrogram constructed with descriptor data of 2,481 accessions. 2.3.3 Molecular diversity of in-situ collections Results are presented at three scales: a. farmer family subpopulations (8), b. geographically distanced subpopulations (2), c. overall regional population (1). The first scale considers 8 farmer family collections (ISC-1 to ISC-8). The second scale considers 2 subpopulations based on geographical distance: subpopulation 1 (P1; n=634; ISC-1 to ISC-4) with all accessions belonging to 4 farmer families from the 2 communities of Villa Hermosa and Pucara (central Huancavelica) and subpopulation 2 (P2; n=298; ISC-5 to ISC-7) with all accessions belonging to 3 farmer families from the 2 communities of Pongos Grande and Allato (southern Huancavelica). The third scale considers a single population with all molecularly characterized accessions (8 farmer families from 6 communities; n=989). Table 2.8 presents the number of unique potato cultivars, morphotypes and pure duplicates encountered for each (sub)population. Unique cultivars are accessions with no pairs at > 25% dissimilarity; these are represented in the dendrogram by a dissimilarity coefficient lower than Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 49
Page 1 and 2: Potato Diversity at Height: multipl
Page 3 and 4: Potato diversity at height: Multipl
Page 5 and 6: Potato diversity at height: Multipl
Page 7 and 8: to Andean farmers and their legacy
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents List of Tables 15
Page 11 and 12: 4 Annual spatial management of pota
Page 13 and 14: 8.2.2 Folk descriptors and nomencla
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables Table 1.1: Basic cha
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.16: Means of the cumulative
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Locatio
Page 21 and 22: List of Boxes Box 5.1: The case of
Page 23 and 24: 1. Stef de Haan¹ Introduction ¹ I
Page 25 and 26: agrobiodiversity classification can
Page 27 and 28: 6. What is the role of potato and i
Page 29 and 30: 1.4.8 Ethnobotanical inquiry Folk t
Page 31 and 32: the department of Huancavelica and
Page 33 and 34: infraspecific diversity exist. Betw
Page 35 and 36: 2. Species, morphological and molec
Page 37 and 38: Since Bukasov (1939) first counted
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.2: Potato cultivar collecti
Page 41 and 42: (DIST), Sequential Agglomerative Hi
Page 43 and 44: 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Species diversity
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.1: Fully determined ploidy
Page 47: Figure 2.2: Fully determined specie
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.3: Unweighted Neighbor Joi
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.11: Number and percentage o
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.15: A comparisons of morpho
Page 57 and 58: S. goniocalyx and S. stenotomum rep
Page 59 and 60: 3. Indigenous biosystematics of And
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.1 compares and contrasts fo
Page 63 and 64: categories of Quechua cultivators a
Page 65 and 66: seems to be extremely rare 9 . Othe
Page 67 and 68: description was done with the Inter
Page 69 and 70: were shown a regional fixed sample
Page 71: more widely distributed wild specie
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5: UPGMA dendrogram (DIST
Page 76 and 77: elonging to each of the folk specif
Page 78 and 79: 3.3.2 Folk descriptors Informants u
Page 80 and 81: Farmers used a total average repert
Page 82 and 83: 3.3.3 Nomenclature Consistency of c
Page 84 and 85: Figure 3.16: The relative regional
Page 86 and 87: (supplement for chewing coca leafs)
Page 88 and 89: categories) or environmental fit (c
Page 90 and 91: and indirect primary cultivar names
Page 92 and 93: 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Agroecosyste
Page 94 and 95: Table 4.1: The general geographic d
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.3: Cultivars included in th
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Table 4.4: Potato labor calendar fo
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manage a yearly average of 4.9 (±
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Table 4.9: Number of potato cultiva
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Figure 4.3: Average number of culti
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cultivars except Puqya, Manwa and S
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Table 4.12: Basic soil characterist
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Table 4.14: Additive main effect an
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Table 4.16: Means of the cumulative
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4.4 Discussion and conclusions Annu
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116 Potato diversity at height: Mul
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to maintain viable populations. Via
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Table 5.1: Sample sizes obtained wi
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When mapping the yearly cropping ar
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predominantly dedicate fields exclu
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Table 5.7: Characteristics of the 1
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Box 5.2: The case of the survival o
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A second innovation allows family-a
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6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Farmer seed
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Regular daily and weekly rural mark
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Figure 6.1: Map of the localities w
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Table 6.1: Number of seed lots kept
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Potato Virus Y (PVY) is also transm
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Family members and farmers, as well
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from Junín was appreciable with an
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Table 6.11: Details of individual s
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An average of 21.1% of participants
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High levels of yield reduction toge
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Table 6.15: Relative importance (*)
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Table 6.17: Number and type of cult
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native-floury potato cultivars rath
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Results suggest that in-situ conser
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2001, 74.4% of the total population
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Additionally, the composition of 9
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7.2.3 Cultural connotations Researc
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Table 7.6: Dry matter, gross energy
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these cultivars can not be consider
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7.3.2 Dietary intake The surveyed m
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Table 7.10: Average daily energy, p
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Table 7.12: Coverage of the total f
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soup were commonly associated with
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Food system interventions aimed to
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communities. The bitter cultivated
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8.3 Annual spatial patterns of cons
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more efficient through inclusion of
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8.6.2 Dietary intake and nutrition
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References Alcorn, J.B. 1995. Ethno
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Bourliaud, J., Herve, D., Morlon, P
Page 196 and 197:
D’Altroy, T.N. 2000. Andean land
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Gauch, H.G. 1990. Full and reduced
Page 200 and 201:
Huang, X.Q., Wolf, M., Ganal, M.V.,
Page 202 and 203:
McGuire, S. 2005. Getting Genes: re
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Rojas, I. 1998. Origen y Expansión
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Vargas, C. 1936. El Solanum tuberos
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Abbreviations Adg = Solanum tuberos
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TEK = Traditional Environmental Kno
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Camote sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas
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Palta cultivar group (potato), flat
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Tumbay cultivar group (potato) Tupa
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Appendices Appendix I. Formal morph
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Distribution 0) absent, 1) eyes, 2)
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Appendix III. Vernacular names of w
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Appendix IV. Vernacular names in Qu
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Appendix VI. Basic information of s
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Appendix VIII. Fields affected, dam
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Summary In-situ conservation Two ty
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30-year time-span (1975-2005) of tr
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Resumen Conservación in-situ Se pu
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una consecuencia directa de la adap
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Samenvatting In-situ conservering T
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gesuggereerd dat boeren jaarlijks d
Page 242 and 243:
Acknowledgements Interdisciplinary
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De Haan, S., Bonierbale, M., Ghisla
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