Role of Temperature and Organic Degradation on the Persistence of ...

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List <strong>of</strong> Figures Figure 1. Grassy Bay (inactive) site sampling pattern relative to shoreline .............................. 26 Figure 2. La Cloche (inactive) site sampling patterns relative to shoreline ............................... 27 Figure 3. Locations <strong>of</strong> Ekman grab sediment sampling sites around the Lake Huron drainage basin ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 4. Signatures <strong>of</strong> δ 13 C <strong>and</strong> δ 15 N sediment samples <strong>and</strong> feed from active sites ................ 34 Figure 5. The δ 13 C <strong>and</strong> δ 15 N signatures from inactive sites: Grassy Bay <strong>and</strong> La Cloche .......... 36 Figure 6. Great Lakes region showing location <strong>of</strong> the eight sites monitored in the North Channel <strong>and</strong> Georgian Bay <strong>of</strong> Lake Huron ........................................................................................... 48 Figure 7. Schematic <strong>of</strong> cages <strong>and</strong> depths <strong>of</strong> individual loggers at each monitoring site site .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 8. Site 1 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 20m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (33.5m) from May through December 2007. ........................................................................... 55 Figure 9. Site 2 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 26.5m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (73.5m) from May through December 2007............................................................................ 55 Figure 10. Site 3 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 9m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (16m) from May through December 2007 ......................................................................................... 56 Figure 11. Site 4 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 14m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (27m) from May through December 2007 ..................................................................................... 56 Figure 12. Site 5 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 12m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (16m) from May through December 2007 ..................................................................................... 57 Figure 13. Site 6 temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> cage environment (0.5 & 9m) <strong>and</strong> maximum depth (18m from May through December 2007 ......................................................................................... 57 Figure 14. Whisker box-plot <strong>of</strong> whole water column (WWC) temperature range at the 8 monitored sites from May 25 – November 28, 2007, yellow box represents 50 percent <strong>of</strong> the data points between the 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd quartiles, whiskers mark the total range <strong>of</strong> temperatures ........... 58 Figure 15. Whisker box-plot <strong>of</strong> the cage environment (CE) temperature range at the 8 monitored sites from May 25 – November 28, 2007, yellow box represents 50 percent <strong>of</strong> the data points between the 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd quartiles, whiskers mark the total range <strong>of</strong> temperatures ...................... 59 ix
Figure 16. Whisker box-plot <strong>of</strong> below cage environment (BCE) temperature range at the 8 monitored sites from May 25 – November 28, 2007, yellow box represents 50 percent <strong>of</strong> the data points between the 1 st <strong>and</strong> 3 rd quartiles, whiskers mark the total range <strong>of</strong> temperatures .... 60 Figure 17. Incubation experimental design setup showing faecal sample preparation <strong>and</strong> treatment allocation ........................................................................................................ 80 Figure 18. Wireframe plot <strong>of</strong> carbon isotope (δ 13 C) signature change, where C = δ 13 C, T = temperature ( 0 C) <strong>and</strong> t = time ............................................................................................ 84 Figure 19. Plot <strong>of</strong> the signature change <strong>of</strong> the least square mean (LSM) <strong>of</strong> carbon isotope signature (δ 13 C) over temperature .................................................................................... 85 Figure 20. Plot <strong>of</strong> change in the least square mean (LSM) <strong>of</strong> carbon isotope (δ 13 C) signature over time (hours) ................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 21. Wireframe plot <strong>of</strong> the nitrogen isotope signature (δ 15 N) change over time <strong>and</strong> temperature ............................................................................................................................ 91 Figure 22. Plot <strong>of</strong> change in the least square mean (LSM) <strong>of</strong> nitrogen isotope signature (δ 15 N) over temperature ( o C) ............................................................................................................. 92 Figure 23. Plot <strong>of</strong> change in LSM <strong>of</strong> δ 15 N signature over time (hours) .................................... 93 Figure 24.Schematic <strong>of</strong> the benthic nitrogen cycle showing major degradation pathways associated with organic degradation ................................................................................. 107 Figure 25. Wireframe plot <strong>of</strong> temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile for Site 1 July 30 to August 13, 2007............ 130 Figure 26. Wireframe plot <strong>of</strong> temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile for Site 1 from August 13 to August 27, 2007 ........................................................................................................................................ 131 Figure 27.Wireframe plot <strong>of</strong> temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile for Site 1 August 27 to September 10, 2007. 132 Figure 28. Wire frame chart for Site 2 July 30 to August 13, 2007 ........................................... 133 Figure 29. Wire frame chart for Site 2 August 13 to August 27, 2007 ....................................... 134 Figure 30. Wire frame chart for Site 2 August 27 to September 10, 2007……………………..135 Figure 31. Wire frame chart for site 3 July 30 to August 13, 2007……………………………136 Figure 32. Wire frame chart for site 3 August 13 to August 27, 2007…………………………137 Figure 33. Wire frame chart for site 3 August 27 to Sept 10, 2007……………………………..138 Figure 34. Wire frame plot for site 4 July 30 to August 13, 2007…………………………….....139 x
Page 1 and 2: Role of</s
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments This research proje
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 3: Long Term Monitoring <st
Page 7: List of Tables Tab
Page 11 and 12: List of Appendices
Page 13 and 14: List of abbreviati
Page 15 and 16: aquaculture technology in the Great
Page 17 and 18: each applies numerous Acts regardin
Page 19 and 20: 2) Sedimentation (direct settling <
Page 21 and 22: effluents (especially the solid fra
Page 23 and 24: attribute sediments collected 30 m
Page 25 and 26: natural seasonal community dynamics
Page 27 and 28: The MOM system uses sediment traps
Page 29 and 30: δX = [(R sample - R stand<
Page 31 and 32: Stable isotopes have originally bee
Page 33 and 34: sapidissima, Alosa pseudoharengus)
Page 35 and 36: Sources of organic
Page 37 and 38: determining waste dispersion <stron
Page 39 and 40: signatures measured. The results sh
Page 41 and 42: 2.2.2. Active site sediment samplin
Page 43 and 44: 2.2.3. Feed sample and</str
Page 45 and 46: No significant correlation was foun
Page 47 and 48: Figure 4. Signatures of</st
Page 49 and 50: Table 5. Sediment signatures δ 13
Page 51 and 52: some cases been shown to deplete th
Page 53 and 54: In addition, no data is available o
Page 55 and 56: nitrogenous organic waste compounds
Page 57 and 58: the most important factors affectin
Page 59 and 60:
environment, and i
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Figure 6. Great Lakes Region showin
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Table 7. Site location and<
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Table 8. Initial data logging start
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Functions of the F
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Temperature (ºC)
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Temperature (C o )
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Temperature (C o )
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fluctuations between 2 o C
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3.4. Discussion The large amplitude
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etention and distr
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located between two island<
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excitation by intrusion and
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et al. (2005) found that Onchorynch
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Myxobolus cerebralis (cause <strong
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Chapter 4. Role <s
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The following methods were used to
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Each randomly assi
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The remaining samples were collecte
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Figure18. Wireframe plot of
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Figure 20. Plot of
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Table 12. Orthogonal contrasts <str
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4.4.2 Nitrogen Isotope Results The
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Figure 22. Plot of
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Table 14. Summary of</stron
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Table 16. Estimate of</stro
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than the minimum for active sites.
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enriched than mean of</stro
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water flow. It has been shown that
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turnover rate for nitrosomas) for n
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In addition the quadratic effect <s
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isotopes could potentially conclusi
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and inactive sites
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Open water sites show specific wast
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References Altabet, M.A. 1988. Vari
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Capone, D.G. and K
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Einen, O., Holmefjord, I., Asgard,
Page 133 and 134:
Hobson, K.A., Clark, R.G. 1992. Ass
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Kurle C.M, Worthy G. 2001. Stable i
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McClelland, J.W.,
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Peterson, B.J. and
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Strain, P.M., D.J. Wildish, <strong
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APPENDIX I Wire frame charts from p
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Figure 27. Wireframe plot o
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Figure 29. Wire frame chart for Sit
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Site 3 Figure 31. Wire frame chart
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Figure 33. Wire frame chart for sit
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Figure 35. Wire frame plot for site
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Site 5 Figure 37. Wire frame chart
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Figure 39. Wire frame chart for sit
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Figure 41. Wire frame diagram for s
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Site 7 Figure 43. Wire frame diagra
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APPENDIX II Spectral density plots
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Spectral Density Estimate by Period
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