Isolated ileal interposition in enteroendocrine L cells differentiation
Isolated ileal interposition in enteroendocrine L cells differentiation
Isolated ileal interposition in enteroendocrine L cells differentiation
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development of carc<strong>in</strong>omas has been associated with the use of these agents <strong>in</strong> gu<strong>in</strong>ea pigs;<br />
however, this f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g has not been confirmed <strong>in</strong> humans. 18,19,28<br />
In addition to the wide variety of pharmacological options for multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
treatment aimed at weight loss and glycaemic control, bariatric and metabolic surgical<br />
techniques can be <strong>in</strong>cluded among the therapeutic approaches to T2D and <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong> resistance.<br />
These surgical <strong>in</strong>terventions have been shown to provide long-term control of T2D. 29,30<br />
Surgical <strong>in</strong>terventions<br />
Bariatric surgery can improve and eventually completely reverse obesity-associated<br />
comorbidities <strong>in</strong> 70% to 100% of patients, 31 thus <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g their life expectancy, 32 partially<br />
Nature Preced<strong>in</strong>gs : doi:10.1038/npre.2011.6614.2 : Posted 30 Nov 2011<br />
revers<strong>in</strong>g hypothalamic dysfunction, and <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the anti-<strong>in</strong>flammatory activity of the<br />
cerebrosp<strong>in</strong>al fluid. 33<br />
Improved glycaemic control is observed months after adjustable gastric band surgery,<br />
and improvement is faster and more complete with ROUX-en-Y bypass. Both strategies can<br />
improve or even cure T2D, potentially through different mechanisms (Meijer et al., 2011). 34<br />
Vertical gastrectomy with or without contention r<strong>in</strong>g and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass –<br />
thought to be the gold standard surgical <strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong> the treatment of morbid obesity – are<br />
known to achieve the goals of weight loss and control of comorbidities and to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> these<br />
goals over time. 35 This control of comorbidities is usually attributed to body mass reduction;<br />
however, a potentially glycaemia-controll<strong>in</strong>g endocr<strong>in</strong>e effect has been observed even before<br />
any significant weight loss. 36 After gastrojejunal bypass, levels of substances directly secreted<br />
by the bowel such as GLP-1 were found to be elevated <strong>in</strong> the peripheral blood; these<br />
substances can stimulate <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong> production by pancreatic beta <strong>cells</strong>, facilitate <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>-mediated<br />
glucose transport <strong>in</strong>to <strong>cells</strong>, and <strong>in</strong>duce a feel<strong>in</strong>g of satiety. 37<br />
Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass favours the stimulation of GLP-1-produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>cells</strong> by<br />
foods arriv<strong>in</strong>g at the distal portions of the small <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>completely digested, as food transit<br />
is diverted to the proximal jejunum. 38 Jejunal bypass and other highly effective bariatric and<br />
metabolic surgical <strong>in</strong>terventions deliver nutrient-rich chyme to the distal bowel earlier than<br />
normal. Its arrival directly to the ileum activates a negative feedback mechanism known as the<br />
“<strong>ileal</strong> brake”, 39 which <strong>in</strong>volves neuronal and endocr<strong>in</strong>e mechanisms that <strong>in</strong>fluence stomach<br />
void<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al motility, and satiety. 40