Hydrological modelling of the Zambezi catchment for ... - TU Delft

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PROBLEM ANALYSIS Error(measurement) Real world Error(measurement) Error(measurement) River measurements Satellite measurements GRACE measurements STREAM input maps Error(interpolation) Algorithm 1 Error(calculation) STREAMmodel dG measured map Error(algorithm1) comparison Error(model) Error(model) dG calculated map Calculated River discharge Modeled River discharge dS hydro map Algorithm 2 calibration Figure 2.7: Overview of errors. Hydrology: yellow left side. Geodesy/Aerospace: green right side. Aerospace/Geodesy errors Figure 2.7 shows three types of errors are shown. First there are measuring errors. GRACE measures the distance between the two satellites. Although the equipment is very precise, there will still be a measuring error. Also in the determination of the position of the two satellites with GPS are deviations. Second, there are algorithm(1) errors. GRACE measures the distance between the twin satellites. The measured distance has to be converted to gravity field values. Some kind of algorithm will do this, but there will be errors inside, because of unknown effects, misunderstanding of the system, etc. Finally, there will be errors (algorithm(2)) introduced by ‘up scaling’ the dS-maps, calculated by STREAM, to the signal that GRACE would have measured. 10
PROBLEM ANALYSIS Hydrological errors Also at the side of hydrology are errors. First there are, just like at the GRACE-satellite, measuring errors: errors in the measuring equipment. The images also have to be corrected for the earth curvature, cloudiness, etc. Second, there are interpolation errors. Although satellite date is quite continuous in time and space, a certain interpolation technique needs to be applied to make the data completely continuous (gap filling). Last, there are model errors due to wrong model schematizations, wrong assumptions and/or wrong parameter estimation. For example, the NDVI-maps (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) are used to select the wetlands and the high lands to say something about the importance of capillary rise and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is used to determine the flow direction of the water. These assumptions introduce errors. To get an impression of the importance of the parameter errors, a sensitivity analysis is necessary. 2.3 Problem definition and objective Resulting from the approach described in the previous section, the problem definition and the objective of this study are: Problem definition In order to find the relation between the GRACE measurement and the water storage fluctuation, there is a need to have knowledge about the magnitude of the errors introduced by the hydrological model and about the sensitivity of the model. Objective of the study To obtain knowledge about the sensitivity and about the errors of the hydrological Zambezi model in STREAM to be able to find the relation between the GRACE data and the water storage fluctuation. 2.4 Study area description: Zambezi River Basin The Zambezi catchment is the fourth-largest river basin of Africa, after the catchments of the Nile, the Congo and the Niger and drains an area of 1.3*10 6 km² (Shahin, 2002). The Zambezi basin consists of eight countries: Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania 11
Page 1: Master's Thesis Hydrological modell
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE Preface This Master’s The
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
Page 9 and 10: SUMMARY Summary Hydrologists are in
Page 11 and 12: SUMMARY The results of the GLUE for
Page 13 and 14: ACRONYMS & SYMBOLS Acronyms & symbo
Page 15 and 16: ACRONYMS & SYMBOLS qflo Quick flow
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction High pr
Page 19 and 20: PROBLEM ANALYSIS 2 Problem analysis
Page 21 and 22: PROBLEM ANALYSIS GRACE As explained
Page 23 and 24: PROBLEM ANALYSIS Hence it is not po
Page 25: PROBLEM ANALYSIS As study case the
Page 29 and 30: PROBLEM ANALYSIS UPPER ZAMBEZI KAFU
Page 31 and 32: PROBLEM ANALYSIS Just before the in
Page 33 and 34: PROBLEM ANALYSIS In the center of t
Page 35 and 36: PROBLEM ANALYSIS Table 2.2: Land co
Page 37 and 38: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA 3 Hyd
Page 39 and 40: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA R c A
Page 41 and 42: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA 1. If
Page 43 and 44: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA MIRA
Page 45 and 46: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA The l
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Page 49 and 50: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA FEWS
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Page 55 and 56: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL INPUT DATA ⎧
Page 57 and 58: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION 4 Hy
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Page 61 and 62: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION 4.2.
Page 63 and 64: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION Tabl
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HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION 4.2.
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HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION di P
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HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION With
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 5 Err
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS To qu
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Uncer
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Lukul
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Victo
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS locat
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Janua
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Colou
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS N 2
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Figur
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS sets
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SV i
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 5.4.2
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS A rem
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ERROR- & SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensi
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GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS AND HYDROLOGY
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CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 7 Con
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CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS the m
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CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Gener
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REFERENCES References 2.1 Literatur
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REFERENCES Lamb, T., Beven, K. and
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REFERENCES Wahr, J., Molenaar, M. a
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REFERENCES http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.
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APPENDIX 1: DATA TRANSFORMATIONS IN
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APPENDIX 2: FAO SOIL UNITS DESCRIPT
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APPENDIX 2: FAO SOIL UNITS DESCRIPT
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APPENDIX 3: ZAMBEZI SCRIPT Appendix
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APPENDIX 3: ZAMBEZI SCRIPT # Calcul
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APPENDIX 4: MODEL RESULTS Appendix
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APPENDIX 4: MODEL RESULTS 1.2 Resul
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APPENDIX 4: MODEL RESULTS confl. Lu
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APPENDIX 5: GLUE SCRIPT Appendix 5
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APPENDIX 5: GLUE SCRIPT % FitnessFu
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APPENDIX 5: GLUE SCRIPT run_options
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APPENDIX 6: ROUTING MODEL Appendix
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APPENDIX 6: ROUTING MODEL Sub model
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APPENDIX 7: GRACE RESULTS Appendix
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APPENDIX 7: GRACE RESULTS Oct Nov D
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APPENDIX 7: GRACE RESULTS Oct Nov D
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APPENDIX 7: GRACE RESULTS Jul Aug S
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Hydrological modelling of the Zambezi catchment for ... - TU Delft

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