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National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) 

2 nd National Conference on Extreme Weather and Climate Change 

PICC, Putrajaya, , 14-15 15 Oct 2008 

CLIMATE CHANGE & 

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 

IN MALAYSIA 

Salmah Zakaria 

Director General, Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia , (NAHRIM) 

& 

Liew Yuk San 

Research Officer, NAHRIM


Outlined 

1. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER 

RESOURCES 

2. WATER RESOURCES STATUS & 

CHALLENGES 

3. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES 

MANAGEMENT (IWRM) 

4. THE WAY FORWARD 

5. SUMMARY


Outlined 


RESOURCES 


CHALLENGES 




5. SUMMARY

• CGCM1 spatial grid resolution on the order of 410 

km over Peninsular Malaysia 

• Regional and watershed scales 

• more refined topographic & land surface characteristics 

have profound impact on regional climate 

• land use patterns/changes impact regional climate 

conditions 

• Regional Hydroclimate Model of Peninsular 

Malaysia (RegHCM-PM)’ was developed in order to 

downscale the global climate change simulation data 

(Canadian CGCM1 current and future climate data) that 

are at very coarse resolution (~ 410km), to Peninsular 

Malaysia at fine spatial resolution (~9km). 

National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)


Model Schematization Nesting 1 st Domains 

1. 1st domain is longitudes span 

from East 91 o -114 

o and its 

latitudes span from 5 o S to 15 o 

N. 

2. 1st domain has 23 x 24 grids 

and a grid resolution of 81 km, 

which covers a region of 1863 

km x 1944 km 

3. RegHCM-PM is nested into the 

First Generation Coupled 

General Circulation Model of 

the Canadian GCM (CGCM1) 

4. CGCM1 provides the initial 

fields and boundary conditions 

to the RegHCM-PM, and then 

the CGCM1 simulation results 

are downscaled to the region 

of Peninsular Malaysia through 

several nesting procedures.


Model Schematization Nesting 1 st Domains 

1. The grid layout for the 1st 

domain of the RegHCM- 

PM under Mercator 

projection. GTOPO30 DEM 

of the region is overlaid 

on the outer domain grids. 

2. Regional Hydroclimate 

model (RegHCM) of 

Peninsular Malaysia was 

run first with its initial and 

boundary conditions 

provided from CGCM1 

global historical 

atmospheric simulation 

data at 1st domain, 

covering the whole 

Peninsular Malaysia region 

and the surrounding areas


Model Schematization Nesting 2 nd and 3 rd Domains 

1. The 2 nd domain with 34 x 37 

grids and a grid resolution of 

27 km, which covers a region 

of 918 km x 999 km, is nested 

within the center of the 1st 

domain. 

2. The inner domain (the 3 rd 

domain) is nested within the 

center of the 2nd domain & 

has 64 x 76 grids at a grid 

resolution of 9 km, and covers 

a region of 576 km x 684 km. 

3. The 3 rd domain is the inner 

domain of the updated 

RegHCM-PM, which 

encompasses the entire 

Peninsular Malaysia and covers 

a part of Thailand in the north, 

Singapore in the south, and a 

part of Indonesia in the 

southeast.

The Findings of the 2006 Study 


Summary of Monthly Precipitation 


Sub-region Name 

West 

Coast 

Klang 

Selangor 

Terenggau 

Kelantan 

Pahang Perak Kedah Johor 

Maximum 

Monthly 

Precip 

(mm) 

Mean 

Monthly 

Precip 

(mm) 

Minimum 

Monthly 

Precip 

(mm) 

Historical 600.0 436.2 564.1 1271.2 929.7 633.6 722.9 626.7 591.7 

Future 560.3 601.3 525.7 1913.9 1128.5 684.6 767.8 705.3 538.2 

Diff. -39.7 165.1 -38.4 +642.7 +198.8 +51.0 +44.9 +78.3 -53.5 

(%) -6.6 +37.8 -6.8 +50.6 +21.4 +8.0 +6.21 +12.5 -9.0 

Historical 179.2 190.1 190.2 289.0 221.8 198.5 192.9 173.6 187.3 

Future 176.2 182.3 180.9 299.0 239.5 208.4 199.4 176.6 180.0 

Diff. -3.0 -7.8 -9.3 +10.0 +17.7 +9.9 +6.5 +3.0 -7.3 

(%) -1.7 -4.1 +4.9 +3.5 +7.9 +4.9 +3.4 +1.7 -3.9 

Historical 12.4 12.8 12.2 33.6 15.4 24.5 9.0 2.1 13.3 

Future 7.9 5.9 8.3 14.0 10.9 16.6 4.1 1.1 5.2 

Diff. -4.5 -6.9 -3.9 -19.6 -4.5 -7.9 -4.9 -1.0 -8.1 

(%) -36.3 -53.9 -32 -58.3 -29.2 -32.2 -54.4 -50 -60.9


Future Rainfall 

• In annual rainfall: 

10% increase for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang 

5% decrease for Selangor and Johor 

• More droughts ie dry years (from modelling output: 2028, 

2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044) 

• A increase up to 51% in maximum monthly rainfall over 

the North East Coastal region 

• A decrease in minimum monthly rainfall over Selangor (- 

32%) and Johor (-61% ) 

• More extreme hydrological conditions may be expected


Summary of Monthly Flows 

River Klang Selangor Dungun 

Kelantan 

Pahang Perak Muda Johor 

Maximum 

Monthly 

Flows 

(cms) 

Mean 

Monthly 

Flows 

(cms) 

Minimum 

Monthly 

Flows 

(cms) 

Historical 31.2 107.9 398.4 1535.1 1697.4 523.7 307.4 82.7 

Future 45.8 108.5 569.5 1950.7 2176.6 578.2 340.0 94.0 

Diff. +14.6 +0.6 +171.1 +415.6 +479.2 +54.5 +32.6 +11.3 

(%) +46.8 +0.6 +42.9 +27.1 +28.2 +10.4 +10.6 +13.7 

Historical 14.4 40.7 93.4 535.9 669.6 286.4 105.6 32.7 

Future 13.3 37.5 98.3 601.7 718.1 299.7 104.0 31.8 

Diff. -1.1 -3.2 +4.9 +65.8 +48.5 +13.3 -1.6 -0.9 

(%) -7.6 -7.9 +5.2 +12.3 +7.2 +4.6 -1.5 -2.8 

Historical 2.6 7.1 13.1 158.4 156.3 183.6 25.3 9.8 

Future 3.5 0.5 10.8 125.8 122.7 139.2 5.3 6.8 

Diff. +0.9 -6.6 -2.3 -32.6 -33.6 -44.4 -20 -3 

(%) +34.6 -93.0 -17.6 -20.6 -21.5 -24.2 -79.1 -30.6


Future River Flow 

• Future monthly flows - the maximum monthly flows will 

be significantly higher (+11% to +43%) for Kelantan, 

Terengganu and Pahang and the minimum monthly 

flows significantly lower (-31% to -93%) for Selangor 

and Johor 

• An increase in inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability 

with increased hydrologic extremes (higher high flows, 

and lower low flows) in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu 

and Kedah watersheds 

• Expect more severe floods and droughts


Summary of Monthly Air Temperature 

Subregion Name West Coast Klang Selangor 

Terengganu 

Kelantan 

Pahang 

Maximum 

Monthly 

Air Temp 

(deg C) 

Mean 

Monthly 

Air 

Temp 

(deg C) 

Minimum 

Monthly 

Air 

Temp 

(deg C) 

Historical 28.9 27.7 27.7 28.2 28.0 28.3 

Future 30.7 29.7 29.5 29.9 29.6 29.9 

Increase 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 

% Increase 6.2% 7.2% 6.5% 6.0% 5.7% 5.7% 

Historical 27.3 26.5 26.4 25.5 25.3 26.1 

Future 28.6 27.9 27.8 26.8 26.5 27.4 

Increase 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 

% Increase 4.7% 5.3% 5.3% 5.1% 4.7% 5.0% 

Historical 24.9 24.8 24.7 21.9 21.0 22.8 

Future 26.2 25.5 25.4 23.1 22.4 24.1 

Increase 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.3 

% Increase 5.2% 2.8% 2.8% 5.5% 6.7% 5.7%


Future Air Temperature 

• There is an indicative uniform increase of annual 

air temperature by about 1 to 1.5ºC over all 

regions of Peninsular Malaysia.


Climate Change Projection 

GLOBAL* 

MALAYSIA** 

2050 2100 2050 

Surface temperature (ºC) 

(Emission Scenario SRES 

A1B) 

1.6 2.8 1.5 

Sea level rise (m) 

(Emission Scenario SRES 

A1B) 

0.21- 

0.48 

- 

Monthly Rainfall (mm) 

Monthly River Flows (m3/s) 

+51% Northeast Coast of Peninsula 

- 61% (Johor) 

+11% to +43% (Flood Flows) 

-31% to -93% (Low Flows)


Observed Climate Change 

GLOBAL* 

MALAYSIA** 

1906-2005 1968-2002 

Surface 

temperature (ºC) 

0.74 0.41-0.91 

(MMD) 

1961-2003 1993-2003 1986-2006 

Sea level rise 

(mm/yr) 

1.8 3.1 1.25 

(DID)


‣ GLOBALLY – Reported in Third Assessment Report of 

Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 

• Climate change will lead to an intensification of global hydrological 

cycle and can 

• have major impacts on regional water resources, affecting both 

ground and surface water supply for domestic and industrial uses, 

irrigation, hydropower generation, navigation, in-stream ecosystems 

and water-based recreation. 

• Changes in the total amount of precipitation and in its frequency and 

intensity directly 

• affect the magnitude and timing of runoff and the intensity of floods 

and droughts; however, at present, specific regional affects are 

uncertain.”


STERN REVIEW, 2006: The Economics of 

Climate Change 

‣ Climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people 

around the world - access to water, food production, health, and use 

of land and the environment 

‣ Global warming will have many severe impacts, often mediated 

through water. 

‣ Melting glaciers will initially increase flood risk and then strongly 

reduce water supplies, (threatening 1/6 of the world’s population) - 

predominantly in the Indian sub-continent, parts of China, and the 

Andes in South America. 

‣ Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition 

and heat stress. 

‣ Widespread of Vector-borne diseases (e.g, malaria and dengue 

fever)


STERN REVIEW, 2006: The Economics of 

Climate Change (cont) 

‣ Rising of sea levels will result in tens to hundreds of millions more 

people flooded each year with warming of 3 or 4°C. 

‣ Increasing pressures for coastal protection in South East Asia 

(Bangladesh and Vietnam), small islands in the Caribbean and the 

Pacific, and large coastal cities, such as Tokyo, New York, Cairo and 

London. 

‣ By the middle of the century, 200 million people may become 

permanently displaced due to rising sea levels, heavier floods, and 

more intense droughts. 

‣ Ecosystems will be vulnerable to climate change ( +/- 15 - 40% of 

species potentially facing extinction after only 2°C of warming.) 

‣ Ocean acidification, a direct result of rising carbon dioxide levels - 

major effects on marine ecosystems, adverse consequences on fish 

stocks.


IPCC –AR4 

From IPCC AR4 WG2




Outlined 


RESOURCES 


CHALLENGES 




5. SUMMARY


Water Resources 

Status


Water Resources Status 

• Globally 

• A crisis of management 

• unsustainable exploitation of water 

• to meet population growth 

• irrigated agriculture 

• expanding commercial, industrial and housing 

sectors 

• Malaysia 

• Sector managed


Hydrological balance in Malaysia 

(billion cubic meters per year) 

Region Rainfall Distribution 

Surface 

Runoff 

Evapo- 

Trans piration 

Ground 

water 

Recharge 

JICA Study (1982) 

Pen Malaysia 

Sabah 

Sarawak 

320 

194 

476 

147 

113 

306 

153 

67 

140 

20 

14 

30 

Malaysia (1982) 990 566 360 64 

SMHB (2000) 

Pen Malaysia 324 152 152 20


Challenges 



Challenges 

• Water supply 

• Water quality 

• Other Environmental Challenges 

• Governance and Management Instruments


Water Supply - 1 

• Domestic and Industrial 

• Agriculture 

• Environment 

• Hydropower 

• Transportation 

• Recreation


D & I and Agricultural needs 

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 

D&I 

(in MLD) 

(in m3/yr)* 

9,543 

3,483 

15,285 

5,579 

20,338 

7,423 

24,485 

8,937 

28,131 

10,268 

31,628 

11,544 

Irrigation Water 

Demand 

( million m3/yr) 

7,350 6,517 6,517 6,132 6,132 6,132 

Total (mill m3/yr)* 

% of runoff 

10,833 

7.1% 

12,086 

7.6% 

13,940 

9.2% 

15,069 

9.9% 

16,400 

10.8% 

17,676 

11.6% 

Extracted and calculated from SMHB et al


Water Supply - 2 

• Increase and competing needs 

• Future forecast; water supply 

demand cannot be met in many 

locations (2000, SMHB Study) 

• Uneven rainfall distribution 

• Temporal 

• Spatial 

• Degradation in the raw water supply 

catchments 

• Opening of forested areas 

• Pollution in river as it passes urban areas 

• reaches between raw water source 

storages & downstream water supply 

intake 

• Yet no special focus on issues of 

water allocation between sectors.


• Pollution 

Water Quality -1 

• disrupts water supply services 

• affects human health 

• destroys aquatic lives and habitat. 

• destroy bio-diversity 

•Country’s very rich gene bank – current and 

future resource


Water Quality -2 

• Pollutants 

• Chemical 

• industrial pollutants 

• residuals from agricultural fertilisers and pesticides 

• households 

• Organic 

• microbial contamination 

• agriculture and livestock waste 

• Solids 

• Silts, sediment and construction waste material 

• House waste 

• At risk 

• Oil spills 

• Leachate from land fills


• Locations 

Water Quality - 3 

• Rivers 

• Coastal waters 

• Inland water bodies 

• Groundwater


Rivers 

• Malaysia; peninsula and islands 

• Numerous, short rivers 

• 189 river Basin management units 

• Degradation of river water 

quality by sediments from land 

clearance and solid wastes 

• Pollutants : solid waste 

(municipals, cnstruction, etc), 

debris, chemicals, sewage and 

sediments. 

• Diffuse source from agriculture 

practices : Residuals of agrochemical, 

fertilizers and 

pesticide 

NUMBER OF BASIN 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

80 

2005 

YEAR 

51 

Clean 

Slightly Polluted 

Polluted 

River Basins Water Quality Trend 

for 2005 (Source: DOE) 

15


Solid waste in rivers 

Solid wastes

Multi coloured Rivers 



Coastal Waters -1 

• Mangrove forest, coral reefs, sea 

grass beds, inter-tidal flats and 

estuaries 

• spawning and nursery grounds of aquatic 

organisms. 

• Coastal environmental degradation 

• destruction of mangroves, local and 

trans-boundary trawler encroachment, 

coastal reclamation and deterioration of 

water quality 

• A major contributor to declining 

productivity of natural resources


Coastal Waters 2 

• Major pollution sources 

• From the hinterland, washed to the 

coast 

• domestic waste and industrial 

wastes 

• Animal and agricultural waste 

• land reclamation 

• At risk from oil pollution 

• Discharges and spills from oil 

tankers 

• vessel accidents 

• coastal oil refineries and pipelines 

Oil Pollution (Source: DOE) 

Oil Spill Cleanup (Source: DOE)


Coastal Resource Risk Index (CORRI) 

Focus: the level of sensitivity of coastal resources 

towards water pollution


Sg Perai 

Sg Perai

Sg Kedah 


Sg Perlis 



Result: Pollutant Loading 

30000 

25000 

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 

Suspended Solids (SS) 

27957 

Loading in kg/day 

20000 

15000 

10000 

5000 

70 

199 

74 910 

2727 1413 

10276 

16060 

0 

Sg Perlis Sg Kedah Sg Perai


Inland water bodies 

• Lakes and Reservoirs 

• Multi-Purpose Functions 

• water supply & irrigation 

• Hydropower 

• Flood control & silt retention 

• Sports, fisheries & Recreational 

• Habitat for rare, endemic and 

endangered species



• Asia, Europe and America 

• More than 40% of lakes were 

identified as eutrophic 

• Eutrophic, very rich in nutrients 

• Malaysia 

• A preliminary desk top study in 2005 

surveyed 90 lakes and reservoirs 

• more than 60% of the 90 lakes and 

reservoirs surveyed were eutrophic



INFESTATION OF FOREIGN SPECIES 

Tasik Chini, Pahang 



Groundwater 

• Groundwater is still underexploited 

- less then 2% of 

our water use is derived from 

aquifers. 

• Application is limited to areas 

where surface water 

resources have been 

exhausted or unavailable. 

• About 60% of the 

groundwater exploited is for 

domestic, 35% for industrial 

and 5% for agricultural uses. 

• Ground water may not be 

inadequately protected.


Other Environmental Challenges 

• Floods 

• Droughts 

• Erosion (coastal and rivers) 

• Forest Fires 

• Climate Change

FLOODS - NEW 



Floods - Old 

Tmn Sri Muda, 

Shah Alam, 

Dec1995 

Kuching 2003 

Kelantan 

Kuala Lumpur, 

2005 

PJ, 2000


Floods - Older 

Kuala Lumpur 1971 

KL Railway, around 1920s 

Padang Kelab Selangor…. 1949 

Kuantan 1975


Flooding at the North-South Highway near Bumbung 

Lima (Muda 

River, 26 August 1997)

FLOOD PRONE AREA ( WEST MALAYSIA) 

PULAU 

LANGKAWI 

THAILAND 

S.Kelantan 

PULAU 

PINANG 

S.Terengganu 

SINGAPORE 



FLOOD PRONE AREA (EAST MALAYSIA) 

Kot a Kinabalu 

S.Kina batangan 

LAB UAN 

SABAH 

S.Baram 

SARAWAK 

S.Rejang 

S.Sa rawak 

Kucing 

S.Sa dong

Droughts 


Erosion 


Forest Fires 

• Forest fires and haze now 

have a common recurrent 

of 3-4 years in Malaysia 

and Indonesia 

• Major threats causing the 

loss of peat swamp forests 

• Cause: Improper peat land 

management 

Firemen battle peat fires 

The New Straits Times 16 Feb 2002 

200 firemen are battling the biggest forest and peat fires 

Fires to be put out within two weeks 

triggered by the current dry spell at the Bukit Tarik 

forest reserve in Lembah Beringin, Kuala Kubu Baru. As 

of press time the firemen had succeeded in putting out 

fires covering over 5,000ha of the forest. 


How Does Peat Form? 

Flooded hollows and basins provide ideal 

growing conditions of reeds and sedges 

and in humid tropical climate, indigenous 

shrubs and rain forests trees 

Key to Formation of Peat Bog 

•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm 


1 

2 

3 

4 

1. When the vegetation dies, it does not rot away 

completely as the water in the hollows prevents 

oxygen, which most decomposer organisms need to 

live, from reaching the dead plants. The partly-rotted 

plants gradually build up to form the peat swamp. 

2. Eventually dark fibrous peat completely fills the 

hollow to form a peat swamp basin. 

3. Most of the nutrients are tied up in the peat and so the 

only minerals available for plant growth are those 

dissolved in rainfall. The decomposition of the rotted 

material create a very acidic environment, and in 

humid tropical climate, rain forests with appropriate 

root systems thrived. 

4. In some areas, eg Sarawak, an increasing thickness of 

peat slowly accumulates and the surface of the peat 

swamp starts to rise above the surrounding land, 

sometimes reaching a height of more than 7m after 

more than 6,000 years of growth. The water table in 

the raised mass fluctuates seasonally. But the moist 

condition remains because of the sponge-like abilities 

of the peat and the humidity and wet climate. The 

original peat swamp has now become a raised peat 

land. 

•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm 


Peat Environment 



Peat Swamp Location 

North Langat 

Peat Swamp 

South Langat 

Peat Swamp



MAP 3: GENERALISED SOIL MAP 

Dominant Soil Types 

Organic Peat and Some Alluvial Clay 

Red Yellow and Some White Podzolics 

Shallow Red-Yellow Podzolics & 

Skeletal Soils 

Spot Height


Peat water management in the Kinderdykes, the Netherlands 

Peat water management in Malaysia 

Tg Bijat, Sri Aman, Sarawak 

Pontian, Johore

New Addition- Climate Change 



Governance and Management 

Instruments 

• Institutions and Legislations 

• Awareness, Advocacy and Capacity 

Building 

• Financing


Institutions and Legislations 

• Numerous institutions in the public, corporate sector and NGOs 

associated with water. 

• reflect growing awareness and sensitivities in the water sectors, 

• reflect the difficulties in governing, holistically in an integrated 

manner 

• Federal Constitution (revised 1998) in general, land and water are 

under the state jurisdiction 

• Origin from pre-independence 

• 50 years on, new information and new priorities emerged 

• A plethora of water and environmental laws 

• Some may be obsolete and redundant and need to be revised 

• Some may be appropriate but are not provided with sufficient 

enforcement capabilities. 

• No overarching legal framework, accept the Federal Constitution 

• Countries with overarching legal framework 

• Japan, South Africa, Brazil and the EU 

• Philippine, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam


Awareness, Advocacy and Capacity 

Building 

• Sensitive environmental and water issues requires strong support from the public 

• personal involvement of all, as issues covers essentially every inch of the country 

• Release of pollutants into water bodies involved housewives, farmers, hawkers, residents as 

well as commercial and industry owners 

• Clearance of forested areas and areas for development aggravate siltations of rivers 

• Disposal of plastics & other solids into rivers can throttle water ways and create floods 

• Construction of impermeable paved areas, roads, home lawns and street curbs, increases 

overland flow rapidly into drains and river channels 

• Population in cities and towns have increase exponentially. 

• The Klang river basin; a population of about 80,000 people at the beginning 20thCentury to 

the current 4 million. 

• Pollutant discharge not only from households, but from industries and transport systems 

which were almost non-existence in the early 20h century. 

• Sporadic campaigns on love our rivers, drains, pollution, plants, forests, 

environments, rainfall harvesting etc 

• Can it be packaged to provide cohesiveness and easy understanding 

• The need for capacity building in the various related fields 

• The technical and social expertise need to be developed to a minimal critical mass, to handle 

the issues


Financing 

• Financial allocation for the water sector has been 

increasing in each 5-year Malaysia Plans 

• Augmented by private sector financing in the water 

supply and flood mitigation sub-sectors. 

• Focus largely on financing of curative projects within the 

public sectors. 

• Many of the high mitigating costs could have been minimised if 

more focus is given for control at source 

• Control at source, requires also community participation 

• Need funding and financial allocations for 

• Awareness and advocacies in public & private agencies, NGOs and 

CBOs. 

• capacity building, research and development


Outlined 


RESOURCES 


CHALLENGES 




5. SUMMARY


Integrated Water Resources 

Management (IWRM) 

• A process which 

• promotes the coordinated development and 

management of water, land and related 

resources 

• to maximise the resultant economic and social 

welfare in an equitable manner 

• without compromising the sustainability of vital 

ecosystems”


…..builds on river basin management 

IWRM 

IRBM 

- from both water quantity and water quality perspective


Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) 

• IRBM 

• coordinated management of resources in natural 

environment (air, water, land, flora, fauna) based on 

river basin as a geographical unit 

• balancing man's need with necessity of conserving 

resources to ensure their own sustainability” 

• Integral part of IWRM 

• river basins constitute the management unit 

• IWRM provides the generic and common policy 

• Each river basin or sub-basin is unique 

• may have different focus 

• Agriculture, commercial/industries, eco-tourism. etc


Groundwater 

/river basin 

Edited From: Prof Walter Rast 

Texas State University-San Marcos 

International Lake Environment Committee


We all live in a river basin 

Lembangan Sungai Batang Lupar 

Lembangan Sungai Langat

River Basin: 

A geographical physical unit 


Sungai Kelang River Basin 

8 Local Authorities


Klang River Basin 

Langat River Basin 

Location of Langat and Klang River Basin

Langat River Basin 

Administrative and Management Boundaries 



Example, Malaysia: 

Putrajaya Lake Management 

• Created Federal Administrative 

Capital 

• 70% of the catchment is within the 

Putrajaya area 

• 30% located outside Putrajaya area 

shared by other stakeholders i.e. 

UPM, MARDI, IOI, UNITEN, Sg. 

Merab Malay Reserve and 

Cyberjaya 

• Catchment lies within the 

jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran 

Sepang (MPSp), Majlis 

Perbandaran Subang Jaya (MPSJ) 

and Perbadanan Putrajaya (PPj) 

From: Perbadanan Putrajaya 



Putrajaya Catchment, 

Sg Chuau Catchment, 

is a tributary of Langat 

River System 

From: Perbadanan Putrajaya

From: Perbadanan Putrajaya 



Singapore River and Kallang Basin 

• The catchment 

covers a fifth of the 

land area of 

Singapore.


SINGAPORE: PUBLIC SPACE & URBAN WATERFRONT master 

plan 

SINGAPORE BOTANIC 

GARDENS 

ORCHARD RD 

BUGIS 

SINGAPORE RIVER 

FORT CANNING 

PARK 

MARINA EAST 

PEARL’S HILL CITY PARK 

MARINA BAY 

DUXTON PLAIN 

DOWNTOWN 

MARINA CITY PARK 

MARINA SOUTH 


자료 : URA (2004), Our City Centre Proposals


RAFFLES 

PLACE 

Marina Bay 

The Esplanade 

-Theatres on the Bay 

Marina Bay 

Downtown@Marina 

bay: 

Beyond Year 2025 

R 

R 

R 

White-Zone 

Residential 

R 

R 

R 

Reserve site 

Waterfront promenade 

Open space 

Park & Garden 

URA (2004), International Design Consultancy for The Waterfront


River Rhine 

• Introduction 

• length: about 1,100 km 

• Catchment Area: 196,100 sq km 

• Headwaters originate from eastern 

Switzerland and flow through 

Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, 

France, Luxembourg and the 

Netherlands. 

• Is connected to the major rivers of 

Western Europe. 

• An important and busy waterway 

in Europe


River Rhine, Results 

• Recreational facilities for sailing, fishing and 

swimming established 

• Clean drinking water 

• Better Habitat for fish and aquatic life 

• Sustainable Power Resource 

• Water for agricultural and irrigation 

• Increase trade, factories and businesses 

• Reduced dissolve mineral by 90% since the 70s 

• Develop close working relationship with all stake 

holders to ensure the successful rehabilitation of 

the Rhine


Outlined 


RESOURCES 


CHALLENGES 




5. SUMMARY

Water and its environment 

We are 

surrounded 

by a 

continuum of 

water systems, 

merging with 

each other 

THE WATER CYCLE 



189 River Basins 

Management 

Units (RBMU) in 

Malaysia


National Water Policy 

• There need to be an all inclusive National Water 

Policy, acceptable and supported by all 

stakeholders, and included in it should be 

• Strategies of managing all the challenges, including 

climate change 

• Action Plans with milestones 

• Supported by needed resources 

• Can there be a National Framework for Water 

Resources Management?


Vision for National Framework 

for WRM (NFWRM) 

4/i 

• Water Resources Management fully 

integrated through out the country from 

the head waters to the coastal areas 

• Equity distribution of water between the sectors 

• Water supply for industry, housing and agriculture, integrated 

and well coordinated 

• Clean and vibrant rivers and water bodies 

• Malaysia’s biodiversity and gene bank, recognised, 

protected, thriving and contributing to the 

country’s economy 

• Floods, erosion, land slides and other land & water 

related challenges, well managed and under 

control 

96


The NFWRM 

i 

• Focuses on Water resources governance 

• Incorporate land and water, together with other 

related resources, weaved in a matrix that 

• Complement one another 

• Workable, and developing incrementally, if necessary 

• Supported, monitored, assisted and enforced by all 

stakeholders 

• Ensure sustainable economic growth and pristine 

environment 

• Support, nurture and develop related water services 

turning them into successful businesses; beyond the 

shores of the nation 

• Must have action plans with targeted milestones


Suggested Milestones NFWRM 

• Immediate Term 

• 6 months to 2 years : secure financial support to develop the 

framework - as directed by the NWRC and chaired by the YAB PM 

• Short Term 

• 2-3 years: Develop the framework, together with more detail 

milestones and prioritize action plans 

• Medium Term 

• 3-10 years: implement prioritized areas of actions such as 

• over-arching IRWM legislations to fit-in (adapt, adopt, amend) existing water 

related laws and proposed water related laws, which lies within a connected 

and contiguous single environmental system or units 

• setting up river basin organizations (189 of them) to manage development 

within each basin 

• managed impact of global warming on climate changes and water resources 

• Visionary Term 

• Over 2 planning horizons or more, each of 25 to 30 years 

• Achieve Clean Water in lakes, rivers , ground water resources and coastal 

waters 

• The water sector developed to include development of related businesses 

providing service provisions beyond our shores 

• May need to be packaged to anticipate/dovetail election 

schedules, not only to ensure compliance but to monitor impacts 

i


Outlined 


RESOURCES 


CHALLENGES 




5. SUMMARY


Summary 

• Water Resources is a key resource to ensure a sustained 

economic development 

• The sectoral development of water resources has exacerbated 

the challenges facing its management 

• The immediate impact from climate change is on water 

resources 

• this will further exacerbate the challenges facing its 

management 

• Both water resources and climate change management 

require holistic initiative and support from the issue of 

governance 

• Must be integrated in the country’s overall economic 

development, to ensure future sustainable development

Thank you

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